Transcript Poetry - Riverdale High School

Poetry
Type of rhythmic, compressed
language that uses figures of speech
and imagery to appeal to the
reader’s emotions and imagination.
Poetry Elements
• Simile: Figure of speech that
makes a comparison between
two seemingly unlike things by
using a connective word such
as like, as, than, or resembles
Example of a Simile:
• The Roman Road runs straight
and bare
• As the pale parting-line in hair
− Thomas Hardy from “The Roman Road”
− What is compared to what?
Metaphors
• A figure of speech that makes a
comparison between two unlike
things without using a
connective word such as like,
as, than, or resembles
Direct Metaphor
• “I am soft sift/ In an hourglass”
• Directly compares ‘I’ to ‘sift’ with
out using like or as.
Implied Metaphor
• “O Captian! My captain! Our
fearful trip is done,/The ship has
weather’d every rack, the prize
we sought is won.”
• The images imply a comparison
between a captain commanding
his ship and a president leading
his country (in this case, the
president was Lincoln).
Extended Metaphor
• A metaphor developed over
several lines or throughout an
entire poem.
• Fireworks
“Fireworks” by Amy
Lowell
• Which stanza starts the extended
metaphor?
• What is Lowell comparing?
• What does most of the poem’s
imagery come from? (urban scenes,
colors and shapes, natural
landscapes?)
• If the story in the poem were written
in prose, how would it change?
Explain.
Mixed Metaphor
• The inconsistent combination of two
or more metaphors.
• They are usually unintentional and often
humorous:
• Like most literary devices, metaphors bomb
when used incorrectly, confusing the reader
or drawing attention to the writer's lack of
skill. For instance, in the statement, "Our
keyboard will teach your mind's eye to play by
ear," the speaker has mixed two metaphors,
leading to nonsense. A "mind's eye" can't play
anything, and certainly not "by ear." Learn
how to use metaphors correctly here.
Personification
• A type of metaphor in which a
nonhuman thing or quality is talked
about as if it were human.
• The trees are undressing, and fling in
many places--On the gray road, the roof, the window
sill--Their radiant robes and ribbons an
yellow laces.
--Thomas Hardy from “Last
Week in October”
Personification
Onomatopoeia
• Use of a word
whose sound
imitates or
suggests its
meaning.
• Buzz, splash,
bark
Alliteration
• Repetition of the same or similar
consonant sounds in words that are
close together.
• Although alliteration most often consists
of sounds that begin words, it may also
involve sounds that occur within words.
• Where the quail is whistling betwixt the
woods and the wheat-lot.
-Walt Whitman, from “Song of
Myself”
Symbolism
• Symbol: Person, place, thing, or
event that stands both for itself and
for something beyond itself.
• Many symbols have become so widely
recognized that they are public symbols:
In Western cultures, for example, most
people recognize the heart as a symbol
of love and the snake as a symbol of
evil.
Symbolism
• O Rose, though art sick!
The invisible worm,
That flies in the night,
In the howling storm,
Has found out they bed
Of crimson joy:
And his dark secret love
Does thy life destroy.
-William Blake
What does the rose and the
worm symbolize?
Imagery
• Language that appeals to the
senses
• Imagery is used in all types of
writing but is especially important
in poetry. Most images are visualthat is, they create in the reader’s
mind pictures that appeal to the
sense of sight.
Imagery
• Imagery may also appeal to the
senses of hearing, smell, touch,
and taste, as in the following
lines about winter.
− (Saw in line 2 is a wise saying. Crabs in
line 5 are crab apples. Keel is to cool by
stirring.)
Imagery
• When all aloud the wind doth blow,
And coughing drowns the parson’s saw,
And birds sit brooding in the snow,
And Marian’s nose looks red and raw,
When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
Then nightly sings the staring owl-Tu whit,
Tu-who, a merry note,
While greasy Joan doth keel the pot,
-William Shakespeare from
Love’s Labor’s Lost
Imagery
• “A Super Market in California”
− Allen Ginsberg
− What are some of the images that pop out
to you in this poem?
Hyperbole
• Figure of speech that uses
exaggeration to express strong
emotion or create a comic
effect.
• Writers often use hyperbole, also
called overstatement, to intensify
a description or to emphasize the
essential nature of something.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole
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Summertime is Here
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My tongue is a piece of
sandpaper
I’m dissolving into a puddle.
I want to dive into a
snowdrift
Though I’m sure that would
befuddle
Open me up, my organs are
cooked
I think I’m now well done.
You can fry an egg upon my
brow
As I melt away in the sun!
•
Poetry by Sharon Hendricks
Idiom
• Expression peculiar to a
particular language that means
something different from the
literal meaning of the words.
• “It’s raining cats and dogs.”
• “We heard it straight from the
horses mouth.”
• “Don’t look a gift horse in the
mouth.”
Idiom
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Idioms for Idiots
'You can't cry over spilled
milk! '
my mother always said.
'Life's not a piece of cake! '
she hammered in my head.
