Transcript Slide 1

Gender Norms Theory Training

For Minority Institutions

Copyright TrueChild, Inc. 2011 1

1. INTRODUCTIONS

 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex & Health 6. Other Health Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Exercises 2

What We Do

Thought Leadership That Brings a Gender Transformative Analysis

TrueChild

To Serving At Risk Youth In US Policies & Programs

Gender norms & gender equity are the key to improving life outcomes.

g 3

T rue C hild 1.

Translate research & knowledge on gender into toolkits & resources 2.

Provide onsite training, technical support and hand-holding 3.

Partner with CBOs to develop model pilot programs that are G/T 4 Copyright TrueChild, Inc. 2010 g 2

Riki Wilchins, M.A.

Executive Director • • • •

25 years advocating gender justice for at-risk youth 3 books on gender norms’ impact on youth Focused on intersection of gender+race+sex/or+class 70 Under 30 first human rights report documenting fatal violence against Af-Am transgender women

• •

Profiled in NYTimes TIME’s “100 Civic Innovators for the 21 st Century.”

g 5

Beverly Guy-Sheftall, PhD

Director, Women’s Center Spelman College • • • • • • •

Prof. English & Women’s Studies Founder Women’s Research & Resource Ctr. Founder SAGE: Journal on Black Women A pioneer of feminism in Black community, & bringing Af Am focus to Women’s Studies Kellogg & Woodrow Wilson fellowships Spelman Presidential Faculty Award Expert in LGBT issues at HBCUs

g 6

Icebreaker

Your name

Where you’re from

What drew you to this work

One thought about masculinity & femininity

7

Quick Gender Questionnaire

1.

2.

3.

It’s the male who should decide what type of sex to have. Taking care of children is really a woman’s job. Men just need sex more than women do.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

A real man is pretty much always ready to have sex. If a woman doesn’t keep up her looks, a man will naturally look elsewhere.

Homosexuals make me uncomfortable.

There are times when a woman may deserve to be hit by her man. If someone insults me, I defend my reputation, with force if I have to. 9.

I would never have a gay friend. 10. It disgusts me when I see a man acting like a woman.

11.

It freaks me out when I see someone and can’t tell if they’re male or female 12. A man who cries is not a real man.

13.

A woman shouldn’t make more money than her man. 14.

15.

A woman isn’t a real woman without a man. It’s up to the woman to negotiate safer sex and condom use.

8

1. Introductions

2. BACKGROUND

 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex & Heath 6. Other Health Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Exercises 9

Background: Politics

A Little History (1970-2000) Women’s Rights

challenges social roles

Gays Rights

challenges gender norms & ideas abt sex

Transgender Rights

challenges ideas of bodies, M/F 10

Background: Theory

Queer Theory & Deconstruction

 Intersection of feminism & gay rights  Social construction of difference of the body  The body as political, text on which meaning is written  Creates inequity, marginalization, silences, erasure 11

Background: Theory

Race Critical Studies Questioning Race, Questioning Bodies

12

Background: Theory

Feminist Theory & Manhood Studies in the Black Community

13

Background: Theory

Deconstructing The Other: Queerness & Race

14

The Other: Queerness & Race Of color + gay + macho?

15

Gender & Health: The Research

16

Gender & Health: The Programs

Integrated Gender Equity approach to…

 Infant & Maternal care  Fatherhood  Basic Health & Vulnerability  Intimate Partner Violence  Male-on-Male Violence  Repro health/Preg/HIV rs 17

The US Disconnect

Astounding as it may seem, the central role of… gender roles in [reproductive health] has been largely ignored…” “Studying sex in a gender vacuum.”

Gender and Sexual Risk Reduction: Issues to Consider

H Amaro – 1996 - Proceedings of the National Latino HIV/AIDS

Love, sex, and power. Considering women's realities in HIV prevention

H Amaro - 1995 - Cited by 691 Am Psychol. 1995 Jun;50(6):437-47.

