Transcript PowerPoint プレゼンテーション - www.physics.uci.edu

8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
in Magnetic Confinement Systems
Summary of Experimental Papers
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
1
Alpha Particles
Source of instabilities.
Energy source of self-sustainable burning plasma
Supra-thermal, run away electrons
Source of dangers on disruption
Source of dangers
Should be understood and controlled
Energy source
Should be utilized most effectively
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
2
-- 28 “Experimental” Papers -11 Tokamak papers
8
Helical
1 Linear
7
Diagnostics
1
energetic electrons
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
3
use a energy
understand
Orbit Topology/alpha
channeling/Momentum
injection/Diffusion
Instabilities
Tokamak
Testa JET/ITER
Sharapov JET
Snipes C-Mod
Fasoli JET/ITER
Shinohara
JT-60U/JFT2M
Wong DIII-D
Helical/L
Tokamak
Toi LHD
Isobe CHS
Osakabe
LHD
Zhao LAPD
Fredrickson NSTX
Gryaznevich
MAST/START
Darrow NSTX
Medley NSTX
Heidbrink
NSTX/DIII-D
Medley
NSTX
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
Eriksson
JET
Wong
DIIID
understand
Diagnostics
Supra-th.
electrons
Helical/L
Murakami
LHD
Ozaki LHD
Saida LHD
Matsushita
CHS
Osakabe
LHD
Notake
LHD
Darrow
JET/ITER
Sasao ITER
Darrow
NSTX
Cecil
JET/ NSTX
Roquemore
NSTX
Lu DIII-D
Gontcharov
LHD
Osakabe LHD
Plysusnin
JET
4
Understad Instabilities---Tokamak
Testa JET/ITER Active excitation/passive excitation
Damping Rate Study extended
PNBI Threshold for Excitation of n=5-8 TAEs Increases with Edge Magnetic
Shear
Mode Splitting and Lower Damping Rate for n=1 TAEs at PNBI>3MW , in Low
magnetic shear.
nonlinear coupling of EPMs with MeV ions in advanced scenarios .
Error Field Affects Radial Profile of fFAST(E,r)
•error field locks to q=2 surface distorting the magnetic topology:
–q=2 TAEs disappear completely
–q=3 EAEs only marginally affected
•fast ions scattering: possible method to control peaking of bFAST(r)?
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
5
Damping Rate of n=0/1/2 AEs Increases with
Edge Elongation and Triangularity
conventional tokamak scenario: monotonic q-profile
agreement with theory: role of edge magnetic shear
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001),
6 809
Understad Instabilities---Tokamak
Testa JET/ITER Active excitation/passive excitation
PNBI Threshold for Excitation of n=5-8 TAEs Increases with Edge Magnetic
Shear
Mode Splitting and Lower Damping Rate for n=1 TAEs at PNBI>3MW , in Low
magnetic shear.
nonlinear coupling of EPMs with MeV ions in advanced scenarios .
Error Field Affects Radial Profile of fFAST(E,r)
•error field locks to q=2 surface distorting the magnetic topology:
–q=2 TAEs disappear completely
–q=3 EAEs only marginally affected
•fast ions scattering: possible method to control peaking of bFAST(r)?
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
7
A.Fasoli
A new antenna system has been designed and is being constructed to
excite MHD modes in the Alfvén range of frequencies, in the range n~515, which can be driven unstable by fusion generated alphas or other
fast particles in large machines.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
8
Alfvén Eigen Modes Stability---Tokamak
Sharapov JET
Alfvén Cascades modes associated with qmin excited by fast ions.
Used successfully for monitoring the qmin(t) evolution
The temporal correlation between Alfvén grand-Cascades, ITB triggering
events and integer values of qmin has been established for a wide range of plasma
conditions and pre-heating scenarios on JET
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
9
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
10
Alfvén Eigen Modes Stability---Tokamak
Sharapov JET
A technique for obtaining ITBs in shear reversed plasmas by applying the main
heating shortly before the AC time has been established on JET
A new way of detecting Alfvén Cascades with interferometry has been found.
These measurements give a high-accuracy monitoring of qmi (t) and may lead to
a systematic diagnosis of the transport properties of the layer surrounding qmi
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
11
Alfvén Eigen Modes Stability---Tokamak
Snipes C-Mod
Active and Passive Study has been carried out with a pair of active MHD
antennas. Stable TAE resonances at q=1.5 are actively excited with a single high n
antenna in both limited and diverted discharges in the range of toroidal fields and
densities expected in ITER .
