Transcript An Engine of Commerce?

An Engine of Commerce?
Play with your fancies, and in
them behold
Upon the hempen tackle shipboys climbing;
Hear the shrill whistle which doth
order give
To sounds confused; behold the
threaden sails,
Borne with th’invisible and
creeping wind,
Draw the huge bottoms through
the furrowed sea,
Breasting the lofty surge.
Steam Technology and Global Maritime
Trade, 1860-1910: Studies in Success
and Failure
British Shipping – Total Net Tonnage
Sail
Steam
1835
2,750,000
---
1850
1870
1890
1910
3,618,000
4,876,000
3,127,000
1,205,000
275,000
1,819,000
8,240,000
17,264,000
1921
---
19,320,000
Steam Tonnage Entering/Clearing UK Ports
1860
20.1%
1870
41.1%
1880
63.4%
1890
83.0%
1900
91.7%
Increases in Steam Pressure (lbs/sq inch)
1820
5
1850
25
1870
50
1880
100
1890
200
1900
250
The North Atlantic Passenger Trade
Blue Riband of the Atlantic Holders
Year
Ship
Owner
Avg Speed Grt
1850 Europa
Cunard
11.8 knots 1,800
1860 Persia
Cunard
13.1 knots 3,300
1870 Scotia
Cunard
14.5 knots 3,900
1880 Germanic
White Star 15.4 knots 5,000
1890 City of Paris
Inman
20.1 knots 10,700
1900 Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse
N D Lloyd
22.3 knots 14,300
1910 Mauretania
Cunard
26.1 knots 32,000
RMS Mauretania, 1907-1935
Built – 1907
On launch – largest moving man-made object (16,000
tons) yet built
Service tonnage – 31,500 gross tons
Dimensions – 790 ft long x 88 ft wide
Engines – 4 x direct drive steam turbines
Daily coal consumption – 1,320 tons
Passengers – 563 1st, 464 2nd, 1,138 3rd
Crew – 816
Fastest crossing – 4 days, 17 ½ hours (27.2 knots)
Total career – 318 Atlantic voyages, 1.5 m nautical miles
Mauretania & Lusitania
1st liners to exceed 700 ft in length
1st liners to exceed 30,000 gross tons
1st liners to cross Atlantic in less than 5 days
1st liners to cross Atlantic at more than 25 &
26 knots
Mauretania – the last steam-driven liner to
hold the Blue Riband 1907-1929
Allan Line Losses, 1957-1864
Date
Ship
Location
Lives Lost
1/6/1857
Canadian (I)
Quebec
0
21/11/1859
Indian
Cape Race
27
19/2/1860
Hungarian
Cape Sable
237
4/6/1861
Canadian (II)
Belle Isle
34
5/11/1861
North Briton
Mingan Island
0
27/4/1863
Anglo-Saxon
Cape Race
238
14/6/1863
Norwegian
St Paul’s Island
0
22/2/1864
Bohemian
Portland, Me
20
Staggering Along with the State Line
Incarnation
Floated
Target Capital
Final Capital
Dissolved
1st
1872
£1m
-
1872
2nd
1872
£600k
£400k
1876
3rd
1876
£300k
£150k
1891
The Antipodes – A Tale of Gold & Sheep
Failure & Success in the Antipodes-UK Trade
1st steam
Fate
Australian Royal Mail Steam Nav Co
1852
Folded 1860
General Screw Steam Shipping Co
1853
Folded 1862
Australasian Pacific Mail Steam Packet Co
1854
Folded 1855
European & Australian Royal Mail Co Ltd
1855
Folded 1858
Orient Steam Nav Co Ltd
1878
Extant 1914
New Zealand Shipping Co Ltd
1883
Extant 1914
Shaw, Savill & Albion Co Ltd
1882
Extant 1914
Aberdeen Line (Geo Thompson & Co)
1882
Extant 1914
The Failures
The Survivors
Cutty Sark – Freight Loaded,
Sydney NSW for UK, 1885
Wool
Cobalt Ore
Nickel Ore
Horns
Shank Bones
Hoofs
Sheep Skins
Pith
4,454 bales
2,342 packages
1,345 bags
29,772
122 cwt
76 cwt
6 bales
1 cwt
Romance & Ruin in the China Tea Trade
Glen Line, Ship Investment & Return, 1873-1881
Glenfalloch
Glenartney
Glenearn
Completed
1873
1873
1873
Cost
£49,900
£55,136
£55,324
Voyages
15
15
16
Total Earnings
£57,134
£71,575
£69,467
Per Voyage
£3,809
£4,678
£4,341
Credit Balance
£7,234
£16,379
£14,137
12
14
Breakeven Voys 14
Freight Rates, Far East-UK (shillings/ton)
1874
1879
Tea
70-80
30
Waste Silk
75-80
40
90
45
Tea
80
60
Waste Silk
90
80
105
60
Waste Silk
108 ½
50
General merchandise
108 ½
62 ½
Shanghai
Bristles
Hong Kong
Japan
Tea
Tonight’s Quiz
A 2,800 ton/compound-engined steamer arrives at
the entrance to a British port with a cargo of
cotton from Galveston some time between 1897
and 1910 …
Can You Guess….
