Transcript Shadow effect on 3D city modelling for photovoltaics

By
Md. Nazmul Alam
Supervised by
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Volker Coors
Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Sisi Zlatanova
16 th september 2010
Contents
 Background
 Current Status
 Problem Statement
 Methodology
 Shadow analysis
 Proposed Schedule
 Data
 Biblography
2
Background
 Renewable Energy.
Renewable energy generated by renewable resources
 oPhotovoltaics.
o Rate of replinishing by natural process
Convert
a sunlight
directly
into electricity.
 ooMSc
Thesis
Solar
Panel
Calculation.
No danger
of –
long-term
availability
o
World
PV energy
production
inenergy
2007
was
2826
MW.
o To
Renewable
resources:
Sunlight,
Wind,
Rain,
Tide,
Geothermal
calculate
the
possible
solar
generation
based
on the
 oIdea
and
Objectives
of
MSc
thesis.
47%
production
was from Germany.
Heatand
etc.
area
exposure.
o
A one-megawatt
electric
plantreturn
running
continuously
full to
establish
a RIA
using
Flex
o To
Gives
an Idea
of the
financial
when
selling theatenergy
can power
778 for
households
o Using
Maps API
base mapeach year, according to
acapacity
utilityGoolge
company.
U.S.
Department
of Energy
o
Solar
Radiation
Data from
theideal
datapromotion-platform
source
o Deriving
Athe
web
based
application
would
be an
o Calculating
financial return
while selling
energy
to a
as well as athe
mechanism
to get visibility
in thethe
area
of solar
utility
company.
energy
know how.
o Implementing the application and make publicly accessable
through the Fichtner website.
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3
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4
Background (cont...)
 Shadow in this case was not deeply considered.
 Shadow effect was a very big question.
 Problem was not possible to solve with 2D approach.
 3D models was the only solution.
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5
Problem Statement
 In order to get optimum output from the photovoltaic cells,
consumer needs to know the potentiality of the photovoltaic
cells where he wants to install it.
 Right now, there are a number of sources providing service to
predict produced energy by the photovoltaic cells. But mostly
shadow is not being considered.
 If consumer invest on photovoltaic cells trusting the impractical
prediction, he will definitely loose a huge money.
 An accurate technique for detecting shadow and its effect
using the latest technogoly will eliminate this problem. I
propose to research development of such a method to
determine shadow effect on 3D city modeling for photovoltaic
cells.
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6
Shadow Analysis
Shading
Building
integrated
of a single
PV
cell
When
cloud
shadows
PV
integrated
into the
built
Researches
have
been
(BIPV)
within
systems
PV-module,
suffer
leads
from
to
environment
are
frequently
move
across
the
PV
array
done ato
solve
partial
reduced
a
reverse
bias
operation
level
of
subject
partial
shading
then
itstoperformance
performance
shadowing.
and
the
cell
thuswhich
lower
may
profitability
result
resulting
from:
decreases.
There
is noinof
 Novel Topology
the
hot-spots
investment
and potential
compared
to
•roof-landscape
data
for
clouds
at
real bypass diode.
non-building
breakdown
of the shaded
•other
buildings
located
in
time
with
which
the
exact
 maximum
power
point.
integrated
cell.
systems.
the proximity
of the
array
shadow for clouds can be
 reconfigure
solar array
in
•minor obstacles
such as
calculated.
real
time
antennas
•lightning protection masts.
•Electric poles
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7
Different Approaches...
 Castro, 2007.



