Transcript KONTRAK KULIAH & STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL

KONTRAK KULIAH & STRUKTUR
DAN FUNGSI SEL
Jam ke
: 3-4
Ruang
: RSUA Lantai 4, Ruang 4C
Dosen
: 1. Prof. Win Darmanto, M.Si., Ph.D
2. Dr. Alfiah Hayati
3. Sugiharto, S.Si., M.Si
TATAP MUKA
TOPIK
13-Sep-13
kontrak kuliah & Struktur dan fungsi sel
20-Sep-13
Reproduksi sel
27-Sep-13
Gametogenesis & Organ reproduksi
04-Okt-13
Siklus reproduksi & menstruasi
11-Okt-13
Embriologi & perkembangannya
18-Okt-13
Morfogenesis
UTS
Jam ke: 8
Organogenesis
9
Patoembriologi
10
Dasar-dasar pewarisan sifat
11
Pautan kromosom
12
Penentuan jenis kelamin (determinasi seks) & alel ganda
13
Genetika populasi
14
UAS
NA : 40% UTS + 40% UAS + 20% TUGAS
DOSEN
The class invited in 5 groups, it`s:
1. Nucleus & endomembrane system
2. Smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi apparatus & Lysosomes
4. Mitochondria & Chloroplast
5. Plasmodesmata & junction
Make attractive discussion about structure &
function of the Cell with your friend in the class
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Apa ada RE di prokariota?
Sel mati tidak berinti, mengapa?
Sistem endomembran, detoksifikasi, berudu
GA menerima produk dari RE, berupa apa?
Bakteri dicerna lisosom?
Fungsi kloroplas dalam fotosintesis (reaksi
terang & gelap)
• DNA mitokondria
INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD OF THE CELL
• The microscope was invented in the 17th
century
• Using a microscope, Robert Hooke discovered
cells in 1665
• All living things are made of cells (cell theory)
• The light microscope enables us to see the
overall shape and structure of a cell
Image seen by viewer
Eyepiece
Ocular
lens
Objective lens
Specimen
Condenser lens
Light source
Figure 4.1A
• Electron microscopes were invented in the 1950s
• They use a beam of electrons instead of light
• The greater resolving power of electron
microscopes
– allows greater magnification
– reveals cellular details
• Scanning electron
microscope (SEM)
• Scanning electron
micrograph of cilia
Figure 4.1B
 Transmission electron
microscope (TEM)
• Transmission electron
micrograph of cilia
Figure 4.1C
• Below is a list of the most common units of
length biologists use (metric)
Table 4.2
• Cell size and
shape relate
to function
Figure 4.2
Prokaryotic cells are small and structurally simple
• There are two kinds of cells: prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic cells are small, relatively simple cells
– They do not have a nucleus
• A prokaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma
membrane and is usually encased in a rigid
cell wall
– The cell wall
may be
covered by a
sticky capsule
Prokaryotic
flagella
Ribosomes
Capsule
Cell wall
– Inside the cell
are its DNA
and other parts
Plasma
membrane
Pili
Nucleoid region
(DNA)
Figure 4.4
• Prokaryotic flagella
Figure 4.4x4
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compared
Figure 4.4x5
• Paramecium, an animal cell
Figure 4.5Ax
Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional
compartments
• All other life forms are made up of one or more
eukaryotic cells
• These are larger and more complex than
prokaryotic cells
• Eukaryotes are distinguished by the presence of
a true nucleus
• An animal cell
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Flagellum
Not in most
plant cells
Lysosome
Centriole
Ribosomes
Peroxisome
Microtubule
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate
filament
Microfilament
Figure 4.5A
Golgi
apparatus
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
• Chloroplasts in plant cells
Figure 4.5Bx2
• The plasma membrane controls the cell’s
contact with the environment
• The cytoplasm contains organelles
• Many organelles have membranes as
boundaries
– These compartmentalize the interior of the cell
– This allows the cell to carry out a variety of
activities simultaneously
• A plant cell has some structures that an animal
cell lacks:
– Chloroplasts
– A rigid cell wall
Nucleus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Microtubule
Not in
animal
cells
Central
vacuole
Intermediate
filament
Chloroplast
Microfilament
Cell wall
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Figure 4.5B
Cytoskeleton
The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center
• The largest organelle is usually the nucleus
• The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by
the nuclear envelope
• The nucleus is the cellular control center
– It contains the DNA that directs the cell’s activities
ORGANELLES OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM
NUCLEUS
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Two membranes
of nuclear
envelope
Pore
ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Ribosomes
Figure 4.6
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a variety of functions
• Smooth ER synthesizes lipids
• In some cells, it regulates carbohydrate
metabolism and breaks down toxins and drugs
SMOOTH ER
ROUGH
ER
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosomes
SMOOTH ER
Figure 4.9
ROUGH ER
The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell
products
• The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of
membranous sacs
– These receive and modify ER products, then send
them on to other organelles or to the cell membrane
• The Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
Golgi
apparatus
“Receiving” side of
Golgi apparatus
Transport
vesicle
from ER
New
vesicle
forming
“Shipping”
side of Golgi
apparatus
Transport vesicle
from the Golgi
Figure 4.10
Lysosomes digest the cell’s food and wastes
Lysosomes are
sacs of digestive
enzymes budded
off the Golgi
LYSOSOME
Nucleus
Figure 4.11A
• Lysosomal enzymes
– digest food
– destroy bacteria
– recycle damaged organelles
– function in embryonic development in animals
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
(containing inactive
hydrolytic enzymes)
Plasma
membrane
Golgi
apparatus
Engulfment
of particle
Lysosome
engulfing
damaged
organelle
“Food”
LYSOSOMES
Food
vacuole
Figure 4.11B
Digestion
• Protists may have contractile vacuoles
– These pump out excess water
Nucleus
Contractile
vacuoles
Figure 4.13B
A review of the endomembrane system
• The various organelles of the endomembrane
system are interconnected structurally and
functionally
Rough
ER
Transport
vesicle
from Golgi
Transport
vesicle
from ER
Plasma
membrane
Vacuole
Nucleus
Lysosome
Smooth
ER
Nuclear
envelope
Golgi
apparatus
Figure 4.14
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
• Chloroplasts are found in plants and some
protists
• Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical
energy in sugars
Chloroplast
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
Figure 4.15
Intermembrane
space
Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
• Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration
– This process uses the chemical energy in food to
make ATP for cellular work
MITOCHONDRION
Outer
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
Cristae
Figure 4.16
Matrix
Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
• Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are locomotor
appendages that protrude from certain cells
• A cilia or flagellum is composed of a core of
microtubules wrapped in an extension of the
plasma membrane
EUKARYOTIC CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS
Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells
• Cells interact with their environments and each
other via their surfaces
• Plant cells are supported by rigid cell walls made
largely of cellulose
– They connect by plasmodesmata, channels that
allow them to share water, food, and chemical
messages
Walls of two
adjacent
plant cells
Vacuole
PLASMODESMATA
Layers of one
plant cell wall
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Figure 4.19A
Tight junctions can bind cells together into leakproof sheets
• Anchoring
junctions link
animal cells
TIGHT
JUNCTION
ANCHORING
JUNCTION
• Communicating
junctions allow
substances to
flow from cell
to cell
COMMUNICATING
JUNCTION
Plasma
membranes of
adjacent cells
Figure 4.19B
Extracellular
matrix
TERIMA KASIH
ATAS PERHATIANNYA