1. When she was built:
(A) 1860s
(B) 1870s
(C) 1880s
(D) 1890s
3. What she was called:
(A) Nile
(B) Nagoya
(C) Nanking
(D) Niceto
2. Where she was
owned/managed
(A) Bilbao/Liverpool
(B) Brisbane/London
(C) Boston/Leeds
(D) Buenos Aires/Llanelli
4. Where she was arriving:
(A) London
(B) Liverpool
(C) Manchester
(D) Glasgow
Coal Out – Grain Home
T Dunlop & Sons – Ship Acquisition Costs
Vessel
Built
Grt/Nrt
Cost
Cost/Nrt 64th
Share
Clan
Buchanan
1887
2,140/2,072
£18,057
£8.71
£282.14
Queen
Margaret
1890
2,678/1,732
£35,421
£20.45
£553.45
Clan
Galbraith
1894
2,149/1,983
£16,876
£8.51
£263.69
Queen
Mary
1897
3,564/2,262
£33,110
£14.64
£517.34
T Dunlop & Sons – Profitability, Sail vs Steam
Clan Galbraith
Queen Olga
Bt 1894, 1,983 Nrt Bt 1894, 2,146 Nrt
Cost
£16,876
£31,248
64th Share
£263.13.9
£488.5.1
8 Voyages
10 years
5 years
Earnings/64th
£197.10.0
£385.7.2
ROC per annum
7.5%
29.5%
Cardiff – Fixture List, 15 June 1904
Destination
Ship
Grt
Built
Owner
Hong Kong
Algoma
2,933
1885
Eeles & Ruston, Cardiff
Santos
Melbridge
2,868
1891
J Temperley & Co, London
Buenos Aires
Llanthony Abbey
2,425
1890
Pyman, Watson & Co, Newport
Constantinople
Trevethoe
2,097
1895
E Hain & Son, St lves
Tricomalee
Brighton
3,463
1898
R Chapman & Son, Newcastle
Diego Suarez
Candleshoe
3,799
1899
Bennetts & Co, Grimsby
Sierra Leone
Cairngowan
1,181
1883
Cairns, Noble & Co, Newcastle
Rio de Janiero
Glengoil
2,963
1882
Lindsay, Gracie & Co, Leith
Aden
Baron Innerdale
3,344
1896
H Hogarth & Sons, Ardrossan
SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 (1)
Start
End
Days
Av Speed
Distance
Tees
Bombay
34.79
7.55
6,610
Bombay
Karachi
2.29
Karachi
Bristol
34.52
Bristol
Cardiff
0.14
Coal/day
9.75 tons
Cardiff
Colombo
33.33
Colombo
Cuddalore
2.45
Cuddalore
Marseilles
29.77
Marseilles
Carthagena
2.08
377
Carthagena
Tees
9.20
1,845
Coal/day
9.71 tons
517
9.17
5,964
18
% Ballast
4.25
8.07
6,448
648
9.42
% Ballast
5,721
7.30
SS Iona – Chief Engineer’s Log, 1889-90 (2)
Start
End
Days
Tees
Tyne
0.16
Tyne
Savona
11.75
Savona
Serpho
3.89
Serpho
Rotterdam
13.58
Rotterdam
Cardiff
2.31
Coal/day
10.21 tons
Cardiff
Livorno
10.06
Livorno
Ibrail
7.22
Ibrail
Rotterdam
20.47
Rotterdam
Cardiff
2.68
Coal/day
9.33 tons
Av Speed
Distance
16
8.72
2,365
860
10.27
2,940
692
% Ballast
29.0
7.61
1,890
1,458
9.04
3,689
692
% Ballast
38.5
UK Grain Imports (million tons)
Origin
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
Baltic
0.51
0.93
0.89
0.12
0.81
W Europe
0.77
0.40
0.35
0.18
0.75
Black Sea
0.54
1.07
0.45
1.48
0.46
Medi’tern
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.12
0.07
N America
0.60
0.95
3.80
2.37
5.00
0.39
0.61
0.20
0.08
0.15
0.94
0.35
0.60
0.53
6.37/6.71
5.63/7.78
8.26/9.48
Aus/India
S America
0.03
Pacific
Total
2.44/2.81
3,40/3.71
Tramp Steamers – Size & Carrying Capacity
Name
Built
Nrt
Grt
Ratio
Dwt
Ratio
Neto
1882
1,073
1,696
1.58
2,280
2.12
Samara
1889
1,053
1,623
1.54
2,585
2.45
Persis
1890
1,203
1,850
1.54
3,004
2.50
Turret
1892
1,265
1,970
1.56
3,200
2.53
Chelston
1904
2,389
3,687
1.54
6,480
2.74
Bulk Freight Rates (shillings/ton)
Trade
Route
Year
Min
Max
Coal
S Wales/Genoa
1900
8/-
12/3
1905
5/-
8/-
1910
5/1
8/3
1900
10/-
14/3
1905
4/8
8/1
1910
4/9
8/3
1900
15/6
24/-
1905
8/6
12/1
1910
7/9
13/6
1900
17/-
29/6
1905
11/1
20/-
1910
6/9
14/9
Coal
Grain
Grain
S Wales/P Said
USA/UK
River Plate/UK
Freight Rates & Building Costs
Peak
Trough
Average
Spread
Homeward
125
58
91.5
77
Outward
119
50
84.5
69
£60k
£36k
£46k
£24k
Freight,
1883-1913
Cost,
1898-1913
7,500 dwt
Tonight’s Quiz Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
(C) Built 1884
(A) Owned in Bilbao/Managed in Liverpool
(D) Named Niceto
(C) Entering the Manchester Ship Canal
Closing Thoughts
Romantic but Wrong; Repulsive but Right
As o’er the moon, fast fly the amber veils,
For one dear hour let’s fling the knots behind,
And hear again, thro’ cordage and thro’ sails,
The vigour of the voices of the wind.
They’re gone, the Clyde-built darlings, like a dream,
Regrets are vain, and sighs shall not avail,
Yet, mid the clatter and the rush of steam,
How strangely memory veers again to sail!