18

US Disconnect: Programs

19

US Disconnect: Campus Health

20

1. Introductions 2. Background

3. SIX DEGREES OF GENDER

 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex & Health 6. Other Health Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Exercises Girl Effect 21

Six Degrees of Gender

Gender Identity

An inner sense of one’s self as masculine or feminine, male or female

Gender Expression

How we express a sense of being masculine or feminine through clothing, preferences, and behavior.

[Examples?]

22

Six Degrees of Gender

Sex

Physical primary (genitals, chromosomes) & secondary (body hair, bones) characteristics (1% of Burn Chart)

Sexual Orientation

Sexual attraction to males or females, men/women 23

Six Degrees of Gender

Gender Roles

How each sex is subject to different expectations and pressures, which results in feminine or masculine behaviors and attitudes

[Examples?]

Gender Traits

Having physical and emotional characteristics considered feminine or masculine

[Examples?]

24

Gender Norms

Socially-constructed and highly regulated expectations, norms, scripts for male-female behavior, characteristics, and roles In sex, who has sex with whom, how, why, and what it means, & under what circumstances (also GBV)

25

Woman

Six Degrees of Gender

Gender Identity GenderQueer/Bigender Man Feminine Gay Female Gender Expression Androgynous (Riki/Justin) Sexual Orientation Bisexual Sex Intersex Straight Male

26

Intersex?

Castor Semenya

Variety of common conditions where anatomy not typical F/M

 Girl born with testicular tissue as part of ovaries     Boy with an extremely small penis Boy with a scrotum divided so that it’s’ more labia. Baby with some cells XX and some XY Girl born with a noticeably large clitoris.  Cheryl Chase 27

Transgender?

Umbrella term for:

 Crossdressers  Transsexuals  Drag people  Genderqueer youth Boychix, boyz, boy-identified dykes, trykes, grrrlz, etc.

28

29

Transgender Effects on Health

Much more likely to:  Be victims of assault, partner violence  Be forced from home, school  Be estranged from adult authority figures  Be forced to do sex work for food, shelter  Be profoundly depressed  Use drugs, have generally impaired health 30

Gender Non-conforming Students Effects on Health

 Less likely to have access to health care  More likely to be mistreated by med profs  More likely to avoid health care system  More likely to wait until catastrophic 31

32

1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender

4. GENDER NORMS

 5. Connecting to Sex & Health 6. Other Health Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Exercises 33

Gender Norms Socially-constructed expectations, norms, scripts for male-female behavior, characteristics, and roles

Gender: What society makes out of bodies & sex.

34

Gender Norms

External punishments & rewards

o o External pressure (They’ll call me a sissy if I don’t have sex early, often) External rewards (If I have sex early, often they’ll think I’m a Real Man) •

Internal punishments & rewards

o Internal pressure (I’m a sissy if I don’t have sex early, often) o Internal rewards (If I have sex early, often that means I’m a Real Man).

35

Gender Norms

Define male-female relations esp. power dynamics

Highly binary: promote difference and opposition

Presented as

o

Natural

o

Inevitable

o o

Universal Timeless

(Nature’s law

(

crying babies, math) (Boys will be boys) (everyone is like this) ( always been this way)

.

36

Theory of Gender & Power

Pervasive effects: Gender division of labor

Relegated to “women’s work” – lower value, recognition

Un-under-paid nurturing: child/elder/sick care, housekeeping

Favor male income-generating work, achievement

Higher status, $ for male-oriented work

(programming, surgeons)

.

37

Gender & Power

Gender division of labor – health effects

• • •

Women have less leverage in sexual relationships Less likely to have insurance, access health care More likely to be financially dependent

• •

Often less likely to be educated

(changing)

Make more risk-taking compromises to hold men

Lower income linked to higher HIV rate .

38

Gender & Identity

Pervasive effects: Gender division of identity Structures semantic space in which M/W can think of themselves

Structures images, media, normative ideals

Language available to speak gender fluidity

Structure social spaces

Creates reinforcing language (stud, slut, ho, thug...)

39

Overview: Norms & Health

Harmful traditional gender ideas place women’s & men’s health at risk:

Women’s less opportunity to control/improve their wealth and health.

