Transcript Slide 1

Towards Zero Death:
A National Strategy on
Highway Safety
White Papers
Hugh McGee,VHB Inc
Stakeholder Workshop
August 25-26, 2010
White Papers
I. Future View of Transportation: Implications for Safety
II. Safety Culture
III. Safer Drivers*
IV. Safer Vehicles*
V. Safer Vulnerable Users*
VI. Safer Infrastructure*
VII.Emergency Medical Systems*
VIII.Data Systems & Analysis Tools*
IX. Lessons Learned from Safety Programs In Other
Countries
* Included in this presentation.
White Paper Objectives
 Identify strategies for reducing fatalities through:
Safer Drivers
Safer Vehicles
Safer Infrastructure
Safer Vulnerable Users
Improved EMS
Improved Data Systems and Analysis Tools
 Provide:
Estimates of fatality reduction
Costs – how much and who pays
Challenges for implementation
Opportunities
White Paper Objectives
 WPs not meant to be comprehensive—FOCUS
ON KEY STRATEGIES
 Challenged to be ‘thought-provoking’ & think
outside the box
 How can known strategies be implemented
more widely.
 These WPs along with 3 others provide input
to discussions that will lead to a National
Strategic Safety Plan
 THESE WPS ARE EXPERT OPINIONS!
General Summary
For Each White Paper
Magnitude of Problem
Major Topics Areas
Key Strategies and Programs
Challenges and Obstacles
Areas for Opportunity
Safer Drivers
Neil Lerner
Jeremiah Singer
James Jenness
Westat
Safer Drivers –
Driver Behavior Problem
 Crash causation: Driver behavior contributes to >90% of crashes
 Crash outcome: about 50% of occupant fatalities are
unrestrained
 Driver behavior may not be sole cause of crash, and
countermeasure does not necessarily have to be behavioral
 But problems of behavior are key component for major
reduction in fatalities
Safer Drivers –
Major Topic Areas
 Historically the “big three”:
Speeding,
Restraint system use,
Impairment (alcohol, illegal drugs, medication,
and fatigue)
 Additional relevant topics:
Driver groups with high fatality rates
 Older drivers (dealt with in “Vulnerable Users” white
paper)
 Teen drivers
Driver distraction
 Including technology use and multi-tasking
Safer Drivers –
Noteworthy Trends
Technology in the vehicle and on the road
Shift in how people view the driving task
Powerful new study methods to understand
and correct driver behavior
Safer Drivers –
Areas of Opportunity
Traditional strategies still important, but
there is opportunity in some new
approaches in:
Increase restraint use
Speeding
Driver distraction
Teen drivers
Increase Restraint Use Initiatives
Effective nighttime enforcement
Enhanced seat belt reminder systems &
other vehicle interventions
Detect and alert for unbelted rear seat
passengers
Devise teen-oriented vehicle systems
Improve system design for child safety seats
Reduce Speeding Initiatives
Expand use of in-vehicle speed monitoring
technologies
Use automated speed enforcement
technologies to achieve broad area
enforcement
Reduce Driver Distraction
Promote effective enforcement of distracted
driving laws
Foster change in driver attitudes about
multitasking risks & responsibilities
Support technology developers
Target teen drivers
Develop adaptive driver interface systems
Develop criteria for design of digital
outdoor commercial signage.
Increase Safety of Young Drivers
Implement & strengthen GDL laws & enact
primary seatbelt laws.
