Transcript Folie 1 - uni
German and European Development Cooperation
ZEFa PhD Course Uwe HOLTZ, November 29, 2006
Development - a key political task of the 21st century.
Development cooperation in the narrow and in the broader sense Development cooperation from outside may influence in a positive way the endeavours of developing and transition countries to improve the living conditions of their populations.
Germany and the European Union - major players in the development process. 2
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Development
No single definition universally accepted > Values, political convictions, scientific findings, practical experiences
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The Challenge to the South. The Report of the South Commission, Oxford 1990
Development is a process which enables human beings to realize their potential, build self-confidence, and lead lives of dignity and fulfilment. It is a process which frees people from the fear of want and exploitation. It is a movement away from political, economic, or social oppression. Through development, political independence acquires its true significance. And it is a process of growth, a movement essentially springing from within the society that is developing. 5
Willy Brandt, 1980
„While hunger rules peace cannot prevail. He who wants to ban war must also ban mass poverty.“ 6
Holtz: Development means the satisfaction of basic human needs and the realisation of human rights. It must be sustainable.
Brundtland Commission, “Our Common Future”, 1988: The term “sustainable development” is defined as “…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” UNCED Rio 1992 > Agenda 21; WSSD Jo’burg 2002 7
Development
The concept of "development" cuts across many dimensions and levels. Development should be understood as a process influenced by many actors. Societies are always changing. Some improve, while others fail. Development theories aim at explaining both processes. Development cooperation/aid means the donor‘s assistance to developing countries. 8
Official Development Assistance / Cooperation
DC in the form of project, programme or budget aid (+ debt relief) ODA = grants or loans to countries and territories according to the DAC List of Aid Recipients (developing countries) and to multilateral institutions: (a) undertaken by the official sector; (b) with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main objective (# military); (c) at concessional financial terms (if a loan, having a grant element of at least 25 per cent). 9
ODA / GNI Ratio = ODA as % of GNI
0.7% aid goal: The international goal for rich countries to devote 0.7% of their gross national income (previously: GDP) to official development assistance. 2005: 0,33 %
Gross National Income
comprises the total value of goods and services produced within a country (i.e. its Gross Domestic Product), together with its income received from other countries, less similar payments made to other countries. GNI - a little bit higher than the GDP ODA/GNI ratio (2003): 1,2 % (SSA 6,1 %) 10
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The Millennium Declaration (2000) is “a landmark document for a new century” (UN Secretary General Kofi A. Annan).
The eight Millennium Development Goals / MDGs (2001) could serve as a benchmark by which development efforts and successes can be measured.
Both documents, reinforced in 2005, form the frame of reference for the own efforts of developing countries as well as for German and European development policy.
The World Bank, the IMF and other UN institutions, “donors”, civil society organisations and the private sector are encouraged to contribute to the realisation of the MDGs 13
Appeal to all PhD Students ZEF’s mission is 1. to give scientific support to the implementation of Agenda 21, 2. to contribute to a sustainable development which ensures a life in human dignity for everyone.
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References - Germany
Internet: http://www.bmz.de/en/index.html
Development Ministry) (BMZ / German The Federal Government (ed.): Partners for the Future – German Development Policy in the 21st Century, Berlin 2003.
BMZ (ed.): The German Government's 12th Development Policy Report, Bonn 2005
Franz Nuscheler
: Lern- und Arbeitsbuch Entwicklungs politik (Development Policy Textbook and Manual), 5th completely rev. ed., Bonn 2004.
Jürgen H. Wolff:
Development assistance. A helpful business? – An attempt to stake stock, Münster 2005.
OECD/DAC:
Peer Review of Germany’s development co operation policy, Paris 2006. 15
The development policy of the Federal Republic of Germany
An independent area of German foreign policy (“Development policy is a distinct component of our overall German foreign policy” – Coalition Agreement Nov 2005) Formulated and executed by the
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
(with the corresponding Bundestag Committee as parliamentary counterpart) Carried out by implementing organisations 16
The Agreement of the Great Coalition:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The aims of future government activities in the field of development cooperation will be: contributing to reduce poverty worldwide, safeguarding peace and preventing conflicts, protecting the environment and preserving the natural resource base, promoting democracy, the rule of law and good governance, gender equality and human rights, shaping globalisation in a just way. To this end, we will create conditions at interna tional and national level which allow globally sustainable development. 17
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Africa will continue to be a priority area of German development policy; other regions, too, will be able to count on Germany as a reliable partner. The Coalition Agreement makes it clear that the new government will stand by the commitment made in the spring, to increase funding for development cooperation to 0.7% of gross national income by 2015. (0.33% by 2006, 0.51% by 2010). Development policy concerns will continue to be taken account of in the field of agricultural, economic, foreign and security policy. The reforms of European development policy and of the multilateral institutions will continue.