Prevents women frm accessing critical health information & services

Leads to poor reproductive, maternal, child health outcomes

Norms of strong, dominant invulnerable male hurts men’s health.

Gender-based violence: major contributor to poor health outcomes

Refrain from seeking health information (sign of weakness)

Refuse contraception and forbid female partners to use it

40

Masculinity: It’s a Guy Thing

Boys will be boys!?

Many masculinities…

41

Masculinity + Race + Class

Racial society promotes specific kinds of gender

42

Gender + Race + Class

Gender + Race + Class

44

Manliness: It’s also a Girl Thing

45

Attributes of Masculinity

• • • • • • •

Strong Dominant Silent Tough Self-reliant Powerful Boisterous

• • • • • • •

Healthy Risk-loving Aggressive Heterosexual!

Despise homosexuals Virile Knowledgeable.

46

Masculinity: Breaking It Down

The “Man Box” We’re in this box, and in order to be in that box, you have to be

strong

, you have to be

tough

, you have to have a lot of

girls

, you gotta have

money

, you have to be a

player

to

dominate

or a

pimp

, you gotta to be in

control

, you have other men, and you know if you are not any of those things, then people call you soft or weak or a p*ssy or a chump or a f*ggot and nobody wants to be any of those things.

So everybody stays inside the box.

Byron Hurt 47

Femininity: It’s a Girl Thing

Many femininities…

48

Femininity: Also a Boy Thing

49

It’s a Girl Thing

Attributes of Tradtl Femininty

• • • • • •

Soft Dependent Submissive Deferential Pretty, thin Maternal

• • • • • •

Nurturing Emotional, sensitive Heterosexual!

Social Obedient Virginal, naïve.

50

It’s a...Some-thing! Major 21

st

Century Pop Stars

51

Gender Norms Change

And gender norms change…

52

People Also Change How would you feel if:

• A somewhat butch young woman came on to you?

How would you feel if:

• A somewhat soft cute young guy came on to you? 53

Highly Regulated

What are you called when you cross gender lines?

Male Female

54

Homosexual Phobia

55

Homosexual Phobia

56

Gender Norms Are Structural

Schools, Campuses, Hospitals, Agencies all create, regulate, reinforce their own gender regimes…

 Approach young women as victims, helpless, vulnerable  Reward males for boisterousness (and punish girls)  Assume all young women want babies, families  Tolerate gendered harassment or teasing of females  Have men in top positions, use women as care-takers  Segregate males/female needlessly….

57

Gender Norms Are Structural

Continued…

 Treat boys/girls differently when needs are the same  Treat boys/girls the same when their needs are different  Team males/females up against one another  Use gender to stigmatize (

ok girls

,

let’s be ladylike

”)  Assume hetero-normativity  Shame boys for crying, passivity, unathletic (

Man up

!).

58

Gender Norms Are Structural

Health programs can reinforce gender stereotypes Abstinence only programs frequently:

 Present boys and girls as structurally different and opposed  Teach stereotypic sexual psycho: boys=rationale, girls=emotional  “Boys may use love to get sex/Girls sex to get love” 59

Gender Norms Are Structural

Church messages can reinforce gender stereotypes

60

Norms: The Good, the Bad & The Ugly

Not these… …these: Strong Aggressive Dominant Tough Loner Good provider Protective Women & children first Good in times of danger Independent judgment.

61

Under-Resourced Environments

Codes especially narrow

Strong peer pressure on “the street”

Harsh punishment for transgression

Few ways to constructively display masculinity/femininity

62

Under-Resourced Environments

Throw the ball

Have lots of girls

Get lots of money

Don McPherson Former NFL Quarterback “We don’t teach our boys to be men -- we teach them not be women or homosexual.”

63

1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms

5. CONNECT TO SEX & HEALTH

 6. Other Health Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Exercises 64

Connect to Sex

Global effects on sexuality & HIV vulnerability.

Traditional masc/fem: “Gateway Attitude”

65

Connect to Sex

Gender Intensification Period

• Late adolescence – Early teens • Interest in norms accelerates • Belief intensifies… • And solidifies (increasingly harder to change) • Accept primitive gender ideals as literally true • Peer pressure/norms/acceptance crucial.

