Transcript SCA Hiking Club

SCA Hiking Club
First Aid Orientation
Call 911
rev1.4 thode06-10-2007
• This class is a common sense orientation
of some of the basics of first aid
• This is not intended as a to substitute for a
Red Cross first aid class
• This Class is for Hikers & Hike Leaders,
put together by other Hikers in our club
• Always Call 911 for professional medical
care
• Good to know CPR
– Your call
Call 911
Information was gathered from:
Call 911
• Nev. Rev. Stat. §41.500 (1963)
Nev. Rev. Stat. §41.500.8 (2000)(AED User Limited Liability)
Nev. Rev. Stat. §41.506 (2000)(Gen. Stat.)
•
Help protect rescuers voluntarily helping a victim in distress from being
successfully sued in tort (i.e. for wrongdoing)
•
The laws of Nevada apply to all citizens
• "Any person who, in good faith, renders emergency
medical care or assistance to an injured person at the
scene of an accident or other emergency without the
expectation of receiving or intending to receive
compensation from such injured person for such
service, shall not be liable in civil damages for any act or
omission, not constituting gross negligence, in the
course of such care or assistance."
Call 911
Prevention
• Be Prepared
– Have a first aid kit on the hike
– Have water
– Have nutrition / salt / minerals
– Be aware of your surroundings
– Have communication, know where you are &
know who to call
– Have protection from the elements (cold & sun)
Call 911
First things first
In an emergency any number of things may need your attention at the same time.
If you try to do everything at once you may easily get distracted from the essential
matters. On arriving at the scene…
1. Assess the situation
•Take in quickly what has happened.
•Look for dangers to yourself and to the casualty
•Make the area safe
2. Taking charge? Assess casualties, Calm the situation, delegate
(call 911, go for help etc)
•An unconscious person always takes priority and needs immediate help to make sure
he or she can breathe
•
Only then should you begin to assess any injuries
Call 911
ABC
• A AIRWAY
B BREATHING
C CIRCULATION (and bleeding)
• Only then, look at burns and broken
bones.
Call 911
A Airway
The airway of an unconscious person may be narrowed or blocked, making
breathing difficult and noisy or impossible. This happens when the tongue drops
back and blocks the throat. Lifting the chin and tilting the head back lifts the tongue
away from the entrance to the air passage. Place two fingers under the point of the
person’s chin and lift the jaw, while placing your other hand on the forehead and
tilting the head well back. If you think the neck may be injured, thrust the jaw forward
carefully, just enough to open the airway.
Call 911
B Breathing
Check for breathing by placing your head near the person’s nose and mouth.
Feel for breath on your cheek or moisture on the back of your hand.
Also check for rise & fall of chest
If a person has just stopped breathing use mouth to mouth ventilation.
Make sure the airway is open and head tilted back. Pinch the nostrils together,
take a deep breath and blow into the mouth, firmly sealing your lips around the
mouth so air is not lost. You should see the chest rise.
Remove your lips and let the chest fall. Continue this, giving about ten breaths
every minute until help arrives or breathing begins.
Call 911
C Circulation
Check for circulation (to see if the heart is still beating) by feeling for the
Carotid pulse with two fingers.
Ask if anyone knows CPR
Stop bleeding by applying firm pressure to the wound for about 15 minutes.
Never use a tourniquet. Using a tourniquet is a decision to loose that limb.
Call 911
The Recovery Position
This is the best position for an unconscious person or someone having a fit.
It allows them to breathe easily and prevents them from choking.
After checking the ABC, bend the nearest arm to you, putting the hand by the head.
Then bring the far arm across the chest and hold both hands in one of yours.
With your other hand pull the furthest leg up at the knee and roll the person
towards you to lie in this position.
Might be appropriate if traumatic injury.
Call 911
CPR
What are the chances of success
on a trail?
Low if help is distant
Call 911
But….
Choking is a different story
Choking because of an obstructed airway is a leading cause of accidental death.
If a choking person is not coughing or is unable to speak, that's your cue to perform
the Heimlich maneuver immediately.
Universal sign of choking
Call 911
Sweep the mouth 1st
Ask the choking person to stand if he or she is sitting.
Place yourself slightly behind the standing victim.
Reassure the victim that you know the Heimlich maneuver and are going to help.
Place your arms around the victim's waist.
