Transcript CHU RIVER BASIN, KYRGYZSTAN - Asian G-WADI

CHU RIVER BASIN,
KYRGYZSTAN
Key Organization/Contact Persons
Litvak Rafael G., Ph. D.
Head of the Ground Water Modelling and Water
Economy Problems Laboratory,
Kyrgyz Research Institute of Irrigation.
Rooms 224, 226a. Toktonalieva 4a. Bishkek 720055,
Kyrgyz Republic.
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: (996 312) 541175 of, (996 312) 244901 app.,
Fax: (996 312) 541175
Short Geographical characteristics
 The location is defined by the following geographical
coordinates: 73о24'16'' ~ 77°04'12'' East, and 41°45'10'' ~
43°11'51'' North.
 The basin's area, within the borders of the Kyrgyz
Republic, is makes 22 km2.
 The recorded population is 1 570 000 (as of 01.01.05),
real population is much more.
 The capital of the Kyrgyz Republic and the main
industrial center Bishkek, is situated in the Chu Basin.
 The average altitude of the catchment area is 2840 m.
Typical annual discharges of the Chon - Kemin and Chu rivers
120
100
3
m /s
80
60
40
20
27.12
17.12
7.12
27.11
17.11
CHU
7.11
28.10
18.10
8.10
28.9
8.9
29.8
19.8
9.8
30.7
20.7
10.7
30.6
20.6
10.6
31.5
21.5
11.5
1.5
21.4
11.4
1.4
22.3
12.3
2.3
20.2
10.2
31.1
21.1
11.1
1.1
18.9
CHON-KEMIN
0
day
Fig. 3. Typical annual discharge regimes of the Chon - Kemin and Chu rivers (Chu – before Orto-Tokoy reservoir, Chon Kemin
- before emptying to the Chu), daily values, 1987 y.
The first flood relatively small and short-term is observed in April-May, as a
result of snow melt and spring precipitations; the second flood, more
powerful and longer, is observed during July-August, as a result of thawing
of high-mountain snow and glaciers. After the confluence with Chon-Kemin,
the average annual discharge of the Chu is about 53 m3/sec. The maximum
flood discharge at the confluence is 350 m3/sec.
Typical inflow of the Chu river (upper part)
Typical view of the catchment
Short hydrogeology information
 The Chu flat land can be classified into four hydro-geological
zones : recharge zone, discharge zone, transit zone, and a zone of
regional drain (Chu River). A schematic hydro-geological cross
section of the Bishkek area is presented in the separate slide.
 The groundwater flow is formed in foothills (recharge zone). In this
Quaternary loose fragmental deposits a uniform aquifer is situated
with a depth up to 300-500 m, containing water table from 40-50 m up
to 150-200 m. South of BCC (Big Chu Canal) the recharge zone
transforms into the discharge and transit zones.
The border between recharge and discharge zone is characterized by
the flow from well permeable rocks of foothill area, which enters into
a number of aquifers divided by loamy layers. All aquifers (confined
and unconfined) are hydraulically interconnected and form a single
system. Ground water pressure surface (piezometric level) is
established at height of 0,5 -15,0 m above the ground surface.
Typical cross section of the Chu River basin, zone of
Bishkek city
Climate
 Warm season in the Chu valley lasts for 170 days on the average;
 Duration of the vegetative period is 220 - 230 days;
 Average temperature of January is 7oС. The snow cover preserves
for 70 - 90 days.
 Average evaporability in the Chu Valley is 1000 -1200 mm per year
and average amount of atmospheric precipitation is 270 - 400 mm.
Volume of precipitations increases along with increase of altitude
towards the Kyrgyz Ridge.
 Climatic conditions of the area of interest are those, that crop
farming is impossible without irrigation. Rain fed agriculture is
impossible due to the climatic conditions in the region. About 68 %
of the total arable lands is irrigated.
Land Resources distribution in the Chu River Basin
Land resources
Area, ha
% of basin area
Mountains, rocks
520170
24
Glaciers
39438
2
Forests
51500
2
Reservoirs, rivers
53820
2
Pastures
785600
36
Settlements, roads
98070
4
Irrigation areas
328900
16
Dry areas
129500
6
Perennial planting
65000
3
Hayings
43600
2
Farmlands
43400
2
Others
32002
1
Total
2191000
100
Soil surface and structures are been affected by
salinization, waterlogging and erosion. Out of
328,9 thousand ha of irrigated lands 52,1
thousand ha are in below satisfactory condition,
and 10,9 thousand ha of land are waterlogged,
30,0 thousand affected by salinization, and 10,3
thousand ha affected by both water logging and
salinization. 16 % of the irrigated land in the Chu
basin is not suitable for crop production.