Software synchronous detection provides good fits to the stable TAE
resonances on multiple pick-up coil signals with 0.5% < γ/ω< 4%
Diverted discharges require an outer gap < 1 cm to see the resonance
Alfvén Cascades are observed in the current rise at low density with strong
ICRF heating indicating slightly reversed shear with qmin= 3 Results agree
well with MISHKA modeling of the Alfvén Cascades
･Modes are also observed in the EAE frequency range ~ 1 MHz in relatively
low density EDA H-modes rotating in the electron direction
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
12
Alfvén Cascades in the Current Rise
 Rapidly chirping Alfvén Cascades in the current rise with strong ICRF
heating at low density indicate a reversed shear q profile and
determine the minimum q value at the minimum mode frequency
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
13
• To investigate dependence
of mode amplitude on qprofile, NNB was injected
into RS plasmas with
various qmin
Magnetic Fluctuation
[10-5 T]
Alfvén Eigen Modes Stability---Tokamak
Shinohara JT-60U/JFT2M
• Reversed-Shear-induced Alfvén Eigenmode (RSAE)
Time
1.5
E40744
1
E40743
E40739
0.5
• n=1 mode amplitude has
its maximum around qmin =
2.4 - 2.7
0
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
qmin
2.2
2
Bt=3.7T, Ip=1.3MA for all shots
8th
IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
14
Magnetic Fluctuation
[10-5 T]
(a)
Time
1.5
4 (b) qmin=2.8
3
2
10
5
00
(c)qmin=2.5
(d)qmin=2.3
1
E40743
E40739
0.5
RSAE
0.5

E40744
0
TAE
1 0
0.5

1 0
0.5

1
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
qmin
2.2
Bt=3.7T, Ip=1.3MA for all shots
• A gap is formed due to the reversed shear q-profile at the zero
magnetic shear location and is not induced by toroidal coupling
• AE was found around the upper and the lower boundary of the gap
using the calculation of TASK/WK code
• RSAE and its transition to TAE is consistent with the observed
Fig.upward
3. K.Shinohara
et.al. frequency sweeping and subsequent
and downward
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
15
frequency
saturation.
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
2
Alfvén Eigen Modes Stability---Tokamak
Shinohara JT-60U/JFT2M
-4
15 -1 ~
neutron emission rate
]
[10
B/B
]
S
[10
s
n
13 -1 -2
[10 s m ]
• Escaping ion measurement in JFT-2M
• Heat flux in Complex magnetic field produced by ferritic inserts
2E39672
ALE
(a)
1
0
1.3
(b)
1.2
1.1
6
8th
IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
(c)
5
ch.1 r/a=0.21
4
ch.2 r/a=0.34
3
ch.3 r/a=0.48
2
ch.4 r/a=0.58
1
ch.5 r/a=0.75
0
4.35
ch.6 r/a=0.86
4.4
4.45
Time [s]
4.5
4.55
16
Alfvén Eigen Modes -- SphericalTokamaks
Fredrickson NSTX
Neutral beam injection into the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)
results in a broad spectrum of instabilities .
The lowest frequency energetic ion driven modes have a bursting character with
strong frequency chirpingas "fishbones".
Mode activity in the frequency range of 80 to 150 kHz are classified as Toroidal
Alfvén Eigenmodes (TAE). When the TAE exhibit bursting, they can cause
substantial fast ion losses.
In the frequency range from 0.5 MHz to over 3 MHz for CAE and in ST geometry
Belova NSTX
Numerical Study on Compressional Alfvén Eigenmodes (CAEs) and Global
Alfvén Eigenmodes (GAEs), which are driven unstable through the Doppler
shifted cyclotron resonance with the beam ions [2]. The strong anisotropy in the
fast-ion pitch-angle distribution provides the energy source for the instabilities.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
17
TAE bursts responsible for most of
fast ion loss here
108530
200
(a)
black
red
green
blue
yellow
f = fTAE + n “frotation”
FREQUENCY (kHz)
150
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
100
fTAE = V A(0)/4qR0
50
0
1.0
(b) Neutrons (10 14/s)
0.0
0.20
0.22
0.24 on Energetic
0.26
0.28
8th IAEA Technical
Meeting
Particles
San Diego, CA, OctoberTIME
6 – 8, 2003
(s)
0.30
• Neutron drops ≈ 10-15 %.
