Transcript Cha 4

Linear Programming:
Modeling Examples
Chapter 4
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
4-1
Chapter Topics

A Product Mix Example

A Diet Example

An Investment Example

A Marketing Example

A Transportation Example

A Blend Example

A Multiperiod Scheduling Example

A Data Envelopment Analysis Example
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A Product Mix Example
Problem Definition (1 of 8)
Four-product T-shirt/sweatshirt manufacturing company.
■
Must complete production within 72 hours
■
Truck capacity = 1,200 standard sized boxes.
■
Standard size box holds12 T-shirts.
■
One-dozen sweatshirts box is three times size of standard box.
■
$25,000 available for a production run.
■
500 dozen blank T-shirts and sweatshirts in stock.
■
How many dozens (boxes) of each type of shirt to produce?
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4-3
A Product Mix Example (2 of 8)
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4-4
A Product Mix Example
Data (3 of 8)
Resource requirements for the product mix example.
Processing
Cost
Profit
Time (hr)
($)
($)
Per dozen per dozen per dozen
Sweatshirt - F
0.10
$36
$90
Sweatshirt – B/F
0.25
48
125
T-shirt - F
0.08
25
45
T-shirt - B/F
0.21
35
65
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4-5
A Product Mix Example
Model Construction (4 of 8)
Decision Variables:
x1 = sweatshirts, front printing
x2 = sweatshirts, back and front printing
x3 = T-shirts, front printing
x4 = T-shirts, back and front printing
Objective Function:
Maximize Z = $90x1 + $125x2 + $45x3 + $65x4
Model Constraints:
0.10x1 + 0.25x2+ 0.08x3 + 0.21x4  72 hr
3x1 + 3x2 + x3 + x4  1,200 boxes
$36x1 + $48x2 + $25x3 + $35x4  $25,000
x1 + x2  500 dozen sweatshirts
x3 + x4  500 dozen T-shirts
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A Product Mix Example
Computer Solution with Excel (5 of 8)
Objective function
Click on “Data” tab
to access Solver
=D7*B14+E7*B15+F7*B16+G7*B17
=J7-H7
These cells have no
effect; added for
“cosmetic” purposes.
=F11*B16+G11*B17
Exhibit 4.1
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Model formulation
included on all Excel
files on Companion
Web site
4-7
A Product Mix Example
Solution with Excel Solver Window (6 of 8)
Includes all five
constraints.
Exhibit 4.2
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4-8
A Product Mix Example
Solution with QM for Windows (7 of 8)
Model solution is:
x1=175.56 boxes of front-only sweatshirts
x2=57.78 boxes of front and back sweatshirts
x3 = 500 boxes of front-only t-shirts
Z=$45,522.22 profit
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Exhibit 4.3
4-9
A Product Mix Example
Solution with QM for Windows (8 of 8)
Exhibit 4.4
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4-10
A Diet Example
Data and Problem Definition (1 of 5)
Breakfast Food
Cal
1. Bran cereal (cup)
90
2. Dry cereal (cup)
110
3. Oatmeal (cup)
100
4. Oat bran (cup)
90
5. Egg
75
6. Bacon (slice)
35
7. Orange
65
8. Milk-2% (cup)
100
9. Orange juice (cup) 120
10. Wheat toast (slice)
65
Fat Cholesterol Iron Calcium Protein Fiber Cost
(g)
(mg)
(mg)
(mg)
(g)
(g)
($)
0
0
6
20
3
5
0.18
2
0
4
48
4
2
0.22
2
0
2
12
5
3
0.10
2
0
3
8
6
4
0.12
5
270
1
30
7
0
0.10
3
8
0
0
2
0
0.09
0
0
1
52
1
1
0.40
4
12
0
250
9
0
0.16
0
0
0
3
1
0
0.50
1
0
1
26
3
3
0.07
Breakfast to include at least 420 calories, 5 milligrams of iron,
400 milligrams of calcium, 20 grams of protein, 12 grams of
fiber, and must have no more than 20 grams of fat and 30
milligrams of cholesterol.
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A Diet Example
Model Construction – Decision Variables (2 of 5)
x1 = cups of bran cereal
x2 = cups of dry cereal
x3 = cups of oatmeal
x4 = cups of oat bran
x5 = eggs
x6 = slices of bacon
x7 = oranges
x8 = cups of milk
x9 = cups of orange juice
x10 = slices of wheat toast
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4-12
A Diet Example
Model Summary (3 of 5)
Minimize
Z = 0.18x1 + 0.22x2 + 0.10x3 + 0.12x4 + 0.10x5 + 0.09x6
+ 0.40x7 + 0.16x8 + 0.50x9 + 0.07x10
subject to:
90x1 + 110x2 + 100x3 + 90x4 + 75x5 + 35x6 + 65x7
+ 100x8 + 120x9 + 65x10  420 calories
2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + 5x5 + 3x6 + 4x8 + x10  20 g fat
270x5 + 8x6 + 12x8  30 mg cholesterol
6x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 + 3x4+ x5 + x7 + x10  5 mg iron
20x1 + 48x2 + 12x3 + 8x4+ 30x5 + 52x7 + 250x8
+ 3x9 + 26x10  400 mg of calcium
3x1 + 4x2 + 5x3 + 6x4 + 7x5 + 2x6 + x7
+ 9x8+ x9 + 3x10  20 g protein