'That's the way it goes,
' that's the way the cookie
crumbles'
My mother saved her idioms
for all my idiotic troubles.
John Randal
Pun
• Play on the
multiple meanings
of a word or on two
words that sound
alike but have
different meanings.
• Many jokes and
riddles are based on
puns. (“When is a
doctor most
annoyed?” “When he
runs out of
patients.”
Allusion
• Reference to a
statement, a
person, a place, an
event, or a thing
that is known from
literature, history,
religion, myth,
politics, sports,
science, or the
arts.
• To what is this
picture alluding?
Theme
• The central idea or insight
about human life revealed by a
work of literature.
• A theme is not the same as a
work’s subject, which can usually
be expressed in word or two: old
age, ambition, love. The theme is
the revelation the writer wishes us
to discover about that subject.
Theme
• There is no single correct way to
express a theme, and sometimes a
work has several themes.
• Many have ambiguous themes; that
is, they have no clear single meaning
but are open to a variety of
interpretations, even opposing ones.
Theme
• Some themes are so commonly
found in the literature of all cultures
and all ages that they are called
universal themes.
• “Heroes must undergo trials and endure
losses before they can claim their
rightful kingdom.”
• “Arrogance and pride can bring
destruction.”
• “When the rule of law is broken, chaos
and anarchy will result.”
• “Love will endure and triumph over evil.”
Theme
• Although a few stories, poems,
and plays have themes that are
stated directly, most themes
are implied.
Theme
• The reader must piece together all
the clues the writer has provided to
arrive at a discovery of the work’s
total meaning.
• Two of the most important clues to
consider are:
• The way the main character has changed
• And the way the conflict has been resolved.
Theme: Good conquers
evil
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“Holy Thursday”
William Blake
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Is this a holy thing to see In a rich and
fruitful land, Babes reduced to misery
Fed with cold and usurious hand?
Is that trembling cry a song?
Can it be a song of joy?
And so many children poor?
It is a land of poverty!
And their sun does never shine. And
their fields are bleak & bare. And their
ways are fill'd with thorns.
It is eternal winter there.
For where-e’er the sun does shine,
And where-e’er the rain does fall:
Babe can never hunger there,
Nor poverty the mind appall.
Theme: Coming of Age
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I, Too, Sing America
by Langston Hughes
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I, too, sing America.
I am the darker brother.
They send me to eat in the
kitchen
When company comes,
But I laugh,
And eat well,
And grow strong.
Tomorrow, I'll be at the table
When company comes. Nobody'll
dare
Say to me,
"Eat in the kitchen,"
Then.
Besides,
They'll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamed–
I, too, am America.
Theme: Destruction of
Beauty
• Nothing Gold
Can Stay
by Robert Frost
Nature's first green is gold,
Her hardest hue to hold.
Her early leaf's a flower;
But only so an hour.
Then leaf subsides to leaf.
So Eden sank to grief,
So dawn goes down to day.
Nothing gold can stay.
Mood
• A story or poem’s atmosphere
or the feeling it evokes.
• Mood is often created by the story
or poem’s setting.
Tone
• The attitude a writer takes toward a
subject, a character, or the reader.
• Tone is conveyed through the writer’s
choice of words and details.
• What is the tone of the following poem.
How can you tell?
“Theme for English B” by Langston Hughes
Repetition
•
Repeating of lines or words!
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Stopping By Woods on a Snowy
Evening
Robert Frost
Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound's the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep.
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
Slant Rhyme
• Words that sound similar but do
not rhyme exactly.
•
Let the boy try along this bayonet blade
How cold steel is, and keen with hunger of blood;
Blue with all malice, like a madman’s flash;
And thinly drawn with famishing for flesh.
-Wilfred Owen, from “Arms and the Boy.
Rhythm
• Musical quality in language,
produced by repetition.
• Rhythm occurs naturally in all forms of
spoken and written language. Poems
written in meter create rhythm by a
strict pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllables.
• Writers can also create rhythm by
repeating grammatical structures, by
using pauses, by varying line lengths,
and by balancing long and short words
or phrases.
Rhythm and meter
• Meter: A generally regular
pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllables in poetry.
• Pg. 583 and 1113 in Elements of
Literature
• Iambic Pentameter
Blank Verse
• Poetry written in unrhymed iambic
pentameter
• Blank verse is the most important
metrical form in English dramatic
and epic poetry and the major verse
line in Shakespeare’s plays.
• One reason blank verse has been
popular, even with some modern
poets, is that it combines the
naturalness of unrhymed verse with
the structure of metrical verse.
Blank Verse
• Excerpt from Macbeth
by William Shakespeare
• Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more: it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.
Types of Poetry
Lyrical Poetry
• Poetry that expresses a
speaker’s emotions or thoughts
and does not tell a story.
• The term lyric comes from ancient
Greece, where such poems were
recited to the accompaniment of a
stringed instrument called a lyre.
Lyric Poetry
• Most lyric
poems are
short, and they
imply, rather
than state
directly, a single
strong emotion.
Lyric Poetry
• Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer's Day?by William
•
Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnets
• Fourteen-line
lyric poem,
usually written
in iambic
pentameter.