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Specific challenges – interests
International terrorism Civil wars Failing, weak states Environmental damages, climate change, soil erosion Inequalities created by globalisation and social dumping 20
German development cooperation
Orientations: > internationally agreed goals > the Millennium Declaration and the 8 MDGs (Programme of Action 2015) > the Monterrey Consensus > the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation 21
Three levels of action international level partner country level
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Germany, Europe and other industrialized countries
Multilateral cooperation 40-50% of German ODA> EU, World Bank/IDA, UN, Regional Banks
Multilateral cooperation is needed to help solve the increasingly urgent global development problems: in particular poverty (PRSPs), HIV/AIDS, climate change, the threat to biodiversity, desertification, unstable financial markets.
It plays an active part in shaping global structures (global governance).
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Germany's commitment within multinational institutions goes beyond the development policy dimension, in the narrow sense. Peace, security, worldwide stability and growth, placing international relations on a sound legal basis and the realisation of universal values are objectives and interests of the German government. Since unification (1990) Germany has taken a high-profile role within multilateral institutions and plays an active part in shaping global structures.
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Bilateral official development cooperation 50-60 % of German ODA > to more than 100 developing countries (from LLDCs to ‘anchor countries’) and to dev. countries related activities
The cooperation measures agreed upon in the government-to-government agreements form one pillar of German development cooperation with partner countries. The second pillar consists of the activities proposed by non-governmental organisations and carried out in the partner countries The German Länder/States and municipalities are supporting the German DC efforts by own contributions.
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On the basis of economic, social, ecological and (geo-) political objectives and interests the BMZ selects -- 65 partner countries for comprehensive cooperation (Afghanistan, China, India,
Indonesia
,
Cambodia
,
Vietnam
; Cameroon, Egypt, G
hana
,
Kenya
, Mali, Morocco, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania; Algeria, Morocco, Jordan, Yemen; Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Peru; Turkey) -- 9 potential partner countries (Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, Iran, Haiti) -- 18 transform/transition countries (Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan,
Ukraine, Albania, Serbia, Macedonia
)
The internal framework conditions are taken into account, as are the country's own efforts in the field of development There is no consistent conditionalisation (political conditionality) 26
The BMZ-formulated rationale and objectives for German development policy constitute the basis for the aid channelling organisations
Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW – Frankfurt/Main) - t
he
KfW development bank
is the German institution responsible for FC.
DEG
(Köln/Cologne), a subsidiary of KfW banking group - its aim is to promote growth in developing and transition countries through private sector development.
GTZ - Deutsche Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit (Eschborn, Frankfurt)
is the TC channelling organisation.
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The German Development Service (DED - Bonn)
operates as a personnel cooperation service within the scope of the German government’s TC activities. It seconds human resources, but does not implement any projects of its own; i.e. it assigns experts on demand from partner countries to institutions and organisations in these countries. On top of this, DED also promotes local organisations through grants.
> Civil Peace Service
InWEnt GmbH – German Capacity Building International (Bonn)
is a public-benefit organisation for international human resources development, upgrading and dialogue. InWEnt implements upgrading measures to prepare experts for development cooperation. Furthermore, it also organises upgrading programmes for partner experts.
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Non-governmental cooperation
NGOs get some 500 mio. € p.a.– own funds ( private donations) amount to 1 bio. €
VENRO
, the Association of German development non governmental organisations (Bonn), is the umbrella organisation of 100 independent and church related NGOs working in the fields of development cooperation, emergency assistance, development education, and advocacy.
Some VENRO-members (BMZ / EU grants + donations):
- German Agro Action (DWHH -
Bonn
) -
The protestant
Church Development Service (EED - Bonn) - Misereor, part of the Catholic Central Agency for Development Aid (KZE - Aachen)
PS: The Centre for International Cooperation (CIC) in the Bonn region has taken on shape. More than 150 organisations have set up their headquarters in Bonn.