5x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + 4x4+ x7 + 3x10  12
xi  0, for all j
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4-13
A Diet Example
Computer Solution with Excel (4 of 5)
=SUMPRODUCT(C5:C14,F5:F14)
or
=C5*F5+C6*F6+C7*F7+C8*F8+
C9*F9+C10*F10+C11*F11+C12*
F12+C13*F13+C14*F14
Constraint value,
420, typed in cell F17
Decision
variable,
C5:C14
=SUMPRODUCT(C5:C14,E5:E14)
or
=C5*E5+C6*E6+C7*E7+C8*E8+
C9*E9+C10*E10+C11*E11+C12*
E12+C13*E13+C14*E14
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Exhibit 4.5
4-14
A Diet Example
Solution with Excel Solver Window (5 of 5)
Decision variables;
“servings” in
column C
Constraint for “calories” in column F;
SUMPRODUCT (C5:C14,F5:F14)<420
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Exhibit 4.6
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An Investment Example
Model Summary (1 of 5)
An investor has $70,000 to divide among several instruments. Municipal
bonds have an 8.5% return, CD’s a 5% return, t-bills a 6.5% return, and
growth stock 13%.
The following guidelines have been established:
1. No more than 20% in municipal bonds
2. Investment in CDs should not exceed the other three alternatives
3. At least 30% invested in t-bills and CDs
4. More should be invested in CDs and t-bills than in municipal bonds
and growth stocks by a ratio of 1.2 to 1
5. All $70,000 should be invested.
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4-16
An Investment Example
Model Summary (2 of 5)
Maximize Z = $0.085x1 + 0.05x2 + 0.065 x3+ 0.130x4
subject to:
x1  $14,000
x2 - x1 - x3- x4  0
x2 + x3  $21,000
-1.2x1 + x2 + x3 - 1.2 x4  0
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = $70,000
x1, x2, x3, x4  0
where
x1 = amount ($) invested in municipal bonds
x2 = amount ($) invested in certificates of deposit
x3 = amount ($) invested in treasury bills
x4 = amount ($) invested in growth stock fund
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4-17
An Investment Example
Computer Solution with Excel (3 of 5)
Objective function, Z,
for total return
First guideline,
=D6*B13
Total investment requirement,
=D10*B13+E10*B14+F10*B15+G10*B16
Exhibit 4.7
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An Investment Example
Solution with Excel Solver Window (3 of 4)
Guideline constraints
Exhibit 4.8
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4-19
An Investment Example
Sensitivity Report (4 of 4)
Shadow price for the
amount available to invest
Exhibit 4.9
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4-20
A Marketing Example
Data and Problem Definition (1 of 7)
Television Commercial
Exposure
(people/ad or
commercial)
20,000
Cost
$15,000
Radio Commercial
2,000
6,000
Newspaper Ad
9,000
4,000
 Budget limit $100,000
 Television time for four commercials
 Radio time for 10 commercials
 Newspaper space for 7 ads
 Resources for no more than 15 commercials and/or ads
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A Marketing Example
Model Summary (2 of 7)
Maximize Z = 20,000x1 + 12,000x2 + 9,000x3
subject to:
15,000x1 + 6,000x 2+ 4,000x3  100,000
x1  4
x2  10
x3  7
x1 + x2 + x3  15
x1, x2, x3  0
where
x1 = number of television commercials
x2 = number of radio commercials
x3 = number of newspaper ads
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4-22
A Marketing Example
Solution with Excel (3 of 7)
Exhibit 4.10
Objective function
=F6*D6+F7*D7+F8*D8
or
=SUMPRODUCT(D6:D8,F6:F8)
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A Marketing Example
Solution with Excel Solver Window (4 of 7)
Includes all five
constraints
Exhibit 4.11
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A Marketing Example
Integer Solution with Excel (5 of 7)
Decision variables
Click on “int” for
integer.
Exhibit 4.12
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A Marketing Example
Integer Solution with Excel (6 of 7)
Integer restriction
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Exhibit 4.13
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A Marketing Example
Integer Solution with Excel (7 of 7)
Integer solution
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Better solution—17,000
more total exposures—than
rounded-down solution
Exhibit 4.14
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A Transportation Example
Problem Definition and Data (1 of 3)
Warehouse supply of
Television Sets:
Retail store demand
for television sets:
1 - Cincinnati
300
A - New York
150
2 - Atlanta
200
B - Dallas
250
3 - Pittsburgh
200