Promote enforcement of GDL restrictions
and community support of GDL
Encourage high level parental supervision
during intermediate stage of GDL
Promote safer vehicles for teen drivers
Safer Vehicles
Richard Retting
Sam Schwartz Engineering
Ron Knipling
safetyforthelonghaul.com
Safer Vehicles
Decades of improvements in motor vehicle
safety technology
Improving safety requires moving beyond
past accomplishments
Specific vehicle design features and
technologies offer substantial
promise/evidence for reducing traffic
fatalities
Safer Vehicles - Strategies
For most major crash types there are potential
vehicle countermeasures
2008 Crash Types &
Countermeasure Applications
Side Object Detection
Video Mirrors
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Comms
Infrastructure-to-Veh Comms
(e.g., Sign/Signal Warnings)
Daytime Running Lights
Electronic Stability Control
Automatic Speed Control
Lane Departure Warning
Alertness Monitoring
Other, 15%Road Departure (w/
most rollovers), 23%
Lane
Change/Merge, 9%
Crossing Paths,
25%
Rear-End, 28%
Source: Adapted from Sayer and Flanigan (2010); statistics from NHTSA.
Forward Collision Warning
Adaptive Cruise Control
Emergency Brake Assist
Enhanced Conspicuity
Safer Vehicles – Strategies
Strategies can be categorized as
applicable to:
Passenger vehicles
Large trucks
Cross-cutting and highly applicable to
both
Safer Vehicles –
Strategies
Passenger Vehicles
Alcohol Detection & Interlock
Emergency Brake Assist
Crashworthiness Enhancements
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Safer Vehicles - Strategies
Large Trucks
 Improved Brakes/Shorter
Stopping Distances
 Roll Stability
 Onboard Safety Monitoring
 Electronic Onboard
Recorders
 Side Object Detection
Systems
Vehicle Condition Monitoring
Automated Transmissions
Truck-Specific Navigation Aids
Enhanced Trailer Conspicuity
Enhanced Trailer Rear
Lighting/Warnings
 Video Side Mirrors
 Collision Aggressivity
Reductions





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Safer Vehicles –
Strategies
Cross-Cutting Applicable to Cars and Trucks
 Electronic Stability Control
 Forward Collision Warning
Systems
 Lane Departure Warning Systems
 Backing Collision Warnings
 Driver Alertness Warnings
 Automatic Speed Control
 Electronic Drivers License
 Intelligent Lighting Systems
 Intersection Collision
Avoidance Systems
 Road Condition Warning
Systems
 Electronic Data Recorders
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Safer Vehicles - Strategies
High Priority Vehicle Strategies
 Alcohol Detection &
Interlock
 Automatic Speed Control
 Electronic Stability Control
 Emergency Brake Assist
 Lane Departure Warning
Systems
 Driver Attention Monitoring
 Ejection Mitigation
 Improved Side Impact
Protection
 Side Object Detection
Systems
 Daytime Running Lights
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Safer Vehicles -Barriers to
Implementation
 Need to achieve extremely high levels of accuracy
for crash-avoidance technologies
 Many important R&D issues remain
 Lack of consumer demand/willingness to pay
 Need for initial/ongoing driver training
 For vehicle-to-infrastructure technologies , sheer
size of roadway system (4 million miles of public
roads)
 Concerns about legal liability
 Privacy, public opinion (e.g. automatic speed
control)
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Safer Vulnerable Road Users:
Pedestrians, Bicyclists,
Motorcyclists, and Older Users
Charlie Zegeer and William Hunter
University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center
Loren Staplin
TransAnalytics, LLC
Fran Bents and Richard Huey
Westat
Janet Barlow
Accessible Design for the Blind
Safer Vulnerable Users –
Magnitude of Problem
Pedestrians
4,654 fatalities - 11 percent of all traffic fatalities
(2007)
Pedestrian crash trends continue to show
greater problems for children and older adult
pedestrians
Bicyclists
716 fatalities - 2 percent of all traffic fatalities
(2008)
An additional 52,000 pedalcyclists were injured
Safer Vulnerable Users –
Magnitude of Problem
 Motorcycles
Approximately 5,200 fatalities per year
Fatalities have more than doubled in the past decade.
Infrastructure may present unique hazards to
motorcyclist.
 Older Users
25% of drivers will be age 65 or older by 2030.
Drivers 85 and older are themselves 8X higher risk of
death per mile traveled than safest group (ages 30-60).