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Political foundations:
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
The political foundations promote institutions and social groups in developing and transition countries: Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAS), Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES), Friedrich Naumann Foundation (FNS), Hans Seidel Foundation (HSS), Heinrich Böll Foundation (HBS) Rosa Luxemburg Foundation (RLS) 30
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Evaluations
Self-evaluations and independent evaluations are systematic assessments of ongoing or completed aid activities, their design, implementation and results, including impacts. The results are of high importance: - They enable the BMZ, parliament and the public to look at the past: what has been achieved for the people of Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe? - They help the BMZ, development partners and the implementing organisations to look ahead: how can German development cooperation be improved and continue to respond well to challenges in future?
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1.
2.
3.
DAC Criteria for Evaluating Development Assistance
Relevance:
Doing the right thing.
The extent to which the aid activity is suited to the priorities and policies of the target group, recipient and donor.
Effectiveness:
Achieving the objectives
.
A measure of the extent to which an aid activity attains its objectives.
Impact:
Achieving the expected results and the ovearching objectives. The positive and negative changes produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended.
4.
5.
Efficiency:
Realising cost-effectiveness
.
Efficiency measures the outputs in relation to the inputs.
Sustainability:
Ensuring durability.
Sustainability is concerned with measuring whether the benefits of an activity are likely to continue after donor funding has been withdrawn. 33
German development cooperation achieved good, mixed results
Most of the projects and programmes are successful (KfW Evaluation Report 2006 – 177 projects in 57 countries / financing volume of EUR 6.3 bio: 71 % of the projects) About one fifth did not reach the expected results (KfW: 17 % slightly insufficient despite having positive impacts; 12 % insufficient) In some cases a total failure (KfW: 1 project) 34
Evaluation TC – GTZ PricewaterhouseCoopers/PwC 2003 – a major international accounting and consulting firm Main findings of the report for July 2002 until July 2003: 67 of the 100 evaluated projects will reach the targets.
11 “risk”-projects will have great difficulties to reach the targets due to insufficient partner efforts and to worsened framework conditions.
Complaints: The indicators for the project objectives are too vague; in one third of all projects a clear judgement is not possible.
The GTZ learned the lessons stemming from the evaluations, but the necessary process of correction often took too much time.
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Peer Reviews of DAC Members – Germany 2005 Since the 2001 DAC Peer Review, the process of change in Germany’s approach to development co operation has gained momentum enabling it to adapt to the evolving international context regarding development policy and practice, while at the same time taking into consideration DAC recommendations. Like most other donors, Germany has committed to increase its Official Development Assistance (ODA) in support of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to improve the quality of aid in line with the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. 36
Recommendations
1.
Greater efforts towards a consistent approach of the
poverty reduction
agenda
2.
Streamlining the institutional setting
and the multi organisational German dev. cooperation system (by abolishing the increasingly artificial distinction between financial and technical co-operation) 3.
Ensure a
better public understanding
of development issues (the fulfilment of international commitments will require broad-based support within the government and civil society, building on political foundations, church based organisations and NGOs) 37
1.
Adoption of an
ODA growth implementation plan
2.
Enhancing the
coherence
for development by a clearer and more operational BMZ policy statement 3.
Need for an
integrated approach of humanitarian policy
providing guidance on civil-military relations, disaster risk reduction, environmental and social aspects 38
One year of development policy under the Great Coalition
according to BMZ Minister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul A) Poverty reduction: Giving new hope to many people
- Microfinance - Promoting women in the private sector - Public-private partnerships - Contributions to fairer world trade - HIV/AIDS: production of generic drugs 39
B) Successful reconstruction under difficult circumstances
- Prospects and hope for the people of Afghanistan
C) Quick emergency assistance for people in crisis situations
- Middle East: Quick assistance for Lebanese civilians - Comprehensive assistance for earthquake survivors in Kashmir region
D) Efforts for peace and democracy
- Congo: Democratization process in the public eye - Caucasus Initiative: Achieving peace through regional cooperation 40
E) Protecting the environment and stopping climate change
- Acceleration of German efforts for renewable energy - Successful establishment of sustainable energy path at World Bank and development banks
F) More financing for development
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EU
http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/index_en.htm
Community’s Development) (European European Commission
: Annual report 2006 on the European Community’s development policy and the implementation of external assistance in 2005, Luxemburg 2006.
http://www.euforic.org
communication, and debate on Europe's development cooperation) (platform for information, U. Holtz:
Partnership for the 21st Century - A Preliminary Assessment of the EU-ACP Agreement, in: D+C (Development and Cooperation) 2/2000, p. 8-12.