• Period is again ≈ 10 ms.
• In steady-state, predicted
reduction in fast ion beta
of 40 %.
• TAE have strong bursting
character with multiple
modes present.
18
Alfvén Eigen Modes -- SphericalTokamaks
Fredrickson NSTX
In the frequency range from 0.5 MHz to over 3 MHz for CAE and in ST geometry
Belova NSTX
Numerical Study on Compressional Alfvén Eigenmodes (CAEs) and Global
Alfvén Eigenmodes (GAEs), which are driven unstable through the Doppler
shifted cyclotron resonance with the beam ions [2]. The strong anisotropy in the
fast-ion pitch-angle distribution provides the energy source for the instabilities.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
19
Alfvén Eigen Modes -- SphericalTokamaks
Darrow NSTX
loss of 80 keV D beam ions .
Comparison of the measurements and modeling. A detailed model
is being developed which compute the loss to a specified detector location,
incorporating the measured plasma magnetic equilibrium, inferred beam
deposition profile, and the range of orbits which enter the detector.
Medley NSTX
Horizontally scanning Neutral Particle Analyzer(NPA) whose sightline views across the
three co-injected neutral beams. For example, onset of an n = 2 mode leads to relatively
slow decay of the energetic ion population (E ~ 5 - 100 keV) and consequently the neutron
yield. The effect of reconnection events, sawteeth and bounce fishbones differs from that
observed for MHD modes.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
20
Illustration of MHD-induced Ion Loss during H-mode
BT = 4.8 kG, IP = 0.8 MA, Source A & B @ 90 keV, Low MCP Bias
Ip (MA)
0.4
4
2
0
4
2
0
4
0
300
2
200
0
100
0
Frequency (kHz)
100
n:
1
2
3
50
0
8th
IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
0
0.2
0.4
Time (s)
0.6
0.8
21
SNPA
(10 5 s-1)
4
ED = 50 keV
v (kms-1 )
Sn
13
s-1)
(10
0
8
Da (a.u. )
0
5
ne
(10 19 m-3)
Following H-Mode onset at 230 ms,
the NPA spectra show significant loss
of energetic ions only for E>Eb/2.
Pb (MW)
•
SN108730
0.8
Alfvén Eigen Modes Stability---Tokamak
Gryaznevich MAST / START
Experimental study of Alfvénic instabilities in STs provides an opportunity to test theoretical
models, which could then be applied to alpha-particle physics predictions in ITER and
beyond. Several types of high frequency MHD activity that may be associated with toroidal
Alfvén eigenmodes and energetic particle modes have been observed on START, MAST
and NSTX in neutral beam heated discharges. Chirping down modes in STs were first
observed on START. In contrast to START, chirping modes on MAST often exhibit a
symmetric chirp up and down in frequency simultaneously. This behaviour can be described
by the hole-clump model. MAST exhibits post-sawtooth humpbacked fishbones as well as
conventional ones. EPD modes on MAST can trigger long-lasting tearing modes with NTM
features. Results of the modelling (MISHKA and HAGIS codes) of the mode structure and
frequency sweeping show good agreement with the experimental data and with
theoretical predictions.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
22
Impact of EPD MHD on START and MAST plasmas
Regime
low-b
(< 5%)
EPD modes observed
impact on
thermal plasma
impact on fast
particles
TAE, EAE;
multi-n chirping modes
(up, down and both);
fishbones, n=1; ICE
not observed
higher-b
(5 - 15%)
chirping modes (down);
fishbones, n=1,2,3
small reversible correlated loss
loss of Wtot;
with chirping
modes
indirect effect
through EPDtriggered longlasting modes
high-b
(>15%)
not observed on START
not observed
on START
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
no correlation
found on START
and MAST up to
date (but see
NSTX)
not observed on
START
23
Heidbrink NSTX/DIII-D
The major radius dependence of Alfvén Eigen Modes stability is
studeid by creating plasmas with similar minor radius, shape ,
magnetic field, density, Te, and beam population ( near tangential 80
keV deuterium injection) on both NSTX and DIIID. The major
radius of NSTX is half of that of DIID.
The stability threshed for the TAW is similar in the devices.