Approximately 5,000 drivers aged 70 and above are
killed each year
Safer Vulnerable Users –
Strategies for Pedestrians
 Complete and market a revised AASHTO
pedestrian guide to local and State officials
 Further refine the MUTCD to address pedestrian
safety problems
 Expend funding and implementation of a National
Safe Routes to School Program with National
Safety Education Program
 Promote and advance the use of photo enforcement
Safer Vulnerable Users –
Strategies for Pedestrians
 Develop and implement specific national
guidelines for safer bus stop design and placement
 Expand pedestrian safety training to engineers,
planners, and other professionals nationwide
(supported by pedestrian safety research)
 Improve the reflectorization/conspicuity of
pedestrians
 Develop and implement pedestrian-friendly ITS
vehicle and roadway features
Safer Vulnerable Users –
Strategies for Bicyclists
 Reduce motor vehicle speed in urban and
suburban areas
 Reduce distracted driving by motorists and
distracted riding by bicyclists
 Educate motorists about how to share the road
with bicyclists
 Educate bicyclists about how to ride in traffic and
the use of proper equipment
 Reduce intersection conflicts
Safer Vulnerable Users –
Strategies for Motorcyclists
 Advisory Councils for the Federal and State
Governments
 AASHTO Highway Design Handbook for
Motorcyclists
 National motorcycle helmet law
 Rider to driver communication
 Standard motorcycle lighting displays
 More rider training and certification
Safer Vulnerable Users –
Strategies for Older Users
 Incorporate national standards into State-level
design manuals.
 Mandatory “refresher” driving course to retain
unrestricted license.
 Required screening for visual, mental, and physical
capability regardless of age for license renewal
 Immunity for health professionals for voluntary
reporting older patients to DMV they are concerned
might have driving impairments.
 A national system for labeling prescription and
over-the-counter medications better indicating the
risk for impairment of driving.
Safer Infrastructure
Paul Jovanis
Eric Donnell
The Thomas D. Larson Pennsylvania
Transportation Institute
Safer Infrastructure: Speeding
16000
35.0%
14000
30.0%
25.0%
10000
20.0%
8000
15.0%
6000
10.0%
4000
5.0%
2000
Number of Speeding Related Fatalities
Percentage of All Fatalities
0
0.0%
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Percentage of All Fatalities
Number of Speeding Related Fatalities
12000
Safer Infrastructure: Roadway Departure
25000
60%
50%
40%
15000
30%
10000
20%
5000
10%
Roadway Departure Fatalities
Percentage of all Fatalities
0
0%
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Percentage of all Fataliities
Number of Roadway Departure Fatalities
20000
Safer Infrastructure: Intersections
9000
20.0%
8000
18.0%
16.0%
14.0%
6000
12.0%
5000
10.0%
4000
8.0%
3000
6.0%
2000
4.0%
Number of Fatalities in Intersections (w/o signals)
1000
Number of Fatalities in Intersections (w/ signals)
2.0%
Percentage of All Fatalities
0
0.0%
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Percentage of All Fatalities
Number of Fatalities in Intersections
7000
Safer InfrastructureStrategies
Automated speed enforcement
Safety center of excellence
Performance-based design
Automated Speed Enforcement
1970 (28.9)
Year
1990
RS 2000
Strategy
2004 (7.6)
2003
1988
1983
1978
1973
1948
1943
1938
1933
1928
1923
1918
0
1968
1908 (7.6)
1963
10
Dec 1982
RBT
Oct 1971
Compulsory Seat
belts
Dec 1962
Random Breath Early 1990s
Testing
Automated
Enforcement
WWII
1958
1930s
Depression
1913
Oct 1971
Compulsory
Seat Belts
1950-1960s
Rapid
Motorisation
1953
20
1998
Peak of
Roaring
1920s
1993
30
1908
Fatalities per 100,000 Population
Road Traffic Accident Fatalities per 100,000 Population,
NSW , 1908-2004
Opportunities and
Challenges
Opportunities
 Possible 25% reduction in
fatalities and injuries
 Benefits = $16 million/year
in Scottsdale, AZ
Challenges
 Reliable & accurate
equipment
 Speed exceedance limits
 Covert/overt decision
 Rational speed limits