C - Detroit
200
Total
700
Total
600
Unit Shipping Costs:
From Warehouse
1
2
3
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A
$16
14
13
To Store
B
$18
12
15
C
$11
13
17
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A Transportation Example
Model Summary (2 of 4)
Minimize Z = $16x1A + 18x1B + 11x1C + 14x2A + 12x2B + 13x2C +
13x3A + 15x3B + 17x3C
subject to:
x1A + x1B+ x1C  300
x2A+ x2B + x2C  200
x3A+ x3B + x3C  200
x1A + x2A + x3A = 150
x1B + x2B + x3B = 250
x1C + x2C + x3C = 200
All xij  0
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A Transportation Example
Solution with Excel (3 of 4)
=C5+D5+E5
=C5+C6+C7
Exhibit 4.15
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A Transportation Example
Solution with Solver Window (4 of 4)
Decision variables
Demand constraints
Supply constraints
Exhibit 4.16
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4-31
A Blend Example
Problem Definition and Data (1 of 6)
Component
Maximum Barrels
Available/day
Cost/barrel
1
4,500
$12
2
2,700
10
3
3,500
14
Grade
Component Specifications
Selling Price ($/bbl)
Super
At least 50% of 1
Not more than 30% of 2
$23
Premium
At least 40% of 1
Not more than 25% of 3
Extra
At least 60% of 1
At least 10% of 2
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20
18
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A Blend Example
Problem Statement and Variables (2 of 6)
■
Determine the optimal mix of the three components in each grade
of motor oil that will maximize profit. Company wants to produce
at least 3,000 barrels of each grade of motor oil.
■
Decision variables: The quantity of each of the three components
used in each grade of gasoline (9 decision variables); xij = barrels of
component i used in motor oil grade j per day, where i = 1, 2, 3 and
j = s (super), p (premium), and e (extra).
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4-33
A Blend Example
Model Summary (3 of 6)
Maximize Z = 11x1s + 13x2s + 9x3s + 8x1p + 10x2p + 6x3p + 6x1e
+ 8x2e + 4x3e
subject to:
x1s + x1p + x1e  4,500 bbl.
x2s + x2p + x2e  2,700 bbl.
x3s + x3p + x3e  3,500 bbl.
0.50x1s - 0.50x2s - 0.50x3s  0
0.70x2s - 0.30x1s - 0.30x3s  0
0.60x1p - 0.40x2p - 0.40x3p  0
0.75x3p - 0.25x1p - 0.25x2p  0
0.40x1e- 0.60x2e- - 0.60x3e  0
0.90x2e - 0.10x1e - 0.10x3e  0
x1s + x2s + x3s  3,000 bbl.
x1p+ x2p + x3p  3,000 bbl.
all xij  0
x1e+ x2e + x3e  3,000 bbl.
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A Blend Example
Solution with Excel (4 of 6)
=B7+B10+B13
Decision variables—B7:B15
=B7+B8+B9
=0.5*B7-0.5*B8-0.5*B9
Exhibit 4.17
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A Blend Example
Solution with Solver Window (5 of 6)
Exhibit 4.18
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A Blend Example
Sensitivity Report (6 of 6)
Exhibit 4.19
The shadow price for
component 1 is $20.
The upper limit for the sensitivity range
for component 1 is 4500+1700=6200.
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4-37
A Multiperiod Scheduling Example
Problem Definition and Data (1 of 5)
Production Capacity: 160 computers per week
50 more computers with overtime
Assembly Costs: $190 per computer regular time;
$260 per computer overtime
Inventory Holding Cost: $10/computer per week
Order schedule:
Week Computer Orders
1
105
2
170
3
230
4
180
5
150
6
250
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A Multi-Period Scheduling Example
Decision Variables (2 of 5)
Decision Variables:
rj = regular production of computers in week j
(j = 1, 2, …, 6)
oj = overtime production of computers in week j
(j = 1, 2, …, 6)
ij = extra computers carried over as inventory in week j
(j = 1, 2, …, 5)
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A Multi-Period Scheduling Example
Model Summary (3 of 5)
Model summary:
Minimize Z = $190(r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + r5 + r6) + $260(o1+o2
+o3 +o4+o5+o6) + 10(i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 + i5)
subject to:
rj  160 computers in week j (j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
oj  150 computers in week j (j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
r1 + o1 - i1 = 105
week 1
r2 + o2 + i1 - i2 = 170 week 2
r3 + o3 + i2 - i3 = 230 week 3
r4 + o4 + i3 - i4 = 180 week 4
r5 + o5 + i4 - i5 = 150 week 5
r6 + o6 + i5 = 250
week 6
rj, oj, ij  0
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A Multi-Period Scheduling Example
Solution with Excel (4 of 5)
G7-H7
Decision variables for
regular production –
B6:B11
Decision variables for