66

Connect to Sex: Young Men

Beliefs

• Sex is adversarial • Pregnancy validates manhood • Woman’s responsibility to prevent conception • Must control of female partners • Can’t help themselves (hydraulic model) • Need lots of women (hydraulic model) • Always ready for sex • Risk-taking sign of masculinity • Must bear pain, sickness in silence • Homosexuality is shameful, unmanly • 1 st penetrative sex = manhood (penetrative/vaginal the standard).

67

Connect to Sex: Young Men Behavior

• Earlier sex • Less intimate sex • Lots of partners (incl. sex workers) • Avoid condoms, avoid erection loss • Risky behavior • Brag about sexual conquests • Dominate women (violently if nec.) • Family planning women’s problem • Premium on younger women.

68

Connect to Basic Health

• Avoid doctors (sickness=weakness, dependency) • Suffer physical pain in silence • Fear ignorance, don’t asking health questions • Don’t cry, show emotion (heart disease, hypertension ) • Have few v. close friends, social support system • Risk-taking behavior (cars, etc.) 69

Connect to Sex: Young Women

Beliefs

• Must have a man!

• Revere virginity & sexual purity OR… • …Girls should be hyper-sexual for men • Pregnancy validates womanhood, revere motherhood • Defer to men’s sexual prerogatives (booty calls, trains, etc.) • Aren’t supposed to want much sex • Premium on older, stronger men.

70

Connect to Sex: Young Women

Behavior

• Fear to negotiate, insist on condom • Pregnancy validates womanhood • Docile, obedient, dependent • Get pregnant to hold onto a man • Don’t assert their own desires • Go out with much older men • Defer to male sexual prerogatives • Drawn to “bad boys” • Don’t carry condoms • No condoms w/ main boyfriend.

• Anal sex to preserve virginity • Don’t discuss sex (esp. w/ men) • Tolerate male infidelity & IPV Disney 71

Connect to Basic Health

Other Areas?

• Depression • Eating disorders • Lower quality of care • Complaints taken less seriously • Prioritize health of others • Care for family member.

72

1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex

6. OTHER HEALTH CONNECTIONS

 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Exercises 73

Secondary Connections

Tied to gender norms & sexuality

Alcohol & Drug Abuse

Sexual Coercion, IPV & Girlfriend Abuse

Down-low and MSMs.

74

Drugs & Alcohol

To look manly (girls to look cool)

Lower inhibition

Increases power imbalance

Negates condom negotiation, planning

More sexual risk-taking

Injection drugs & HIV.

75

Sexual Coercion/IPV

Control of woman central to public manhood

Public disrespect loss of manhood

Justified as rational, effectual male response to female insubordination (usually intimate partner)

Men as victims.

76

Sexual Coercion/IPV

Effects on women

 Less like to use, negotiate condoms    More likely to engage in prostitution Lower self-efficacy, self-esteem, depression More likely to seek, tolerate high-risk abusive men •

Higher rates of

 HIV    STIs Unplanned pregnancy Rape •

Not an incident but a sustained pattern of gender relations.

77

Hyper-Sexualization

Young Af-Am women esp may feel pressured by male partners:

o Booty calls o Trains o 3-ways etc.

Feminine norms of women of color and the “stripper culture” (life on the pole)

78

On the DL

Rooted in pressures to “man up”

o o Be straight, homosexuality = effeminacy Only white men are “gay” •

Homophobia in comm. of color, churches

Linked to unplanned and riskier sex

o Planning = admission of gayness o Keeps denial going.

79

DL Sexual Impacts

Lying to intimate partners abt risky behaviors

Less likely to be sexually prepared

(info, condoms) •

Higher substance abuse to:

• Lower inhibition • Impair memory • Remove responsibility for sex •

Less like to get tested

More likely hide HIV+ status.

80

MSMs

Manliness=health vulnerability is unmanly

o Avoid discussing HIV, STIs o Avoid condom negotiation o Only receptive is gay in some cultures •

Lower condom use – fear of loss of erection

o During negotiation o When putting on o During use •

Barebacking: manly, risk- taking...

