Transcript Document

Managing Risk When
Driving
2001 Motor Vehicle Crash Data
• All Licensed Drivers – 191,275,719
• All Drivers Involvement Rate in
Fatal Crashes/100,000 Licensed Drivers –
22.02 (37,795 crashes with 42,116 deaths)
• Aged 16-20 Drivers Involvement Rate in
Fatal Crashes/100,000 Licensed Drivers –
63.36 (Male 87.24%, Female 38.06%)
Note: Data is from (FARS) Fatality Analysis Reporting
System and (GES) General Estimates System
A Few More Numbers
• 1 out of 14 licensed
drivers in U.S. are
involved in traffic crashes
(all ages)
• 1 in 6 licensed drivers in
U.S. are involved in traffic
crashes (16 to 17)
Motor Vehicle Deaths as Percent
of All Deaths (1999)
Age
(years)
Male
(percent)
Female
(percent)
All
(percent)
<5
2
2
2
5-9
23
22
23
10-12
22
22
22
13-15
25
31
27
16-17
36
50
40
Note: All includes gender unknowns
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
Fatality Facts – Teenagers
Motor Vehicle Deaths as Percent
of All Deaths (1999)
Age
(years)
Male
(percent)
Female
(percent)
All
(percent)
18-19
36
44
38
20-24
30
29
30
25-34
18
14
17
35-54
5
4
5
>55
1
<1
1
Note: All includes gender unknowns
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
Fatality Facts – Teenagers
No Safety in Numbers
16-Year-Olds
More Likely to be Killed than Those
Driving Alone
– Carrying One Passenger 39%
– Carrying Two Passengers Carrying 86%
– Three or More Passengers 207%
No Safety in Numbers
17-Year-Olds
More Likely to be Killed than Those
Driving Alone
– Carrying One Passenger 48%
– Carrying Two Passengers 158%
– Carrying Three or More Passengers
207%
Graduated Driver Licensing
System (GDL) – Three Stages
•
•
•
Learner’s Permit
Provisional License
(Intermediate, Probationary)
Full/Unrestricted License
Graduated Driver Licensing
System (GDL)
Learner’s Permit
• Requirements:
–
–
–
–
Minimum age (16)
Parental/Guardian/Mentor Cosign if <18
Tests to be taken (vision & written)
Length of permit 1 year (renewable)180 days
before eligible for road test
• If you fail road test you may try 5 more times
waiting 7 days between tests, if you fail the 6th
time you will have one more chance then you
must start the process over.
Graduated Driver Licensing
System (GDL)
Learner’s Permit
• Limitations
– Accompanied by adult (21+) licensed driver in
front passenger seat
– No other front seat passengers
– No driving midnight to 6 A.M. (without cause)
– Zero alcohol tolerance (0.02 BAC)
– Under 18 must complete 4 hour Graduate
Licensing or high school driver ed class
Graduated Driver Licensing
System (GDL)
• Sanctions:
– License may be suspended
more than six points (under age 18)
more than twelve points (18 +)
Young Drivers: The High Risk Years
Definition of Risk:
The Chance of
Injury, Damage, or Loss
Factors to Evaluate for Better Risk
Management
•
Probability
– What is the likelihood of a dangerous
event occurring?
•
Manageability
– What is the manageability of the
dangerous event?
•
Consequences
– Identify and consider alternative
actions.
Characteristics of Risk
•
Risk is always present
– Probability, Manageability, Consequences
More than 50%
of all vehicle
occupant
fatalities occur in
single vehicle
crashes.
Which situation has more risk?
Characteristics of Risk
•
Perceived risk differs from actual risk
– Probability, Manageability, Consequences
Characteristics of Risk
•
Risk is shared
– Probability, Manageability, Consequences
Characteristics of Risk
•
Risk can be altered
– Probability, Manageability, Consequences
Driving with
headlights on
makes vehicle
visible twice as
far. This is an
example of
altering risk.
Survey of Perceptions on
Highway Safety
Perception of Risk and Control
What is the likelihood of a crash?
Perceived likelihood of a crash
1 in 5
1 in 10
1 in 50
1 in 100
1 in 500
1 in 1000
Don’t Know
Percent
10.9
12.2
13.4
16.5
11.5
30.4
5.1
Survey of Perceptions on
Highway Safety
Perceptions of Risk and Control
How much control do you have?
Amount of Perceived Control
Percent
Almost total control
37.4
A lot of control
45.2
Some control
15.1
Very little control
1.7
Survey of Perceptions on
Highway Safety
Perceptions of Risk and Control
Who is at fault?
Perceived Most Likely Cause of a Crash
Percent
Someone else’s error
58.8
Unavoidable bad luck
16.5
Physical defect in car or road
9.6
My driving error
6.3
Other
6.1
Primary Crash Factors(1)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Perceptual failure
Not watching travel path
Driving too fast for conditions
Driving too fast around curves
Pulled out in front of traffic at intersection
Was hit at intersection by another vehicle
Failed to steer/react quick enough
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA)
Primary Crash Factors(2)
• Failed to maintain visual lead
• Failed to see action developing on the side
of the road
• Followed too closely
• Willfully took right of way
• Distracted
Establishing a Mind Set - Reduced
Risk Driving
• Probability of a Dangerous Event
Occurring:
– Stop sign observance
• 2 out of 3 drivers do not stop at stop signs
• In residential areas and/or on 2-lane roads,
90% of drivers do not stop
– Signal light observance
• Rush hour, 4 to 5 drivers run red lights
FTYRW & Speeding are the most violated traffic laws
Establishing a Mind Set - Reduced Risk
Driving
• Probability of a Dangerous Event Occurring
Are High In:
– Areas of restricted vision
– Areas of reduced space
– Areas of reduced traction
• Be prepared to manage a dangerous event
– Reduce speed
– Improve visibility
– Separate threatening elements
– Assess traction
Establishing a Mind Set Reduced Risk Driving
• Understand the consequences of
alternative actions: avoid
increasing the level of risk
Five ways to Control Risk
•
•
•
•
Keep car in top condition
Anticipate situations
Always protect yourself & others
Drive only in sound mental/physical
condition
• Continue to improve skills/habits
It takes a new driver 5 years to reach
the driving ability of an average driver!
Basic Principle of Safe
Driving
Wisely manage visibility, time, and
space