OECD/DAC:
2002. Peer Review of the European Community, Paris
ECDPM/ICEI/ODI
: Assessment of the EC Development Policy – DPS study report, Brussels, February 2005.
Sven Grimm:
at sea
(
EU Development Cooperation: Rebuilding a tanker FES Berlin, Briefing Papers), Berlin, June 2006 Compulsory for all
EU Development Cooperation
The European Community - a unique donor > dual role in development: 1. bilateral donor 2. co-ordinating framework for European Union (EU) – nowadays 25 – Member States The European Commission - the executive body, accountable to the European Parliament and the Member States meeting in Council 43
EU - a major global actor both economically and politically
- Largest trading block in the world taking up 38 % of world exports, - Producing 36 % of the world’s GDP - Financing 50 % of the World’s Foreign Direct Investment - The world’s leading aid donor (55.7 billion USD of worldwide ODA 106.5 bn in 2005 (= 52,35 %). - influential in global governance institutions such as the WTO where it holds 27 % of the votes on the board and is the main financier of key policies and programmes and the UN where it is also the main financial contributor - the main trading partner to many developing countries with 47 % of its total imports and around 66% of its agricultural imports coming from the developing world (more than 48 bn euros) in 2003 44
DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION
- EC Treaty Article 177 1. Community policy in the sphere of development cooperation, which shall be
complementary
to the policies pursued by the Member States, shall foster: - the sustainable economic and social development of the developing countries, and more particularly the most disadvantaged among them, - the smooth and gradual integration of the developing countries into the world economy, - the campaign against poverty in the developing countries.
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2. Community policy in this area shall contribute to the general objective of developing and consolidating democracy and the rule of law, and to that of respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms.
3. The Community and the Member States shall comply with the commitments and take account of the objectives they have approved in the context of the United Nations and other competent international organisations.
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Article 180
1. The Community and the Member States shall
coordinate
their policies on development cooperation and shall consult each other on their aid programmes, including in international organisations and during international conferences. They may undertake joint action. Member States shall contribute if necessary to the implementation of Community aid programmes.
2. The Commission may take any useful initiative to promote the coordination referred to in paragraph 1.
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EU-Treaty Article 3
The Union shall in particular ensure the
consistency
(coherence) of its external activities as a whole in the context of its external relations, security, economic and development policies.
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Implementation
• the European Commission, Directorate-General for Development; • EuropeAid co-operation Office (the handling of the entire project cycle, i.e. from project identification to the evaluation, is now fully in the hands of EuropeAid) • the other external services of the European Commission: ECHO (Humanitarian Aid), DG Relex, DG Trade… • the EC Delegations around the world; • the 25 EU Member States; • NGOs and the other actors of the European civil society.
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Echo's mandate
European Community Humanitarian Aid Office
Since 1992, ECHO has funded humanitarian aid in more than 85 countries. Its grants cover emergency aid, food aid and aid to refugees and displaced persons worth a total of more than € 500 million per year.
The aid is channelled through EC NGOs (60 %), UN (28%), Intern. Organisations (9%) and EC Org/Gov Org/others (3%). 50
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Regional distribution of aid to developing countries (ODA) in 2005
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Sectoral breakdown of ODA managed by the EC in 2005 53
78 ACP States
48 in Africa 54
15 in the Caribbean ( + Cuba, ACP group member since Dec 2000) 55
15 in the Pacific incl. East Timor since 2003 56
The new ACP-EU partnership, signed on 23rd of June 2000 in Cotonou, Benin, was concluded for a twenty-year period from March 2000 to February 2020. It entered into force on April 1, 2003.
The Cotonou Agreement
is based on five interdependent pillars: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
an enhanced political dimension, increased participation, a more strategic approach to cooperation focusing on poverty reduction, new economic and trade partnerships, improved development/financial cooperation.
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The Cotonou Agreement constitutes the legal basis for development aid provided by the Union to the ACP States via the resources of the European Development Fund ( EUR 13.5 billion over a period of five years / EDF).
The institutions of Cotonou are the Council of Ministers, the Committee of Ambassadors and the Joint Parliamentary Assembly.
