Transcript Slide 1
global Transport Knowledge Partnership Models for Fleet Safety Interventions Adrian Walsh Dr Will Murray Why we are targeting driving for work? Commercial vehicles are estimated to account for 14% of all motor vehicles in use globally and in low- and middle-income countries upwards of 32% Available data and estimates suggest that in high-income countries: 1. 25-30% of road toll involves a driver who is at work; 50% if commuting is included 2. 40-50% of at-work fatalities involve vehicles The Road Safety Argument • excessive or inappropriate speed contribute to 850 road fatalities annually • 570 people were killed in 2006 on motorbikes • 550 people are killed annually in drink-drive accidents • careless or dangerous driving contribute to at least 400 road fatalities annually • an estimated 350 road fatalities annually are for want of wearing a seatbelt • about 300 road fatalities result from drivers falling asleep at the wheel • Approximately 250 fatalities are due to accidents notified annually under the Reporting of Injuries Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) • Between 850 and 1100 people are killed annually in work-related road traffic accidents Safety models & theory Theory • Theoretical understanding underpins good practice • Provides: – – – – Framework Structure Starting point Something to contribute to, prove or disprove and evaluate against • Many existing theories for road safety, and increasingly for occupational road safety • Very limited published outcomes evaluation data • Following discussion reviews emerging theories Models of safety • • • • • • • • Heinrich’s Domino Haddon Matrix Surveillance Surrey’s Systems approach Wilde’s risk homeostasis Risk analysis Organisational culture Prevention Source: Laflamme et al (1999) Safety promotion research Reviewed by Murray et al (2003) and summarised into WIPE model Heinrich’s Domino • 5 dominos – environment -> human-> hazard -> collision -> injury • Show causation as a linear flow of time ordered stages and options for prevention – – – – Depot layout improves Environment Driver training effects Human Speed reduces Hazards and collisions Seatbelts reduce injury • Good because it focuses on underlying causes and the importance of investigation Haddon matrix Vehicle Precrash At scene Post crash Behaviour Environment of Driver Surveillance model • Focuses on crash reporting and recording • Problem – imbalance between post (injury, insurance, $s) and pre-event data (who, what, where, when, why) • Records data on linear crash sequence – Trigger event ->intermediate event -> contact event • Process based recording and coding of data to allow understanding of causation and preventative actions • Broken windows theory and Bird’s accident triangle are applicable in this context Surrey’s systems • Systems approach – based on road, vehicle and behaviour * • Scientific process to better understand pre-crash, at-scene and post crash process • Developments from applying Surrey’s work: – – – – Important to emphasis more than human/driver error showed importance of ‘change/deviation’ for causation showed importance of organisational & societal factors extended dimensions of Haddon Matrix A Safe Road System Road Vehicle Behaviour A Safe Road System • Addresses all elements of the road transport system in an integrated way • The road user as the weakest link in the transport chain, unpredictable and capable of error, education and information efforts notwithstanding • In the event of a crash, the impact energies remain below the threshold likely to produce either death or serious injury • Shared overall responsibilities and accountability between system designers and road users OECD Report Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach 2008 Wilde’s risk homeostasis • Focuses on the acceptance of risk • People accept certain levels of risk: – give people better brakes and they drive faster/closer! • Need to influence their risk acceptance • To create change we have to work with people’s perceptions and attitudes to risk • Stages of change model is applicable framework in this context Risk analysis • Analyse technical, organisational, environmental and people-based circumstances leading to hazards • Focus on system design, rather than looking at a single individual’s safety performance under given conditions • Building safety into land use planning, design and implementations Organisational culture • Organisational aspects of collision causation • Focus on: – Organisational climate – Working climate – Individual skills • Organisational and management factors constitute latent failures in work systems • Must be considered in crash investigations • Links safety to quality and standards • Focus on influencing group norms • Theory of Planned Behaviour often applied in this context Prevention • Primary, secondary and tertiary – Primary = take action in advance – Secondary = spot problems early & manage – Tertiary = manage consequences and rehabilitation • Our focus is on primary: – – – – Proactive: deter or limit exposure Reactive: adapt to exposure Macro = policy, micro = specific countermeasures Active (involves people eg seatbelt) to passive continuum (involves environment eg airbag) • Particularly useful for classifying vehicle safety features Prevention model Active Passive Proactive Ban mobile phone use DRL policy Alcohol policy Confiscate mobile phones Wired-in DRL Alcohol ignition interlock Reactive Seatbelts policy Seatbelt interlock WIPE model & extended Haddon Matrix WIPE approach Why Initial and on-going status review Pilot and implement changes Evaluate Haddon Matrix Framework PreCrash or PreDrive Management Culture (30%) Journey (10%) Leadership Business case* Legal compliance Safety audit* Benchmarking* Pilot studies Goals & policies Safety culture* Committee Pledge Communications Contractors Travel policy Mode choice Journey planning Routing Risk assessment Emergency preparation Shifts/ working time At Emergency Scene support to driver Road/ Site People Environment Drivers and (10%) Managers (20%) Risk assess Recruit Observation Contract Guidelines Induct Site layouts Check qualified Work permits Handbook C&D rules Risk assess Road design Train Black-spot Equip mapping Communicate Engage local Engage road agencies Monitor Correct Engage local Manage investigators scene Post- Report, record & Debrief & Crash investigate review Change process journeys Data linkages, evaluation & KPIs* Investigate and improve Review site/road elements of collision data Vehicle (10%) Risk assess Select Specification Safety features Service Maintain Check Use policy Mobile comms ITS/telematics Wear & tear Grey fleet External/ Societal/ Community/ Brand (20%) Regulator/policy engagement CSR Benchmarking Communications Family members Community Road safety weeks/ days Awards Process to Crashworthy Escalation manage scene ‘ITS’ data capture process Reporting and investigation Driver debrief Counselling, trauma support Reassess/train Strong openable doors Investigate ‘ITS’ data Inspection & repair Copyright: Interactive Driving Systems, 2003 - 2009 All Rights Reserved. Manage reputation and community learning process Other models and theories • Safety E’s * • Insurance/driver risk-based models * • Surveillance-based models: – Bird’s accident triangle – Broken windows theory • Behaviour-based models: – – – – Stages of change Theory of planned behaviour Multiple intervention level and behaviour change taxonomy Group decision theory • Business based models: – – – – PESTEL SWOT GAP Pareto model/6 Sigma Safety E’s • • • • • • Education Engineering Enforcement Engagement Enactment Enthusiasm • • • • Empowerment Elation Ethics Evaluation Insurance & driver-risk based models Zurich model Data warehouse model Models identified in white paper • • • • • • • • • • ERSO framework Euro OSH Factsheet 18 models Stuckey & Mooren models Global standards – oil industry, pharmas, logistics sector UN, Fleet Forum and GRSP partnership-based approach * * Risk assessment-led approaches in response to UK Government guidance Standards-based eg ANSI Z15.1 or ISO39001 PC/TC241 NETS model process Driving for Better Business B to B approach * Audit and benchmarking-based: Fleet Safety Benchmarking – www.fleetsafetybenchmarking.net Supporting the Fleet Safety Project Group - Action Plan • PSRSC linkage • GRSP linkage • Benchmarking platforms • Tools & case studies • Seek greater involvement by low income country representatives Build knowledge communication • Shareand information Develop and test • Collect and assess information on FS practices • Consult scientific community • Amass good practice tools and case studies • Analysis of the problem and dimensions of the task • Pilot test resources • “Green-cover” Manual • Capacity building • ISO standard ? www.fleetsafe.org Fleet Safety Forum: Fleet Safety Management Model Management systems 1. A senior manager must assume specific responsibility 2. Implement driving for work policy 3. Record and act on the findings of risk assessments 4. Ensure all incident involving any vehicle is recorded & that collective information is regularly analysed Driver safety 5. Driver’s handbook 6. Ensure all employees driving for work are initially vetted, inducted and regularly assessed Vehicle safety 7. Ensure that vehicles are fit for purpose and fitted with all appropriate safety and security features 8. All vehicles are regularly inspected and maintained Journey management 9. Check whether a road journey is really necessary – and encourage alternative modes of communication and transport 10. Ensure journeys are scheduled to realistic timetable, planned to take into account adequate rest periods and use the safest available routes The Private Sector Taking a business message to business Making the Business Case Promoting case studies sector by sector www.drivingforbetterbusiness.com Summary • Theory and models provide framework for safety projects • Growing body of existing approaches • Good practice uses theory to guide program development, and evaluate outcomes • Systems-based approach has potential, but further peer-reviewed outcomes evaluations required to legitimate ..... • Your feedback and experiences welcome!