Regional Safety Centers of
Excellence
Implement state-of-art safety management
processes
Education and training needs
Technical assistance to local and state
programs
Safety coordination
Opportunities and
Challenges
Opportunities
 Effective allocation of
resources
 Consistent national
implementation of Strategic
Highway Safety Plans
 Supported by state-of-art
methods and tools
 Certification of safety
professionals
Challenges
 Demand for education
programs
 Regional collaboration
among stakeholders
Performance-based Design Paradigm
Land Use
Topography
Anticipated
Operating Speed
Functional
Class
Select Design Speed
Minimum/Limiting Values for Design Criteria:
Curve Radius Superelevation Rate
Sight Distance Vertical Grade (max)
Lane & Shoulder Width
Vertical Curvature Rate
Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions
Establish Horizontal & Vertical Alignment
Establish Cross-Section Elements
Cost &
Environmental
Impacts
Explicit Safety
Design Assessment (Tools):
HSM, IHSDM, RSAP,
SafetyAnalyst, HCS, etc.
Implicit Safety
Application of
Design Standards &
Policies
Opportunities and
Challenges
Opportunities
 Explicitly consider safety in
planning and design (may
include construction and
maintenance)
 Mandate use of existing
tools to support safety
decision-making
 Systematic road safety
management
Challenges
 Research needed to develop
revised design policies
 Cultural change required
Emergency Medical
Services (EMS)
The National Association of State
Emergency Medical Services Officials
EMS – Some Background
 Trauma to motor vehicle occupants is 4th leading cause of nonfatal injuries treated in Emergency Departments
 Less than half of all fatal crash victims die at the scene– those
who die later are potentially preventable.
 EMS providers are at greater risk of death on the job compared
to police & firefighters- 74% of EMS fatalities are transportation
related.
 Crash rates of ambulances are 7 to 10 times greater than heavy
trucks.
 FARS >> 2 out of 3 fatalities associated with ambulance
collisions were either occupants of other vehicles or pedestrians.
 CDC claims that severely injured victim who received care at a
Level 1 trauma center within 1hr had 25% reduction in risk of
death
EMS – Some Issues
 EMS is a complex system and organized differently across
jurisdictions--both private and public; about 15K local EMS
agencies.
 Leadership of comprehensive EMS system nationwide under
NHTSA Office of EMS; but no direct authority over the provision
of EMS.
 State and territorial EMS offices do not have ‘roadmap’ for how
best to move towards unified and effective practices for safety of
EMS personnel and to critical difference that can be made in
patient outcomes when EMS functions in optimal manner.
 National plan affords opportunity to partner within and between
states and nationally across disciplines in unprecedented way.
EMS - Strategies
The six phases of EMS represented by NHTSA’s ‘Star of Life’
provides framework for organizing strategies to reduce
fatalities.
Detection Systems
Need standard dictionary and .xml schema
for Telematics Data Definitions and
Transmisson Standards (OnStar)
Develop national Advanced Automatic
Collision Notification algorithms, protocols
& training.
AACN predictors for need for vehicle
extrication.
9-1-1 Access & Capabilities
Enhanced 9-1-1and Phase II Compliance– to
identify caller address/location
Next Generation 9-1-1—data transmission
across wireless and internet-based systems
EMS Response & Capacity
 Widespread adoption of National EMS Scope
of Practice Model & National EMS Education
Standards.
 Vehicle extrication education and competency
standards
 Integrated ambulance-based safety systems—
regulate ambulances like large trucks?
 IntelliDriveSM for EMS vehicles– V2V and V2I
 Evidence-based E Vehicle Operations
Standards
On-Scene Medical Care
Adopt National Trauma Triage Protocol
National unified goal for traffic incident
management embracing law enforcement,
fire, EMS, rescue, roadway maintenance,
towing and traffic control.
