Transcript World Geography - San Jose Unified School District

Chapter 29, Section
World Geography
Chapter 29
The Countries of
South Asia
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 29, Section
World Geography
Chapter 29: The Countries of South Asia
Section 1: Road to Independence
Section 2: India's People and Economy
Section 3: Other Countries of South Asia
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 29, Section 1
Road to Independence
• What role did Mohandas Gandhi play in
India’s move from a British colony to an
independent nation?
• How did religious conflict contribute to
independence for Pakistan and
Bangladesh?
Chapter 29, Section 1
Indian Independence
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The British undercut the flourishing Indian textile industry because
they wanted to use India as a market for cheaper, machine-made
textiles produced in Britain.
British officials held positions of power in the government and the
army, while Indians were expected to take positions at the lower levels.
As Indian nationalism began to develop in the late 1800s, Western
ideas of individual rights and self-government spread through the
Indian middle class.
Mohandas Gandhi, a young law student who had traveled to England to
study, used nonviolent resistance as a weapon against British injustice
and won the hearts of many Indians.
Gandhi peacefully resisted by boycotting, or refusing to purchase,
British cloth and wearing clothes made from yarn he spun himself.
As sales of British cloth fell sharply due to the spread of the boycott,
Gandhi’s program of nonviolent resistance developed into a mass
movement, and Gandhi attracted support from other countries.
In 1935, the British gave in to mounting Indian and international
pressures and agreed to establish provinces governed entirely by
Indians.
Chapter 29, Section 1
Religious Conflict
The deepening conflict between Hindus and Muslims, made worse
by economic differences, led to the partition, or division, of the
subcontinent into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.
Violent Partition
• Independence came to India
and Pakistan in 1947.
• 12 million people moved to
avoid the rule of a majority
religion to which they did not
belong.
• Many refugees died from
hunger and thirst, and an
estimated one million people
were killed in fighting between
Muslims and Hindus.
• Since independence, India
and Pakistan have fought
three wars.
Bangladesh
• Islam was the only thread that
connected East and West Pakistan.
• East Pakistan had a less developed
economy and paid more taxes than
West Pakistan, where most tax
dollars were spent.
• After a devastating cyclone in 1970,
grievances led to fighting, and India
joined the conflict on the side of the
East Pakistanis.
• As a result, in 1971, East Pakistan
became the independent country of
Bangladesh.
Chapter 29, Section 1
Section 1 Review
What is one British product Gandhi boycotted?
a) tea
b) cloth
c) machine tools
d) ceramics
What solution did British and Indian leaders agree would solve conflict?
a) There would be a power-sharing agreement between Hindus and
Christians.
b) Pakistan and Bangladesh would be created as Muslim homelands.
c) The Hindus would be given complete control over the
subcontinent.
d) The subcontinent would be partitioned into India and Pakistan.
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Chapter 29, Section 1
Section 1 Review
What is one British product Gandhi boycotted?
a) tea
b) cloth
c) machine tools
d) ceramics
What solution did British and Indian leaders agree would solve conflict?
a) There would be a power-sharing agreement between Hindus and
Christians.
b) Pakistan and Bangladesh would be created as Muslim homelands.
c) The Hindus would be given complete control over the
subcontinent.
d) The subcontinent would be partitioned into India and Pakistan.
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Chapter 29, Section 2
India’s People and Economy
• How does religion shape the lives of most
people in India?
• In what ways has village life in India
remained essentially the same for
generations, and in what ways has it
changed in recent years?
• How has urbanization changed the
character of India?
• In what ways is India’s government
attempting to raise the country’s standard
of living?
Chapter 29, Section 2
Religious Life
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The majority of people practice
Hinduism.
Hindus believe in reincarnation.
Hindu society has been organized
according to the caste system, a social
hierarchy in which people are born
into a group that has a distinct rank in
society.