The most unstable toroidal mode number n is larger in DIIID.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
24
Rotational Transform  ( =1/q )
K. Toi
Energetic-Ion Driven Alfvén Eigenmodes in Large Helical Device
Plasmas with Three-Dimensional Structure and Their Impact on
Energetic Ion Transport
1.6
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
 3D-configuration: Non uniformity
of the field strength on the
magnetic surface in both poloidal
& toroidal diections.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
0.0%-beta
1.12%-beta
1.61%-beta
2.12%-beta
2.66%-beta
1.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6

0.8
1
 q-profile: Negative shear
configuration in the edge, and
change to positive shear in the
core with the increase in the
25
toroidal beta.
1.2
Eigenmode transition from TAE to GAE
during time evolution of -profile
 When the minimum (0)
goes through 0.4, m~2,3/n=1
TAE is converted to
m=3/n=1 GAE and m=2/n=1
mode.
 m=2/n=1 mode will suffer
from strong continuum
damping, and it is consistent
with exp. Results.
 This phenomenon is similar
to RS-TAEs in a RS-plasma
of JT-60U.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
26
Observation of new AEs in 3D-configuration
(Helicity-Induced Alfven Eigenmodes)
 At low Bt<0.7T, coherent magnetic fluctuations less than 500 kHz in LHD
are observed. Its frequency is about 8 times higher than TAE gap frequency.
 They will be Helicity induced Alfven Eigenmode (HAE) whose frequency is
by about Nq-times higher than TAE-frequency.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
S. Yamaoto et al., to be publshed in PRL (2003)
27
MHD induced loss of energetic particles are also observed in Helical
Systems
Osakabe LHD
Increase and/or decrease of fast neutral flux being associated with the
MHD-bursts were observed for low magnetic field (Bt=0.5~1.2[T])
LHD standard configuration (Rax=3.6[m] and 3.75[m]), for co.-going
particles, with dominant components of the MHD burst being assigned
as TAE of n=2/m=3~4.
Isobe CHS
Escaping fast ion probe is installed and observation shows that MHD
activity induces beam ion loss toward small R side.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
28
Evidence for the influence of fast ions on plasma rotation
(L.-G. Eriksson)
• The absorption by fast resonating ions of toroidal momentum carried by
directed ICRF waves, and its subsequent transfer to the bulk thermal
plasma, is found to influence the toroidal plasma rotation
• Discharges with co (+90O antenna phasing) and counter (-90O) current
propagating waves have been compared.
• A reference discharge with about 30% of +90o ICRF power exchanged
for LH power was also performed, giving a lower stored energy and ion
pressure.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
29
Carbon rotation profiles measured with the charge exchange
recombination spectroscopy using NBI blips (method described in
Noterdaeme et al.1)
t=51 s
•
The +90o discharge rotates
more strongly in the centre
than –90o, consistent with
fast ion absorption of wave
momentum.
•
LH discharge shows the
difference is not due to
modified WDIA
or ion pressure.
(co-current wave
momentum)
With LH
1J.M.
Noterdaeme et al, Nuclear Fusion 2003
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
30
Orbit Topology/alpha channeling/Momentum
injection/Diffusion
Wong DIII-D
Alpha channelling is demonstrated by experimental data from the DIII-D tokamak.
1. It is shown that spontaneous redistribution of energetic ions by the excited Alfven eigenmodes can
reduce the central magnetic shear and produce velocity shear at the same time - the two ingredients
needed for ITB.
2. Quasi-steady-state ITB can be sustained in DIII-D when Alfven modes are excited. This experimental
result demonstrates that the process envisioned in (1) can indeed occur.
3. This mechanism offers the possibility of having an ITB as a natural steady state of a burning plasma.
4. There may not be enough energetic alpha particles in the present ITER design to form an ITB, but it
may be possible in a different design.
5. Partial effects, i.e., stabilization of part of the ITG turbulence, may be possible in ITER, and it can still
be beneficial to plasma confinement.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
31
Orbit Topology/Ripples/Diffusion in Helical Systems
The ripple trapped energetic particle is one of important issues
in the development of a reactor based on the helical system.
toroidal angle
B~cnst.
transition
helically trapped
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
Toroidal
projection
(Boozer co.)
32
Murakami LHD
Radial transport of energetic particles due to the ripple trapped particle.
Complex behavior and radial transport of energetic ions during
NBI and ICRF heating using a global transport simulation code (GNET)
Ozaki LHD
Charge Exchange Neutral Particle Flux during Fueling Pellet Injection. The
decay times depend on the particle energy.The radial information of the
diffusion coefficient obtained
Saida LHD
Effect of helical magnetic field ripples on energetic particle confinement was
investigate. Matching of drift surfaces for trapped particles and Magnetic flux
surfaces is important.
