Chapter 26: The Cold War

(

1945 – 1960

)

I.

Peace With Problems

A. Roots of Cold War 1. Two superpowers w/ competing ideologies 2. Demo/Cap v. Dictator/ Commie * Role of choice & freedom * Purpose: world domination 3. US: a nuke power now willing to be involved; came out of war w/ little physical damage 4. “Cold”: b/c of nukes, never directly confront

I.

Peace With Problems

B. Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech 1. Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe: “Satellites” 2. Trade/contact b/w E & W: cut off 3. Churchill: “Curtain”: warned against more expansion

I.Peace With Problems

C. Containment 1. Goal of Containment *Not overturn but confine; prevent spread * G. Kennan: “Long Telegram”: Russian history of insecurity… not understand, just contain until falls apart 2. Effect on Presidency * How different from the past?

II.

Containment in Europe

A. Truman Doctrine 1. USSR: take advantage of power vacuum: No GB 2. Beg of Con’t Policy: military aid to Greece & Turkey… $660m 3. **Major Shift!

B. Marshall Plan: George Marshall (S of S) * 13b … stable economies will stop communism… success

II.

Containment in Europe

C. Division of Germany & Berlin Airlift (1948) 1. Yalta: Germany, Berlin divided 2. ‘48: US, Br, Fr: united… Stalin Refused 3. Closed all highways/ railroads to Berlin 4. Berlin Airlift: Containment!

5. ‘61: Berlin Wall: Symbol

II.

Containment in Europe

D. NATO and the Warsaw Pact 1.

“An attack on one would be an attack on all”: Idea of collective security 2. North Atlantic Treaty Org: members 3. USSR: respond w/ Warsaw Pact E. European Cooperation: See Sheet

III. Containment in Asia

A. China Falls to Communism (1949) 1. Mao Zedong: overthrow Nationalist (Chang Kai Shek) govt to create world’s largest commie state 2. Truman: denies diplomatic recognition… Taiwan 3. US: prevents China from joining UN/SC 4. Demo: “lost China”; will affect our policy in Korea & Japan 5. USSR: A-bomb

III. Containment in Asia

B. The Korean War 1. The War Begins * Post WWII: Korea divided: N & S: 38 th P *1950: North invades South to unify * UN (sponsor by US): send UN troops to stop aggression * Where was USSR?

* First time for UN * Not a war! “Police Action”

III. Containment in Asia

B. The Korean War 2. Truman-MacArthur Controversy * 1951: Stalemate * “Containment” v. “Rollback” * Mac: use nukes if necessary! Publicly criticizes boss… * What was the goal? * Limited war w/ strict objectives * Truman dismisses Mac… civilian control over military… C in C

III. Containment in Asia

B. The Korean War 3. The End of the War * 1953: Armistice signed: w/ Prez Eisenhower * Still divided (DMZ)… & a problem * 3 yrs; $15b; 54,000 died (more Koreans & Chinese) * “Forgotten War” * Showed a willingness to use military action (not just aid) to contain communism; focus to Asia… not as clear cut

IV. Point Four Program

• • • Truman aid to Latin America, Asia, Africa Modernize their economy, discourage communism, and protect our investments Success?

V.

The Cold War At Home

A. The House Un-American Committee 1. Fear of commies… led to violations of constitutional rights: had to have help!

2. ‘47: Truman: Loyalty Review Boards: investigate “un-American” acts of fed emp’ees 3. J.Edgar Hoover/ FBI: want investigations 4. Congress: HUAC… 5. “Hollywood 10” / Blacklist *Which is more a threat?

V.

The Cold War at Home

B. The Rosenberg Trials 1. 1950: Julius & Ethel Rosenberg 2. Charged: selling info to USSR: atomic bomb *’49: Soviets: atomic bomb 3. Tried, guilty, executed 4. Post Soviet: Were spies

V.

The Cold War at Home

C. The McCarthy Hearings (1950--1954) 1. Sen McCarthy: 205 commies in the State Dept!

2. Never proven, but scared Americans… anxiety 3. Who? Teachers, ND, activists, union, scientists… 4. Televised… (army) 5. Reaction of Presidents 6. McCarthyism: Tactics 7. Dies: 1957; end of R. Scare

V.

The Cold War at Home

D. The Smith Act (1940) 1. Illegal to advocate overthrowing govt by force; jailed communist leaders 2.

Dennis v. US (1951): upheld; Eugene Dennis 3.

Yates v. US (1957): Smith Act applied only to those who teach/advocate direct action to overthrow; not advocate in principle

V.

The Cold War at Home

E. The Hiss Case * Advisor to FDR (Yalta); unclear if was commie but pushed by Richard Nixon… eventually found guilty of lying (perjury) F. The McCarren- Walter Act ( 1952) *Restrict immigration from E. Europe & Asia: commie parts!

* Veto/ overrode veto F. Cold War & Popular Culture * Bomb shelters/ drills; “duck & cover”; movies, films, plays (The Crucible; Hiroshima; James Bond)

VI. Dwight D. Eisenhower

Introduction… SEATO… deterrent… Dulles A. Massive Retaliation & Brinkmanship 1. Eisenhower: spending v. cutbacks… 2. Nukes: cheaper but less flexible… acts as deterrent 3. “Brinkmanship”… increase world tension 4. “Military-industrial-complex”: relationship b/w govt policymakers & defense industry (Farewell Sp)

VI. Eisenhower

B. Arms Race * Balance of Power v. Balance of Terror C. Space Race 1. ‘57: Soviets: Sputnik: first man-made satellite 2. Start of space race… also the ability to send nuke weapons to the US 4. US: own satellite by 1958

VI. Eisenhower

D. Middle East Shah… Nasser… Suez Canal….

Support of anti-commie dictator E. Eisenhower Doctrine: ME F. Cuba * 1956: Fidel Castro revolt: Fulgencio Batista

VII. Changing Relations w/ the USSR

Introduction… A. Peaceful Coexistence (1955) B. Camp David (1959)… v. Paris (1960) * Nikita Khruschev * U2 Incident