Make a fist with one hand and place your thumb toward the victim,
just above his or her belly button
Grab your fist with your other hand.
Deliver several upward squeeze-thrusts into the abdomen
Until success
Call 911
Broken Bones
Do Not move
Splint / Ace Bandage
Fractured ankle, support for the walk out
Call 911
transport
Call 911
Treat neck injuries as a spine injury
Neck & Spine Injuries
The goal of first aid for a spinal injury is to keep the person in much the same
position as he or she was found. Keep the person still. Place heavy towels on
both sides of the neck or hold the head and neck to prevent movement.
Provide as much first aid as possible without moving the person's head or neck.
If the person shows no signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement),
begin CPR, but do not tilt the head back to open the airway.
Use your fingers to gently grasp the jaw and lift it forward.
If you absolutely must roll the person because he or she is vomiting, choking on
blood or in danger of further injury, use at least two people.
Work together to keep the person's head, neck and back aligned while rolling the
person onto one side.
Call 911
Altitude
• First signs of high-altitude illness are headache,
lightheadedness, weakness, and an upset stomach. If
you have these symptoms, stop going up or go back
down to a lower altitude until your symptoms go away.
• More severe symptoms include difficulty breathing even
while you're resting, coughing, confusion and the inability
to walk in a straight line. If you get these symptoms, go
to a lower altitude right away.
• HACE
• HAPE
Call 911
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body has lost too much fluid and electrolytes
(the salts potassium and sodium).
Although water is extremely important in preventing dehydration, it
does not contain electrolytes.
Dehydration Symptoms
It's important to recognize dehydration symptoms early. Untreated, dehydration can
develop into shock. The signs and symptoms of dehydration include:
dizziness
headache
dark urine (may have a strong odor)
inability to urinate
dry mouth and nose
weakness
nausea and vomiting
Call 911
mild
Symptoms of early or
dehydration include:
flushed face
extreme thirst, more than normal or unable to drink
dry, warm skin
cannot pass urine or reduced amounts, dark, yellow
dizziness made worse when you are standing
weakness
cramping in the arms and legs
crying with few or no tears
sleepy or irritable
unwell
headaches
dry mouth, dry tongue; with thick saliva.
Call 911
Symptoms of moderate to
severe dehydration include:
fainting
severe muscle contractions in the arms, legs, stomach, and back
convulsions
a bloated stomach
sunken dry eyes, with few or no tears
skin loses its firmness and looks wrinkled
lack of elasticity of the skin (when a bit of skin lifted up stays folded and takes a
long time to go back to its normal position)
rapid and deep breathing - faster than normal
fast, weak pulse
Call 911
What to do?
Sports drinks, like Gatorade, can help restore electrolytes
(do not just bring Gatorade, drink water with minerals)
Water with minerals
Salt, peanuts, trail mix, fruit
To estimate your state of hydration,
check the color of your urine.
Clearer means that you are better hydrated
darker yellow indicates dehydration.
Ask, “when was the last time you urinated” ?
Call 911
How to prevent
Stay hydrated, drink water with minerals (not distilled)
Eat salt (i.e. trail mix)
Caffeine suppresses both thirst and hunger sensations and causes
your kidneys to remove water from your bloodstream faster than
normal
Alcohol also acts as a diuretic. In addition, it dilates the blood
vessels of the skin, giving a false sense of warmth and affecting
your thermal regulation and sweat control
Don't Eat Snow. Always melt snow before you consume it.
Although you need to have water to metabolize and produce heat,
the amount of energy you spend melting snow is greater than the
amount of energy your body will gain in increased metabolism
Call 911
Hypothermia
Hypothermia occurs when your body's control mechanisms fail to maintain a normal
body temperature. Signs and symptoms that may develop include gradual loss of
mental and physical abilities
Hypothermia is defined as an internal body temperature less than 95 F.
Signs and symptoms include:
Shivering
Slurred speech
Abnormally slow breathing
Cold, pale skin
Loss of coordination
Fatigue, lethargy or apathy
Call 911
What to do?
Move the person out of the cold. If going indoors isn't possible,
protect the person from the wind, cover his or her head, and insulate his or her body
from the cold ground.
Remove wet clothing. Replace wet things with a warm, dry covering.
Keep um warm, wrap in a blanket
Don't give the person alcohol.