Patient Transportation
Paradigms
Engineering and design standards for
ambulances– none exist for patient care
compartment
Helicopter EMS utilization criteria
Ground ambulance access to ITS
infrastructure sources– road hazards,
weather
Hospital & Specialty Care
Infrastructure
Comprehensive and state regulated trauma
systems
Pre-hospital & interfacility telemedicine
applications
Crosscutting Strategies
National EMS information system based on
National EMS Information System
(NEMSIS)
Trauma registries as source for severe injury
data– allows for data-driven decision
making for trauma system performance
Records linkage to crash data– cross over to
Data Systems WP.
Data Systems and
Analysis Tools
Barbara Hilger DeLucia
Data Nexus, Inc.
Geni Bahar
NAVIGATS Inc.
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Data Systems and Analysis
Overview
National, State and Local data used for
different levels of analysis:
Problem Identification
Countermeasure Selection
Program and Project Evaluation
Fourteen data resources (national and state)
described
Data Systems and Analysis
State-of-the-Art and –Practice
 10 resources and 12 analytical tools presented.
 Classified as:
On-going - data or information are entered
periodically.
Single timeframe - data entered for a single time
period.
 Web link address.
 Short description and capabilities.
 Brief suggestions for future
modifications/expansions to meet current or
likely future needs.
Data Systems and Analysis
Recommended Enhancements
Inclusion of all injury crashes in national
databases
Use of technology to automate and
minimize redundancy and errors
Development of a data warehouse and
provide online access
Development of state, regional and local
Safety Perform Functions
Data Systems and Analysis Recommended Enhancements
Continued
Increase accessibility online
Create an on-going mechanism to keep the
knowledge base updated with new research
and evaluation of treatments and online
access
Expand analytical tools to other road types
and facilities; and road users
Data Systems and Analysis –
Strategies
Strategy 1
Implement state-of-the-art tools (1-5 years)
Strategy 2
Expand on methods and application tools (1-10
years)
Strategy 3
Develop and implement new methods and
tools (1-15 years)
“If decision-makers are provided safety
analysis tools that output better safety
decisions or make the decision-making
process easier, these tools will be used.
If these tools require improved safety
data, then these same decision-makers
will find ways to generate these
improved data.”
Source: Traffic Safety Information Systems International
Scan: Strategy Implementation White Paper, Publication
No. FHWA-HRT-06-099, September 2006
TOP 10 STRATEGIES TO REDUCE
FATALITIES (McGee’s Opinion)
10. Comprehensive & integrated safety data
system
9. Highway design standards that consider
vulnerable users—aging, bicycle,
motorcycle
8. Implement low-cost proven highway safety
improvements
7. Increase safety of young drivers
6. Curtail distracted driving
TOP 10 STRATEGIES TO REDUCE
FATALITIES (McGee’s Opinion)
5. Develop affordable safety
devices/technology for all vehicles
4. Reduce number of impaired drivers
3. Increase restraint use
2. Reduce ‘speeding’
1. Adopt culture of safety
That’s my opinion. What do you think?
LASTLY --THANK YOU AUTHORS
White Paper
Expert/Author
Future View: Implications for Alan Pisarski
Safety
Forrest Council
Nicholas Ward
Safety Culture
Jeff Linkenbach
Sarah Keller
Jay Otto
Neil Lerner
Safer Drivers
Jeremiah Singer
James Jenness
Safer Vehicles
Richard Retting
Ron Knipling
White Paper
Author
Charlie Zeeger
William Hunter
Safer Vulnerable Users
Loren Staplin
Fran Bents
Richard Huey
Janet Barlow
Safer Infrastructure
Paul Jovanis
Eric Donnell
Emergency Medical Systems
Nadine Levick
Data Systems & Analysis
Tools
Barbara DeLucia
Lessons Learned from
European Experiences
Geni Bahar
Ezra Hauer