overtime production –
D6:D11
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B7+D7+I6; regular
production + overtime
production + inventory
from previous week
Exhibit 4.20
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A Multi-Period Scheduling Example
Solution with Solver Window (5 of 5)
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Exhibit 4.21
4-42
A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Example
Problem Definition (1 of 5)
DEA compares a number of service units of the same type based on
their inputs (resources) and outputs. The result indicates if a
particular unit is less productive, or efficient, than other units.
Elementary school comparison:
Input 1 = teacher to student ratio
Input 2 = supplementary funds/student
Input 3 = average educational level of parents
Output 1 = average reading SOL score
Output 2 = average math SOL score
Output 3 = average history SOL score
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A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Example
Problem Data Summary (2 of 5)
Inputs
School
Outputs
1
2
3
1
2
3
Alton
.06
$260
11.3
86
75
71
Beeks
.05
320
10.5
82
72
67
Carey
.08
340
12.0
81
79
80
.06
460
13.1
81
73
69
Delancey
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A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Example
Decision Variables and Model Summary (3 of 5)
Decision Variables:
xi = a price per unit of each output where i = 1, 2, 3
yi = a price per unit of each input where i = 1, 2, 3
Model Summary:
Maximize Z = 81x1 + 73x2 + 69x3
subject to:
.06 y1 + 460y2 + 13.1y3 = 1
86x1 + 75x2 + 71x3 .06y1 + 260y2 + 11.3y3
82x1 + 72x2 + 67x3  .05y1 + 320y2 + 10.5y3
81x1 + 79x2 + 80x3  .08y1 + 340y2 + 12.0y3
81x1 + 73x2 + 69x3  .06y1 + 460y2 + 13.1y3
xi, yi  0
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A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Example
Solution with Excel (4 of 5)
=E8*D12+F8*D13+G8*D14
=B5*B12+C5*B13+D5*B14
Value of outputs, also in cell H8
Exhibit 4.22
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4-46
A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Example
Solution with Solver Window (5 of 5)
Scaling constraint
Constraint for
outputs < inputs
Exhibit 4.23
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Example Problem Solution
Problem Statement and Data (1 of 5)
Canned cat food, Meow Chow; dog food, Bow Chow.
■
Ingredients/week: 600 lb horse meat; 800 lb fish; 1000 lb cereal.
■
Recipe requirement: Meow Chow at least half fish
Bow Chow at least half horse meat.
■
2,250 sixteen-ounce cans available each week.
■
Profit /can: Meow Chow $0.80
Bow Chow $0.96.
How many cans of Bow Chow and Meow Chow should be
produced each week in order to maximize profit?
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Example Problem Solution
Model Formulation (2 of 5)
Step 1: Define the Decision Variables
xij = ounces of ingredient i in pet food j per week,
where i = h (horse meat), f (fish) and c (cereal),
and j = m (Meow chow) and b (Bow Chow).
Step 2: Formulate the Objective Function
Maximize Z = $0.05(xhm + xfm + xcm) + 0.06(xhb + xfb + xcb)
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Example Problem Solution
Model Formulation (3 of 5)
Step 3: Formulate the Model Constraints
Amount of each ingredient available each week:
xhm + xhb  9,600 ounces of horse meat
xfm + xfb  12,800 ounces of fish
xcm + xcb  16,000 ounces of cereal additive
Recipe requirements:
Meow Chow: xfm/(xhm + xfm + xcm)  1/2 or - xhm + xfm- xcm  0
Bow Chow:
xhb/(xhb + xfb + xcb)  1/2 or xhb- xfb - xcb  0
Can Content: xhm + xfm + xcm + xhb + xfb+ xcb  36,000 ounces
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Example Problem Solution
Model Summary (4 of 5)
Step 4: Model Summary
Maximize Z = $0.05xhm + $0.05xfm + $0.05xcm + $0.06xhb
+ 0.06xfb + 0.06xcb
subject to:
xhm + xhb  9,600 ounces of horse meat
xfm + xfb  12,800 ounces of fish
xcm + xcb  16,000 ounces of cereal additive
- xhm + xfm- xcm  0
xhb- xfb - xcb  0
xhm + xfm + xcm + xhb + xfb+ xcb  36,000 ounces
xij  0
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Example Problem Solution
Solution with QM for Windows (5 of 5)
Solution to the Bark’s Pet Food Company problem using QM for Windows
To determine the number of cans of each flavor, we must sum the
ingredient amounts for each and divide by 16 ounces (the size of a can).
xhm+xfm+xcm=0+8,400+8,400=16,800 oz of Meow Chow
16,800 / 16 = 1,050 cans of Meow Chow
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