Transcript Document

HONORS BIOLOGY
CHAPTER ONE:
Biology: Exploring Life
Biology
• The Scientific Study of Life
Characteristics of Life
• An organism must have all seven of these in
order to be considered as living.
• 1. Order
• 2. Reproduction
• 3. Growth and development]
• 4. Energy Processing
• 5. Respond to the Environment
• 6. Regulation
• 7. Evolutionary adaptation
1. ORDER
Living things are made of cells
• These units
help to
organize
their
materials.
Nerve cell
Examples of Cells
Egg and
sperm
Red blood
cell
Fat cell
Cheek cell
2. REPRODUCTION
• Why is this so
important?
• How do plants
reproduce?
• How do animals
reproduce?
Egg and
sperm
pollen
Euglena separate
Types of Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction
• Two parents unite to
form a new organism
• Asexual
Reproduction
• A single parent
divides itself two
produce offspring
3. GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Living things are based on a
universal genetic code (DNA).
• All living things
have the same
bases (A, T, C, G)
in their DNA-they
are just in different
order
• Each organism
has a pattern of
growth and
development
characteristic of
its species.
• Crecropia Moth
Life Cycle Video
4. ENERGY
PROCESSING
• Organisms take in
energy and transform
it to perform all of
life’s activities.
-metabolism
-photosynthesis
5. RESPOND TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
• All organisms
respond to
environmental
stimuli.
• YouTube - Venus
flytrap eating a
spider
Stimulus-Response
• A stimulus is a signal to which an organism
responds.
6. REGULATION
Living Things Maintain a Stable
Internal Environment
• The environment may change, but
regulatory mechanisms maintain an
organisms’ internal environments
within limits that sustain life.
Sunbathing lemur
on a cool morning
7. EVOLUTIONARY
ADAPTATION
Taken as a group, living things
change over time.
Adaptations evolve
to allow greater
reproductive
success
1.2 HIERARCHY OF
ORGANIZATION
Biosphere
All environments on earth that support
life
Ecosystem
All living organisms and nonliving in a
particular area
Community All living organisms in an ecosystem
Population
All individuals of one species living in
one area
1.2 HIERARCHY OF
ORGANIZATION (cont.)
Organism
An individual living thing
Organ
system
Several organs that cooperate for a
specific function
Organ
Made of several tissues to perform a
specific function
Tissue
Made of several cells that perform a
particular function
1.2 HIERARCHY OF
ORGANIZATION (cont.)
Cell
Fundamental unit of life
Organelle
Membrane-enclosed structure that
performs a specific function in a cell
Molecule
Cluster of atoms held by chemical
bonds
Atom
Basic unit of matter
PUT IN ORDER LARGEST TO
SMALLEST
•
•
•
•
•
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
•
•
•
•
•
•
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Molecules
Organelle
Name the Level of Organization
“Emergent Properties”
• What does it mean that “the whole is
greater than the sum of its parts?”
• How does that relate to this hierarchy of
life?
• How is a person different than just its blood
or its muscles?
EXAMPLES
BEE HIVE
• One bee does limited jobs,
but together they get the
hive and honey made.
Drone
Queen
Worker
Bicycle Parts
You can get a
lot farther with it put
together
• Whole Bicycle
1.3 Cells are the structural and
functional units of life
• A cell is the lowest level that can have all
the properties of life.
• UNICELLULAR – an organism that
consists of only one cell
EX: bacteria
• MULTICELLULAR – an organisms that
consists of more than one cell
SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
• Studying the interactions of the parts
• Nerve cell
Red Blood Cells
Cardiac Muscle Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells –
have no nucleus bound
in a membrane EX:
bacteria
• Eukaryotic Cells –
have a nucleus bound in
a membrane EX: nerve
cell EX: nerve cell,
plant cell, paramecium
• Prokaryotes-sole inhabitants on earth 1.5
billion years
• Eukaryotes-arose about 2.1 billion years
ago
• So, how long ago did life begin?
• 3.6 bya
• How did the evolution
of complex life begin?
(4:17mins)
Fossils of
3.5bya
Organelles
• Membrane bound functional compartments
within a cell
1.4 Organisms interact with their
environment, exchanging matter and
energy
• What interactions do you imagine go on
here?
Energy
Nutrients
• What are the producers?
• Where do the plants get their food and
energy?
• What are the consumers?
• What happens to the dead organisms and
wastes? (HINT: decomposers)
1.5 Evolution, the core theme of
Biology
• The unity of life is based on DNA and a
common genetic code
• ALL CELLS HAVE DNA
• ALL CELLS HAVE FOUR BASES THAT
MAKE UP DNA (A,T, C, G)
• DNA is the molecule that makes up genes
(units of inheritance) that group to make
chromosomes
DNA is the blueprint for making
proteins (pigments, enzymes,
membranes, hormones…)