81

MSMs

Receptive anal sex = feminine = under-reporting

Internalized homophobia

o Avoid caressing, kissing, mutual oral o Focus on penetration o o Stranger-to-stranger hook-up Avoidance of relationships o Hyper-masculinity •

Promiscuity = manliness.

82

1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. Secondary Factors

7. GENDER TRANSFORMATIVE

 8. Assessment Tools 9. Exercises 83

Gender Transformative

“The foundation for any educational curriculum for engaging young men in HIV prevention should be critical reflections on societal constructions of gender norms and sexuality, including the impact of rigid masculine stereotypes on young men’s behaviors and vulnerability.”

84

Gender Transformative

Programs that…

1. Make participants aware of gender norms 2.

Challenge them to think critically about them 3.

Redefine them in more gender equitable ways 4. Address men as change agents, not villains, by-standers, or allies.

Geeta Gupta 85

Gender Transformative

Gender Continuum -- Geeta Gupta/Anne Eckman

86

Gender Exploitative

Employ traditional gender norms

o Men as aggressors, in control, etc.

o Women as weak, mothers only, etc.

Mine existing power imbalances

o Solidify them 

May work in short run but…

o May be unsustainable o Harmful long-term consequences.

87

Gender Exploitative: Examples

Use violent, predatory images of male sexuality.

Women as powerless, victims, disease vectors

88

Gender Neutral

Gender analysis is assumed unnecessary, irrelevant

Assumes neutrality is acceptable

Ignores gendered contexts to sex, health, relations

Neutrality reinforces and reproduces gender injustices

Neutrality exploits inequalities , reinforces stereotypes.

89

Gender Sensitive

Gender norms introduced only to reach goals

‘Gender-by-numbers’ w/ ‘inclusion of women’

No gender analysis of power, inequality, or norms

90

Gender Transformative

Create more equitable gender relationships

Challenge harmful gender norms

Integrated fully into programs, materials, policy

Engage men fully as equal partners (not allies, villains)

91

Gender Empowering

Aims to equalize power imbalance

Address structural inequality

Empowers vulnerable to address power imbalance.

92

1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex & Health 6. Other Health Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8.

ASSESSMENT TOOLS

 9. Exercises 93

Organization Assessment Tool

1.

2.

3.

4.

Serves both male & female clients Implements new staffer intake training about gender norms & sexuality 5.

6.

7.

8.

Has both men and women in staff, management & board positions Has gender non-conforming/LGBTQ on staff, management & board Has HR policies that address “

gender identity & expression

Has policies dealing with IPV/GBV ” Offers women/men same services when needs are same Offers men/women different services when needs are different 9.

Has mission that includes transforming gender norms 10. Has mission that envisions gender justice & empowering clients.

11. Has full buy-in on G/T work from Board and leadership.

94 TinyRev

Program, Policy & Materials Assessment Tool

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Distinguish between sex and gender, and explain gender norms & sex Address impact of both internal & external gender norms Challenge clients to think critically about gender norms Engage males as co-equals (not villains, bystanders, allies) Engage women as co-equals (not victims, vectors) Gender mainstreaming (make women’s concerns integral to all services) 7.

8.

Address IPV/GBV with both male & female clients Address labor and power imbalances in safer sex 9.

Encourage men to have healthy relationships with family & offspring 10. Avoid gender stereotypic images & messages of women & men 11. Address healthy, pleasurable sex, not just disease prevention and HIV 12.

Directly challenges homophobia, heteronormativity 13.

Include LGBT & gender-nonconforming images, messages 95

Staff Assessment Tool

Management & Staff understand…

1.

2.

3.

4.

Gender concepts and definitions Gender-based power imbalances Gender-based violence and IPV Alternative and non-conforming genders + LGBTQ

Management & Staff are committed to…

7.

8.

9.

Challenging compulsory heterosexuality & heteronormativity Engaging men as full partners (not villains, bystanders, allies) Engaging women as full clients (not victims or vectors) 10. Challenging systems of gender inequity and power imbalance 11. Challenging gender norms of masculinity, femininity 96

Client Assessment Tool

Gender Equitable Men Scale

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

9.