Italian/Petrarchan
sonnet
• Named after the fourteenthcentury Italian poet Francesco
Petrarch
• Has two parts:
• An 8 line octave with the rhyme
scheme abbaabba
• And a 6 line sestet with the rhyme
scheme cdecde
Sonnets
• Octave: Presents a problem,
proposes a question, or
expresses an idea.
• Sestet: resolves, answers, or
drives home.
Sonnets: Italian
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When I consider how my light is spent (a)
Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b)
And that one talent which is death to hide, (b)
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a)
To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a)
My true account, lest he returning chide; (b)
"Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" (b)
I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a)
That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need (c)
Either man's work or his own gifts; who best (d)
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e)
Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c)
And post o'er land and ocean without rest; (d)
They also serve who only stand and wait." (e)
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John Milton “On His Blindness”
Sonnets: Shakespearean
• Has three quatrains (4 line units)
followed by a concluding couplet (2
line unit).
• The three quatrains often express
related ideas or examples; the
couplet sums up the poet’s
conclusion or message.
• Rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg
Sonnets: Shakespearean
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SONNET 130 by William Shakespeare
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;
Coral is far more red than her lips' red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
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I have seen roses damask'd, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
•
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
That music hath a far more pleasing sound;
I grant I never saw a goddess go;
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground:
And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
As any she belied with false compare.
Epics
• Long narrative poem that
relates the great deeds of a
larger-than-life hero who
embodies the values of a
particular society.
• Most epics include elements of
myth, legend, folklore, and history;
their tone is serious and their
language is grand.
Epics
• Epic heroes undertake quests to
achieve something of tremendous
value to themselves or their society.
• Homer’s Odessey and Illiad and
Virgil’s Aeneid are the best-known
epics in the Western tradition.
• The great epic of India is the
Mahabharata; Japan’s is The Tale of
the Heike; and Mali’s is Sundiata
Aeneid by Virgil
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=VZt3no1-5-g
Aeneid by Virgil
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BkI:1-11 Invocation to the Muse
I sing of arms and the man, he who, exiled by fate,
first came from the coast of Troy to Italy, and to
Lavinian shores – hurled about endlessly by land and sea,
by the will of the gods, by cruel Juno’s remorseless anger,
long suffering also in war, until he founded a city
and brought his gods to Latium: from that the Latin people
came, the lords of Alba Longa, the walls of noble Rome.
Muse, tell me the cause: how was she offended in her divinity,
how was she grieved, the Queen of Heaven, to drive a man,
noted for virtue, to endure such dangers, to face so many
trials? Can there be such anger in the minds of the gods?
Ballad Poetry
• A song or songlike poem that
tells a story.
• Ballads often tell stories that have
tragic endings. Most ballads have
a regular pattern of rhythm and
rhyme and use simple language
and repetition.
Ballad Poetry
• Generally they have a refrain – lines
or words repeated at regular
intervals.
• Folk ballads such as “Bonny Barbara
Allan” were composed by unknown
singers and passed on orally for
generations.
• Literary ballads and some country
songs imitate folk ballads.
Ballad Poetry
• Page. 589 in Elements of
Literature
Dramatic Poetry
• Or a dramatic monologue
• A poem in which a speaker
addresses one or more silent
listeners, often reflecting on a
specific problem or situation.
Dramatic Poetry
• Though the person addressed in a
dramatic monologue doesn’t speak,
we often can discover something
about the listener or listeners by
paying close attention to the
speaker’s words.
• The most famous dramatic
monologues in English literature are
those written by Robert Browning.
Dramatic Poetry: “My
Last Duchess”
• That’s my last Duchess painted on the
wall,
Looking as if she were alive. I call
That piece a wonder, now : Fra Pandolf’s
hands
Worked busily a day, and there she stands.
Will’t please you to sit and look at her?
Questions: You can leave
some blank, but try to
answer them all.
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Name five, living twentieth-century American (or British) poets.
Name five, dead twentieth-century American (or British) poets.
Name five pre twentieth-century poets (they're all dead).
Recall one poem you liked. If you remember any lines from it, write
them down.
Have you ever written a poem for yourself? Why or why not?
Have you ever written or shared a poem with someone else? Why?
Have you ever heard poetry read live?
Would you know where to go to hear live poetry?
Do you have a favorite poet (rock musicians don't count)? Who?
Do you have a favorite musician/poet (rock musicians do count) Who?
What is poetry?
How do you feel about poetry?
Browse through the
anthology of poems and
find the following:
(This is opinion based!!)
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the
the
the
the
the
the
most
most
most
most
most
most
beautiful poem
shocking poem
emotive poem
thought-provoking poem
childish poem
humorous poem
Group Work: I’ll assign ya’ll into
groups of four and you’ll discuss
your discoveries with each other.
• The discussion should include:
• a classification of what makes a
poem beautiful, shocking, emotive,
etc.
• why they chose each poem as the
"most."
• Choose one poem for each
category. You must come to a
consensus (agreement).