At the top of the caste system are
Brahmans, followed by Kshatriyas,
Vaisyas, Sudras, and “untouchables”,
or outcasts.
Untouchables still have fewer
educational and economic
opportunities.
Other religions practiced in India
include Islam, Christianity, Sikhism,
and Jainism.
Chapter 29, Section 2
Village Life
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About 7 out of 10 Indians live in villages and farm for a living.
Houses belonging to more prosperous families in a village are
made of better materials than those of poorer villagers, most of
which include only a charpoy, or wooden bed frame with knotted
string in place of a mattress.
For religious and economic reasons, Indians follow a mostly
vegetarian diet, and most Indians eat some form of rice every day.
Because most of India is hot and humid, clothing is light and
loose.
Many Indian women wear a sari, and some women follow the
custom of purdah, whereby they cover their faces with veils while
in public.
Families in India are generally large, and many members of an
extended family live in a single household in what is known as the
joint family system.
Because illiteracy is widespread, television, radio, and movies are
more powerful media than newspapers for spreading new ideas to
Indian villagers.
Chapter 29, Section 2
Urbanization
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Many of India’s people live in small or medium-sized towns,
which are larger and livelier than rural villages.
India’s cities are very densely populated, as evidenced by
Mumbai’s population density of 714,000 inhabitants per
square mile.
Despite the extreme crowding and poverty, cities offer more
opportunities for work and education than do rural areas.
Mumbai, on India’s west coast, is the country’s busiest port
and its financial center, while Chennai and Kolkata are major
centers of commerce and shipping on the east coast.
New Delhi is the country’s capital and center of government.
Varanasi, on the banks of the Ganges, is regarded by Hindus
as their holiest city, and devout Hindus hope to visit the city
at least once within their lifetime to wash in the sacred
Ganges River.
Chapter 29, Section 2
Economic Improvements
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Farming methods have
improved, but few families own
enough land to support themselves.
Many farmers have set up cottage
industries to add to their income.
India is a leading industrial nation,
and advances have been made
there in technology and consumer
industries.
The growing middle class forms the
market for consumer goods.
The literacy rate has increased, but
many children do not complete their
schooling because their families
need them for other work.
Improvements in health care have
increased life expectancies, but
many cannot afford even basic
care.
Chapter 29, Section 2
Section 2 Review
How does the caste system affect the untouchables today?
a) Many take advantage of increased opportunities.
b) They are confined to one menial occupation.
c) They are free of all caste-based restrictions.
d) They still have fewer opportunities in education and
employment.
Why do many farmers set up cottage industries?
a) They can increase their income.
b) Many have lost their land to large businesses.
c) They are diversifying their incomes in case of disaster.
d) They have been ordered to do so by the government.
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Chapter 29, Section 2
Section 2 Review
How does the caste system affect the untouchables today?
a) Many take advantage of increased opportunities.
b) They are confined to one menial occupation.
c) They are free of all caste-based restrictions.
d) They still have fewer opportunities in education and
employment.
Why do many farmers set up cottage industries?
a) They can increase their income.
b) Many have lost their land to large businesses.
c) They are diversifying their incomes in case of disaster.
d) They have been ordered to do so by the government.
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Chapter 29, Section 3
Other Countries of South Asia
• How does the availability of water
influence the lives of people in Pakistan?
• Why was Afghanistan one of the world’s
most troubled spots during the 1980s?
• What ongoing difficulties challenge the
people and government of Bangladesh?
• How are the cultures and landscapes of
Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka distinct?
Chapter 29, Section 3
Pakistan
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Pakistan is made up of three physical regions: the Hindu
Kush, the Baluchistan Plateau, and the Thar Desert.
Sandwiched between the plateau and the desert is the
fertile Indus River valley, which contains most of the
country’s agricultural areas as well as its major
hydroelectric power stations.
The Tarbela Dam, an embankment dam built of soil and
rock, was built to control seasonal changes in the flow of
the Indus River, and is one of the world’s largest
producers of hydroelectric power.