It is the man who decides what type of sex to have. A woman’s most important role is to take care of her home and cook for her family. Men need sex more than women do. Women who carry condoms on them are “easy”. It is a woman’s responsibility to avoid getting pregnant. There are times when a woman deserves to be hit. 11. A man needs other women, even if things with his wife are fine. 12. If someone insults me, I defend my reputation, with force if I must. 13. A woman may need to tolerate violence to keep her family together. 14. I would be outraged if my wife asked me to use a condom. 15. I would never have a gay friend. 16. It disgusts me when I see a man crying or acting weak 17. A couple should decide together if they want to have children. 18. A woman can suggest using condoms just like a man can. 19. If a guy gets a woman pregnant, the child is the responsibility of both. 20. A man should know what his partner likes during sex. 21.

A father should be present in the lives of his children, even if he’s not w/ the mother.

22. It is important to have a male friend you can talk about your problems. Instituto PROMUNDO 97

Self Assessment Tool

General

1. I am committed to creating more healthy, equal and pleasurable sex 2. I am committed to more gender equitable relationships for men and women.

Heteronormativity

3. I check my own heteronormativity and integrate LGBTQ into my work 4. I am committed to challenging compulsory heteronormativity

Gender Norms

6. I am willing to model non-traditional masc/fem & gender non-conformity in work 7. I am committed to changing harmful gender norms of masculinity & femininity 8. I integrate gender transformative stance through-out my work (not segregated).

Gender Roles

9. I treat men as full partners & change agents (not villains, allies, bystanders) 10. I treat women as full partners & change agents (not victims, vectors) 11. I am familiar with culturally-relevant gender norms for my population.

Power & GBV

12. I think about power imbalances and division in my own relationships 13. I am sensitive to power imbalances in client relationships 98

12 Proven Group Exercises

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Create word webs for the “Girl/Woman Box” and “Boy/Man Box” Vote with Your Feet exercise using GEM scale or similar One time you were teased, harassed for not being real man/woman 2 ways your campus treats males/females differently How do your gr-parents feel abt stay-at-home dads/female combat soldiers? What do you friends think about gay men/lesbian women?

How would your school react if a teacher announced he was changing sex?

What images do you see in hip-hop about manhood/womanhood?

What names are boys/girls called for being sexually active or not?

Your parents’ reaction to a masculine female or effeminate male friend?

11. What names are boys/girls called for not being masc/feminine?

12. What do you think of a girl who carries a bunch of condoms? A guy? Why? Instituto PROMUNDO & Population Council 99

1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. Secondary Factors 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9.

EXERCISES

 100

Assessment #1 - Program Design a 10 question survey to grade how Gender Sensitive a school-based R/H program is.

101

Assessment #2 – Student Design a 10-question survey to grade how Gender Sensitive a student participant or group of participants is.

102

Material Creation #1 -- Wellness

How could this campus’ vision of “What We Do” be more Gender Transformative?

103

Material Creation #2 – IPV

The next section is on gender norms and IPV. Write the next 4 paragraphs: 2 on masculinity & IPV and 2 on femininity & IPV.

104

Material Creation #3 - Condoms

Add the next 4 questions (with answers) about condom use/negotiation and gender norms.

105

Material Creation #4 - MSMs

Add 6 bullet points about gay men, gender norms, and HIV prevention that would resonate w/ your students

106

Material Creation #5

Add 6 bullet points about gay men, gender norms, and HIV prevention.

107

Material Creation #6

Write the first 3 paragraphs of this campaign’s brochure for your campus’ bus shelters.

108

Program Creation #1 - Pregnancy Create 1 exercise for the “Quien Es Macho?” section that challenges norms of manhood as they relate to teen pregnancy. Now create 1 exercise for codes of femininity as they relate to teen pregnancy.

109

Program Creation #2 - LGBT

You’re creating a new campus LGBTQ awareness program based on this book.

What is program name?

What is the tag line?

Create 1 exercise

110

www.truechild.org

Let Every Child Shine 111