Matsushita CHS
DNB is scanned to see the confinement of energetic partilces.
Notake LHD
Electric Field effect on partilce orbit is studied.
Resonant Loss-cone, cancellation of ExB drift and grad-B drift
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
33
Zhao LAPD
Liner basic plasma physics machine, 500 eV ions source.
Plan for study of wave-particle resonance between a helium
beam and Alfven waves.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
34
Diagnostics
M. Sasao
Overview of Fusion Products Measurements of ITER
1.
10 sub-systems are now on the planned for fusion product measurement on
ITER.
2.
Neutron emission rate (time response) measurement for burn control and
MHD study will have the 1 MHz capability.
3.
Neutron /Alpha birth profile can be obtained by 20 viewing chords and 7
viewing chords from the divertor. Deviation from the uniformity can be
detected
4.
Measurement of confined alpha particle distributions is a challenge. Several
proposals are now under examination.
5.
Escaping Alpha Diagnostics is a challenge. Several proposals are now under
examination.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
35
Darrow JET/ITER
Design of two lost alpha particle diagnostics for JET
They consist of a poloidal array of five sets of thin foil Faraday collectors, with
good time resolution (1 kHz)
A scintillator based probe located slightly below the midplane, the energy and
pitch angle distribution resolution
The two candidate scintillator materials, Y3Al5O12:Tb (P53) and Y2O3:Eu (P56),
both are luminous to at least 400 C,
Experience in operating both diagnostics in a high temperature and high radiation
environment will be valuable in preparation for the design of similar diagnostics
for ITER.
•
•
•
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
Gyromotion of fast ions
Particle selection by slits
Light emission by scintillator
36
Thin foil Faraday cups allow some energy resolution
Plasma
a
Thin
(2.5 mm)
Ni foils
• Detector composed of multiple thin
metal foils
• Ion energy determines deposition
depth
• Ion current measured for each foil
individually
• Current vs depth gives energy
distribution (DE~30–50%)
Current flow
to amplifiers
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
37
Cecil JET/ NSTX / DIII-D
A new lost ion diagnostic on DIII-D and a redesigned probe on NSTX.
The Faraday foil collectors New Results are shown.
RoquemoreNSTX
The neutron emission is seen to be very sensitive to fast-ion related phenomena such as MHD and
internal reconnection events.
A study presented being performed to evaluate the feasibility of installing a
neutron profile monitor on NSTX to spatially resolve the fluctuations in the neutronsignal as well
as provide information on fast ion transport and confinement.
It is important to minimize Backscattering
Lu DIII-D
Measurement of re-neutralized beam ions for beam ion profile.
Gontcharov LHD
The multidirectional passive neutral particle analyzer has been applied to investigate the behavior of
anisotropic distributions of suprathermal protons
Local measurements of the plasma ion distribution function by detecting charge exchange neutrals
from an impurity pellet ablation cloud.
Osakabe LHD
BLIP
experiment was performed with NPA to see the confinement of energetic partilces.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
38
New
Maximum Entropy and Maximum Likelihood Method(MEMLM).
San technics
Diego, CA, based
October on
6 – the
8, 2003
V.V. Plyusnin
Super-thermal and runaway electrons at reconnection events during JET
disruptions.
Study on major disruptions in JET spontaneous and intentional has been carried out to
further understanding of the trends of disruption induced runaway process.
Runaway electron parameters have been measured using the hard X-ray and neutron
diagnostics. Soft X-ray inverse reconstruction and ECE measurements of the electron
temperature profile have been used in order to investigate the effect of the magnetic
field re-arrangement at disruptions on the runaway process.
Soft X-ray inverse reconstruction of the magnetic field evolution at a reconnection
event has shown that an axis-symmetric confining configuration has been created
again in a very short time-scale (~200 microseconds) after reconnection providing
confinement of the super-thermal or low energy runaway electrons generated at
this event.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
39
Interaction between energetic ions and MHD
perturbations are studied in major tokamaks,
spherical tokamaks and LHD.
Progress in understanding and development of
tools for understanding (codes, diagnostic) will
be made by collaboration between different
configurations.
8th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles
San Diego, CA, October 6 – 8, 2003
40