It provides for a revision clause which foresees that the Agreement is adapted every five years.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Objectives of the ACP-EU partnership
Contributing to sustainable development and poverty eradication Promoting a stable and democratic political environment Contributing to peace and human security Promoting regional and sub-regional integration and the gradual integration of the ACP countries into the world economy These objectives and the Parties’ international commitments shall be tackled through an integrated approach taking account at the same time of the political, economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects of development. 60
Revision of the Cotonou Agreement 2005
cooperation in countering proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and in the fight against terrorism prevention of mercenary activities possibility to use resources for policies to promote peace and to manage and settle conflicts, including post-conflict support inclusion of a reference to the MDGs promotion of the participation of young people in public life and encouragement of exchanges and interaction between ACP and EU youth organisations insertion of provisions to facilitate non-state actor access to indicative programme resources 61
DAC Peer Review – EC 2002
A major success with policy coherence has been achieved through the “Everything But Arms” initiative, opening access to the EU market to the least developed countries. In contrast, there are other coherence issues to address in the relations between development policy and the European Community’s internal policies, for example the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy. These cases show how the pursuit of the legitimate interests of the European Community may have potentially adverse consequences for the legitimate development interests of partner countries, despite Treaty obligations to pursue coherence with development policy.
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Recommendations
a) Strengthen the European Community’s comparative advantage in promoting development b) Promote the sustainability of poverty reduction c) Improve policy coherence and develop the institutional framework for coherence d) Strengthen the focus on results and aid effectiveness e) Improve the implementation of the aid programme with a view to enhancing country ownership
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Evaluation results per sector
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Reality of Aid 2006
Prior to the DAC Senior Level Meeting in December 2004, NGOs working in the Global Security and Development Network (and many
Reality of Aid
network members) argued that “financing assistance in the area of military reform, peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations for already small and overstretched ODA budgets would inevitably be at the expense of the resources required for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), sustainable development, social justice and human rights”.
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NGO critics
The European Commission is pursuing an aggressive policy in regard to the poorest developing countries.
The commissioners are urging former colonies in ACP to take extensive steps towards liberalisation to conquer additional markets.
These steps will have detrimental consequences and stabilise authoritarian regimes.
EU’s main aim is to protect the “fortress Europe” from being ‘overflowed’ by illegal immigrants. 66
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
The European Consensus on Development, 2005 Joint statement of the Council, Parliament and the Commission Key principles central to an effective common development policy striving for poverty eradication in its multidimensional aspects and sustainable development: Ownership & partnership Political dialogue Participation of civil society Gender equality Addressing state fragility Delivering more and better aid (increasing financial resources, more effective aid, coordination and complementarity) Policy coherence for development 67
1.
The Commission will make its contribution to implementing the common thematic framework by drawing on the experience and comparative advantages it has gained in nine areas: Governance, democracy, human rights and support for economic and institutional reforms 2.
Trade and regional integration 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Infrastructure, communications and transport Water and energy Social cohesion and employment Human development Rural development, territorial planning, agriculture and food security Environment and sustainable management of natural resources Conflict prevention and fragile states 68
New “scramble“ for Africa
in the post cold war area
Security and migration aspects, raw materials, new markets EU interests UK, F, D USA China African emerging powers (Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa …; AU, NEPAD…) 69
2.
3.
1.
Progresses and unresolved issues
Sven Grimm, 2006
European cooperation has improved Policy clarification
(European Consensus on Development, EU Africa Strategy, Country Strategy Papers)
Better implementation
(creation of EuropeAid, administrative devolution to Commission’s Delegations in partner countries) The intergovernmental
CFSP gained momentum
the EU’s capacities as an external actor increased (MEDA programme, African Peace Facility…; driving force in international discussions and fora) 70
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unresolved issues
Difficulties in the area of coordination (the 25 Member States are reluctant to renounce development cooperation and to accept the Commission’s coordination) Internal administrative fragmentation (f ragmented geographical responsibilities and a politically divisive distribution of labour) With respect to trade and free market access many barriers still exist (strict rules of origin, technical and sanitary standards) Danger that the share of aid channelled through the EC will decrease 71
Making globalisation a positive force for all of humankind – the European model?
1. Politics: Democracy, human rights and the rule of law guiding the political sphere 72
2. Economy: The Social Market Economy – an order that seeks to combine the freedom of the market – the law of supply and demand and of competition between free enterprises – with the imperative of social balance.
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3. The leading paradigm: sustainable human development 74
Goals of ZEF’s core research and doctoral programs 1.
2.
3.
4.
produce and disseminate sound development research that will help reduce poverty and enhance sustainable development support cooperative research with scholars in developing nations use doctoral studies to build greater capacity for improved policy analysis and policymaking in developed and developing countries disseminate its research results beyond the research community 75
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Thank you very much for your kind attention
ZEFa PhD Course Uwe HOLTZ, November 29, 2006 77