Surface water resources in the basin is
estimated as 110 m3/sec (9500 thousand
m3/day). Approximately 34% of the total flow
contributed by Chu, Georgivskiyi and BChK
canals enters into the territory of Kazakhstan.
These inflows are used for irrigation.
Remaining flow volume is also used for
irrigation in Kyrgyzstan. 60% of the irrigated
water is lost through the infiltration and
contributes to groundwater.
Surface water resources of the Chu valley (without
Cochkor Valleys)
Safe ground waters yield. Ground water intake and using
(as of 01.01.2000), thous.m3/day
Total for
Kyrgyzstan
For Chu Oblast
Safe ground waters yield
6481.0
3580.0 (43 m3/s)
Summary ground water
intake
2708.4
1179.1 (14 m3/s)
Use of ground waters,
2618.1
1131.6
Including: industrial
1364.6
603.4
drinking
406.8
328.4
irrigation
846.7
199.8
Water discharge without
using
90.3
47.5
13301.0
58.9
% of using
40
33
Number of deposits
44
13
Reserves yields
Distribution of ground water use (Chu oblast)
Irrigation
16.9%
Water
discharge
without using
4.0%
Drinking
27.9%
Industrial
51.2%
Fig. 6. Distribution of summary ground waters intake by using ways
Chu Basin reservoirs with a reservoir capacity of more than 1.0 million м3
N
Name of reservoir
Year of operation
Water area,
км2
Capacity,
million м3
1
Nijne - Alaarchinskoe (off-stream)
1964
6.25
52
2
Nijne - Alaarchinskoe (channel basin)
1989
3.30
80
3
Sokulukskoe
1968
1.80
9.30
4
Spartak
1975
5.90
22.00
5
Tuz
1977
0.91
2.26
6
Shorgo
1990
1.30
4.80
7
Moltovar
1982
0.75
2.20
8
Aksu
1982
1.45
6.00
9
Karabaltinskoe
1964
1.49
4.30
10
Risorob 2
1978
0.36
1.20
11
Mehanicheskoe
1963
0.42
1.20
12
Stavropolskoe
1980
0.42
1.59
13
Panfilovskoe 1
1964
0.57
1.47
14
Panfilovskoe 2
1964
0.57
1.47
15
Agermen
1986
0.34
1.50
16
Puchuk
1986
0.60
3.32
17
Kara-Tuma
1987
2.21
9.08
28.64
203.69
Total:
Some Environmental Characteristics
Quality of surface waters in the Chu Basin basically
meets to the irrigation water standards. However
pollution level in a number of rivers has been
increasing recently. For example, cupper content in
Chon-Kemin, Kichi-Kemin, Nooruz, Ala-Archa rivers in
2003
were
0.002
mg/l
(exceeding
of
Maximum
Permissible Concentration 2 times). Phenols content in
2002 in Ak-Suu River was- 0.003 mg/l that exceeds MPC
3 times.
High quality groundwater are basically used for drinking water
supply. There are about 220 wells operated to supply water for
Bishkek city. In Chu basin more than 1000 water intake wells
Have been operated. In some of those wells excess of
Maximum permissible concentration of pollutants have been
observed, for example:
1. In Ala-Archa ground water deposit, nitrate pollution - up to 2
MPC, and chrome pollution - up to 4 MPC were observed .
2. Nitrate pollution observed in Orto-Alysh ground waters deposit,
sources are irrigated fields, livestock drainage, and settlements
without sewer systems;
3. Central-Chu ground water deposits (Belovodskoye village).
Chrome pollution - up to 4 MPC, oil products - up to 8 MPC,
nitrates - up to 1,8 MPC.
4. Western-Chu ground water deposit (Kara-Balta town). Ground
water mineralization is up to 4MPC, manganese - up to 40
MPC, molybdenum - up to 8 MPC.
Observation networks
There are 10 meteorological stations, 44 hydrological stations
(out of which 20 are closed now), about 200 observation wells
for
monitoring
piezometric
levels
and
1000
shallow
observation wells for monitoring of ground water tables in the
irrigated area of the Chu basin. Since middle of the 90s data
from shallow wells (managed by Department of water
economy) are not very reliable. Some observation wells of the
Kyrgyz Hydrogeology Survey are in operation for more than 50
years.
Hydrology and water resources management issues
1. Infiltration loss of irrigation water is one of the main crop
water management problems in the Chu basin. Losses in
irrigation networks and fields are approximated to 60 - 65 % of
water intake. If irrigation efficiency in the irrigation system
increased for up to 60% most of the ecological and economic
problems of the basin will be solved.
2. Massive reduction in the monitoring of surface and
groundwater system after the collapse of the USSR. The
minimum monitoring with required frequencies of surface and
groundwater must be maintained.