Programming a computer tool for simulating the electrical behavior of
Ike
& PV
Kurokawa.
shaded
modules and determining the performance decrease.
Photogrammetric
of shading
systems
• in his researchestimation
he demonstrated
the impacts
utility of on
rayphotovoltaic
tracing techniques
Eicker,
2003.
hasfor
developed
software
to estimate
the position
of obstacles
and their
determining
the shadow
projections
of surrounding
objects.
shadow
by
triangulation
with
twoflat
photographs
oropposite
more.
• Here
theusing
system
was
formed
with
surface
wall
has
an approach
where
all
objects
aretwo
represented
bythe
surface
polygons
solar
city
3Dthe
and
finite section
an shadowing
objective
wall.
and
theiraproject
corner
points.
The
caused
a building
is then
Another
was
theof
solar
city 3D which
is a by
student
project
from Hft
•
Parameters
considered
here
are
sun
position
angles,
coordinates,
calculated
for each corner
by means
of the
and and
the
Stuttgart. SolarCity
3D is apoint
Software
Interface
forsun
the vector,
calculation
azimuth,
inclination
and dimension
the
finite section
and 3D
thecity
points
of shading
are again
connected
tocity
a polygon.
visualization
of photovoltaic
potential inof
areas.
It connects
opposite
wall.
models
and simulation
engines (e.g. INSEL) for the calculation and
•
Here
shading
of
the
radiation
on to a surface
is calculated
visualization of potentialbeam
energy
yields. Parameters
considered
here in
are
the block RADPAT
(Radiation
Pattern)
tracing
geographical
position and
orientation,
roof through
area andray
pitch,
climate
techniques
conditions and shadow effects.
• Shading of diffuse and the ground reflected components and their
respective reflections between the surrounding objects are
neglected in the calculations.
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8
Technologies
 Used
Generate
Defines
to access
several
outputdifferent
classes
formats,to
data
based
model
formats
on
object
internal
and
features
implement
mapping
and geometry,
formats
the logic
additionally
and
ofcan
the be
data
it enables
used
schema.
with
thethe
different
exchange
applications.
of the modules and extent of new
components without interfering with the existing
parts of framework.
 CityGML
Of is
Detail
Levels
CityGML
an XML based format open data model for
 Java
LOD1
is the
well-known
LOD0
LOD2
LOD4
has
completes
essentially
differentiated
a LOD3
aobject
twoblocks
roof
model
and oriented,
a
LOD3
denotes
 Java
isarchitectural
an
platform
independent
storage
and
exchange
of
virtual
3D
city
models.
by
CAT3D
model
comprising
prismatic
halfadding
structures
dimensional
interior
and
thematically
Digital
structures
models
with
detailed
wallTerrain
andfor
roof
programming
language.
objects.
CityGML
includes
geometry model and thematic model.
buildings
with
flat
roofs.
Model,
differentiated
3D
over
For
which
surfaces.
example,
an aerial
Vegetation
image
structures,
balconies,
bays
and
ItCAT3D
Designed
supports
tobe
a handle,
set
of
output
manage
formats
and merge
e.g.geometry
VRML,
different
KML,
formats
which
of
architecture
is two
or 
objects
buildings
a map
may
areHigh-resolution
also
composed
be
draped.
represented.
ofhas
rooms,
projections.
 may
Geometry
model
allows
consistent
and
topological
Java
Platform
components.
allows
3D
visualization
database
of 3D
management
Geodata
forsystems
better
interpretation
and
data
divided
four
parts:
interior
doors,
stairs,
and
textures
canGeodata,
beinto
mapped
onto
representation
of spatial
objects
within
the 3D
environment.
schemas
Java
Virtual
and
analysis.
theMachine
server side.
furniture.
these structures.
Inon
addition,
data
connectors
 Thematic model make use of geometry model for different
detailed
and
Enables
computerProgramming
software and data
structure to execute
 vegetation
Java
Application
Interface.
data
format
thematic fields like terrain model, vegetation, water bodies and,
transportation other
objects
are
computer
programs and scripts.
Allow
users
to
create
a wide range of services and
creators
sitesofi.e.
model
of 3D buildings.
components
a LOD3
model.
applications using a large collection of predefined
 data mapping
 CityGML
supports different Levels of Detail (LOD).
software components.
 utilities.
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9
Data
3D
Building
Face
Pulselayer
city
building
sets
models
that
marked
(feature3d)
possess
can
features
within
are
reference
the
 Classes
Each
feature
has a ageometry
stored
database,
to
be
marked
grey
adescribed
texture,
are
in
pink
empty,
atogether
layer,
properties
are
with
which
with
of
issome
other
which
can
be
stored
as
2d
 (geom),
Import
CityGML
model
into
MySQL
defined
attributes,
procedural
present
which
can
means
by
in multipoint,
the
has
be
ID,that
described
Name,
an ID, 3d
Name,
with
a
geometry,
line and
database
Minimum
Representative
pulselayer.
texture
model
model,
that
and
bounding
was
pulse
coordinates
rectangleand
faceset.
and reference
reference
function.
used
do not
to coordinate
coordinate
system.
system (SRS).
possess
this type
of elements.
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10
Current Status
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11
Approach
 Find out the roofs from the





facesets.
Triangulate the roof
Further triangulate to
achive desired resolution
Take the centroid to check
shadow for the triangle
Check if the sun‘s ray
intersects any other
surface to reach the target
Mark the triangles and
produce shadow and non
shadow facesets
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12
Methodology
• Development of an advanced ray tracing model for determining the exact shadow projected onto a
surface planner or non-planner surface of a building or ground caused by any kind of obstacles.
• Programming of tools for estimating the available solar radiation onto a surface shaded by multiple
walls or objects.
• Integration of the tool to the simulation environment.
• Construction of an advanced simulation model for obtaining the 3D radiation map onto a surface.
• Creation of an advanced model for simulating the electrical performance of a PV array after shading.
• Application of the models to the PV array of the real world situation and analyzing the results.
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13
Proposed Schedule
Year 3
1 and 4
2
 Implementation
Literature reviewofofviewer
the
standard
algorithm
approaches
for a simple planner
 surface
Gathering all
Investigate
the
the
technique
data needed
to use
forindetermining
every condition

shadow
necessary
modification
 Making
Define an
evaluation
process for the complex
surface

INSEL andwith
other
necessary
things
 Learn
Final evaluation
non
professionals

Implementation
of
the
algorithm
on
complex
surface

Investigate
3D
database
models
and
if
that
is
 Writing the thesis.
 Using
sufficient
simulating
for the purpose.
environment to get the prediction of
energy
from the photo voltaic cells
 produced
Determining
the parameters

the result
with the to
actual
resultshadow
 Testing
Developing
the algorithm
calculate
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14
Biblography
 Castro, F. G. (2007). Sustainable Energy Competence. Stuttgart.
 Eicker, U. (2003). Solar Technologies for Buildings. Wiley.
 Ike, S., & Kurokawa, K. (2005). Photogrammetric estimation of shading
impacts on photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference ,
1796- 1799.
 Jewell, W. T., & Unruh, T. d. (1990). Limits on cloud-induced fluctuation in
photovoltais generation. Energy Conversion , Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s):8 14.
 Nguyen, D., & Lehman, B. (2008). A Reconfigurable Solar Photovoltaic Array
Under Shadow Conditions. Applied Power Electronics Conference and
Exposition. , Twenty-Third Annual IEEE Volume , Issue , 24-28 Feb. 2008
Page(s):980 - 986.
 Wenham, S. R., Green, M. A., Watt, M. E., & Corkish, R. (1992). Applied
Photovoltaics. Earthscan.
 Zhang, Q., Sun, X., Zhong, Y., & Matsui, M. (2003). A Novel Topology for
Solving the Partial Shading Problem in Photovoltaic Power Generation
System. Power Electronics , Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s): 704 - 711.
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15
Thank You
&
Questions?
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