Most people in Pakistan live in farming villages, and
almost all Pakistanis are Muslims.
Disputes among the country’s ethnic groups often turn
violent.
Pakistan’s literacy rate is lower than India’s, while its
population growth rate is higher.
Chapter 29, Section 3
Afghanistan
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The Hindu Kush forms the backbone of the country, and most
Afghans live in fertile valleys at the foot of the mountains, rather than
on the semiarid plains to the north or in the deserts to the south.
Although the Hindu Kush formed a barrier, it had many passes, which
merchants and soldiers used to cross Afghanistan for centuries.
As successive invasions and migrations led to many ethnic groups
living in Afghanistan, each group maintained its own language, but
was united with most other groups by Islam.
In the 1800s, Britain and Russia invaded Afghanistan in an effort to
control Central Asia, but when they both failed to conquer it, they
agreed to leave it alone as a buffer state.
In 1979, the Soviet Union sent troops to Afghanistan to put down a
revolt at the request of the Afghan government, causing 3 million
people to flee into Pakistan.
Pakistan and the United States helped arm and train Afghan
resistance fighters.
After the Soviets withdrew in 1989, rival factions struggled for power,
and by 2000, a radical Muslim faction, the Taliban, controlled most of
Afghanistan.
Chapter 29, Section 3
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh is a huge delta formed by the Ganges,
Brahmaputra, and Meghna Rivers, which gives the country
fertile soil, but opens it up to flooding.
Monsoon rains and tropical storms can cause catastrophic
flooding.
Successive disasters forced Bangladesh to seek a lasting
solution to flooding, and a Flood Action Plan was launched in
the early 1990s to identify improved ways to lessen the effects
of flooding.
Bangladesh is struggling with overpopulation, which has
combined with natural hazards to create problems of hunger
and malnutrition.
The Green Revolution has helped to increase agricultural
production, but the population keeps growing at a faster rate
than the food supply.
Bangladesh has few roads or bridges, and cannot improve its
transportation or communications systems without massive
aid.
Chapter 29, Section 3
Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka
Nepal and Bhutan
• Nepal and Bhutan span a
great range in altitude.
• Both countries have hot,
humid lowlands in the south,
where crops flourish.
• Nepal is 90 percent Hindu,
while Bhutan is 75 percent
Buddhist. Yet, each religion
has influenced the other.
• High mountains and politics
kept both countries isolated
until the middle of the 20th
century.
• Today, Bhutan discourages
contact with foreigners, while
Nepal welcomes tourists.
Sri Lanka
• The economy is agricultural,
but farming and development
have reduced the rain forest
by almost two thirds.
• Deforestation may have
helped change the island’s
weather and caused droughts.
• Differences in religion and
language between the
Buddhist Sinhalese majority
and the Hindu Tamil minority
have sharpened conflict
between the two groups.
• Since independence from
Britain in 1948, this ethnic
conflict has divided the island
and caused the economy to
suffer.
Chapter 29, Section 3
Section 3 Review
How does the Indus River affect life in Pakistan?
a) It serves as the only transportation route through the
country.
b) It provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power.
c) Disastrous floods in the Indus Valley have cost many
lives.
d) It forms the border with India.
Why did Soviet troops enter Afghanistan?
a) To conquer the country and add it to the Soviet Union.
b) To prop up a puppet government.
c) To fight off an invasion from Pakistan.
d) To help put down a revolt.
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Chapter 29, Section 3
Section 3 Review
How does the Indus River affect life in Pakistan?
a) It serves as the only transportation route through the
country.
b) It provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power.
c) Disastrous floods in the Indus Valley have cost many
lives.
d) It forms the border with India.
Why did Soviet troops enter Afghanistan?
a) To conquer the country and add it to the Soviet Union.
b) To prop up a puppet government.
c) To fight off an invasion from Pakistan.
d) To help put down a revolt.
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