3. Available irrigation network has been established for large
water-users (collective and state farms). Sharp increase of small
4.
land holdings complicated water sharing between consumers. Former
intra-farm irrigation systems are becoming inter-farm ones, at the
same time, the greater part of water distributors is not equipped with
regulators and water meters.
In dry years shortages of water resources frequently marked.
Water shortage aggravates interstate sharing of the Chu basin
water resources.
Environmental Problems
1.
2.
3.
Management of groundwater and flood control remains one of the
critical issues in both urban and rural areas of the Chu Valley. In 2004
about 100 settlements were flooded and more than 200 residential
houses were destroyed. The problem aggravated because of
unregulated establishment of farm lands and collapse of large
agricultural enterprises. One of the reasons of such state of
emergency is use of excess irrigational norms. In most of the cases
field irrigation is carried out without modern technologies with more
watering than required for each crop. Such state of affairs lead to
salinity and water logging.
More than 85% of the houses hold in the Chu basin are not connected
with centralized sewage system. Even in the Bishkek city 25% of the
households are not connected to centralized sewage system.
Sewages are often thrown down in to usual holes, without any
treatment. Which leads to nitrate pollution in large settlements. Water
from wells with less than 80 m deep sometimes does not satisfy often
to drinking standards (nitrate content is more than 40 mg/l). Mainly
drinking water is extracted from 110 - 200 m deep wells.
The considerable part of the industrial unit of Chu valley is located in
the zone of high vulnerability of ground water. In this connection the
risk of the ground water pollution is very high.
Livelihoods issues
Water problems in the Chu Basin are closely
connected with the poverty in the region. For example,
frequent flooding deprives agricultural activities and
storages of productions for winter. It causes economic
damage to the basin. Particularly poor families are hardest
hit by flooding.
Water logging in wide area have led to breeding of
mosquitoes and subsequently to malaria outbreak, which
was not seen previously for several decades in the basin.
Tuberculosis cases are also reappearing.
Why Chu River Basin shall be included in one of the G-WADI pilot
basin programme
a) The Chu Basin is typical intermountain basin of the Central Asia
with an arid climate. Results of researches received in the Chu Valley,
can be successfully extended for the other intermountain basins of
arid zone.
b) In the Chu basin there are 10 state meteorological stations, 24
hydrological stations, more than 1200 observation wells, about one
thousand water-supply wells and many other hydro-economic
infrastructures. Necessary information on water resources, their
variability and ecological situation have been collected and recorded.
Inclusion of the Chu basin in the G-WADI proposed pilot basin
programme would provide possibilities of data exchange and joint
studies.
с) Researchers of the proposal have a considerable experience in
developing hydro-geological models for water resources management
and monitoring of the Chu basin.
Expected outcome of the pilot basin programme as follows:
1. Scientific monitoring of surface and ground waters in the Chu
basin (Kyrgyzstan). The improved monitoring system shall
provide necessary information to trace surface and
groundwater patterns with the minimum cost and based on the
ground realities of the Kyrgyzstan.
2. Forecasting and developing early warning system to help
population centers and irrigated land from extreme rising of
groundwater tables. The system will be develop for the Chu
basin based on monitoring and hydrogeological and waterbalance models, within the framework of the pilot basin project
3. Exchange of hydrological, hydrogeological and hydroeconomic information among scientists and experts with
various institutes and with other G-WADI pilot basin project.
4. Development of hydrogeological and water-balance models in
the context of typical mountain basins of Central Asia.
Within the framework of the G-WADI project proposal,
following activities will be undertaken in the Chubasin, which will contribute to G-WADI objectives:
a) Establishment of scientifically based methodologies
for surface and groundwater monitoring in Chu basin
with particular emphasis of mountain geography;
b) Determination of rational irrigation norms and
irrigation schedules based on crop water requirement
and based on meteorological data obtained from
automated stations;
c) Development of decision support system based on
hydrological,
hydro-geological,
economic
and
information-analytical system;
d) Awareness raising and capacity building by
organizing trainings, workshops and seminars
e) Development of Decision Support System (DSS) for
water resources management
Name and address of the Nodal Agency
Department of the Water Economy,
Ministry of Agriculture and Water Economy,
Toktonalieva 4a. Bishkek 720055, Kyrgyz
Republic
General Director - Koshmatov B. T
Office tel: (996 312) 549073, Fax: (996 312) 549074
Project supporting partners:
 Department of the Water Economy, Ministry of Agriculture and
Water Economy;
 Kyrgyz Hydrogeology Survey;
 Hydrology Division of the Hydrometeorology Survey of Kyrgyz
Republic;
 Water Consumption Division, Chu Water Economy Department;
 Institute of Water Problems and Hydropower of the Academy of
Science;
 Kyrgyz Water-Economy Technical Design Institute
“Kyrgyzsuudolboor”.
 Central Asia Institute of the Earth Applied Research.