Offer warm nonalcoholic drinks, unless the person is vomiting.
Don't massage or rub the person.
Handle people with hypothermia gently, because they're at risk of
cardiac arrest.
Call 911
Frost Byte
• Frostbite is damage to body tissue caused by the
tissue being frozen. Frostbite causes a loss of
feeling and a white or pale appearance in
extremities, such as fingers, toes, ear lobes, or the
tip of the nose. If symptoms are detected, get
medical help immediately! If you must wait for help,
slowly re-warm affected areas. However, if the
person is also showing signs of hypothermia, warm
the body core before the extremities.
Call 911
Bleeding
Pressure and Elevation, to stop
Layer additional sterile bandages on top of blood-soaked bandages.
Don't remove the gauze that's already in place, as this may disrupt the clotting.
Immobilize the limb using a splint, in cases of serious bleeding from limbs, to
prevent bleeding from recurring.
Clean and dress the wound after bleeding has been controlled in order to prevent
infection
Call 911
Other
Chest pain = aspirin (older than 19)
Pain Relief = Ibuprofen
Tetanus shot, stay current
Call 911
Critters
Call 911
sidewinder
Snakes
speckled
mojave
Diamondback
Call 911
Black tailed
Prevent:
What to do?
Do not step where you can not see (logs etc)
Do not put your hand where you can not see
Healthy folks usually do not die from snake
bites in our area when treated at a medical
facility
Treat:
Get medical help, do not suck out, or tourniquet.
Keep patient calm, get to Doctor ASAP
Call 911
Scorpions
Only one species of scorpion in North America and about 20 others worldwide have
venom potent enough to be dangerous to human beings.
It is also known as the Arizona Bark Scorpion. A small population occurs in extreme
southeastern California, and a few records exist for southern Utah and small parts of
Texas, New Mexico and Nevada.
The venom of this scorpion can cause severe pain and swelling at the site of the
sting, numbness, frothing at the mouth, respiratory difficulties, muscle twitching,
and convulsions
The sting is more dangerous to infants, small children and the elderly.
Death is rare, especially in more recent times
Call 911
Ticks
Wear light-colored clothing so ticks can be easily seen. Wear a long-sleeved
shirt, hat, long pants, and tuck your pant legs into your socks.
How should a tick be removed?
Ticks should be removed promptly and carefully by using tweezers and applying
gentle steady traction.
Do not crush the tick’s body when removing it and apply the tweezers as close to the
skin as possible to avoid leaving parts of the tick’s mouth in the skin.
Do not remove ticks with your bare hands or heat.
Protect your hands with gloves, cloth or tissue
and be sure to wash your hands after removing a tick.
Call 911
How to prevent
Walk in the center of trails to avoid overhanging grass and brush.
Use insect repellents containing DEET on your skin (except the face) or
permethrin on clothing. Be sure to follow the directions on the container and wash off
repellents when going indoors.
Remove attached ticks immediately.
Call 911
The first aid kit
Call 911
Cary in your pack
Medical Cards
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HEALTH INFORMATION(OVER for additional information)
Name____________________________________
Emergency Contact Name_______________________
Emergency Contact Phone______________________
Prescribed Drugs
Dosage
Condition
• Preferred Hospital
• Last Tetanus Booster
This card is available under
“forms” on our web site
http://www.sunhikers.homestead.com/
Call 911
Emergency Who to call?
Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Dept
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This card is available under “forms” on our website
http://www.sunhikers.homestead.com/
1-800-492-6565
702-229-3111
Nevada Division of Forestry
702-872-5306
Nevada Highway Patrol
702-486-4100
Report Wildfires
1-800-367-6807
Henderson Emergency (From Cell)
112
General emergency
911
Valley Of Fire
702-293-8998
Big Bend of the Colorado
702-298-1859
Red Rocks
702-293-8998
Mormon State Park
702-486-3511
Spring Mtn Ranch, Blue Diamond
702-875-4141
Floyd Lamb Park
702-486-5413
Mt Charleston Div of Forestry
702-872-5306
Lake Mead Dispatch
702-293-8998
Lake Mead 24 hr emerg #
702-293-8932
National parks (and many state parks) Dispatch 702-293-8998
Hiking Club Satellite Phone
254-381-5833
Call 911
The End
• Questions?
Call 911