Transcript Changing Urban Environments last one

How to float:
1) Pour some
water on the
ground
2) step away from
the water
3) take a photo
Changing Urban Environments
The final revision
Changing Urban
Environments
Urbanisation is the growth in the
proportion of people living in urban areas
in a country. (e.g. up from 45% living in
cities to 56%)
Describe the
geographical
patterns this
graph shows
(3 marks)
Changing Urban
Environments
So why are people moving to the
cities? (and what is a better word
for this than moving?)
Tip to help you answer
this question…….
‘push’ and ‘pull’
Changing Urban
Environments
So why are people moving to the
cities? (and what is a better word
for this than moving?)
1/ This drawing gives some
reason… did you think of
any no on this?
2/ Explain some of these
reasons by adding the
phrase “this means that ….”
to it
Changing Urban
Environments
So why are people moving to the
cities? (and what is a better word
for this than moving?)
Changing Urban
Environments
Rural urban migration and other
factors cause cities to develop
distinct areas
Bbc bitesize on the topic
Central business district is the main shopping and
service area in a city. This is normally found in the
middle of the city, which means the accessibility is
the best. Vertical zonation is common because of
sky-high land prices. Land use is mainly
commercial/retail, not residential.
Inner city areas consist of terraced housing, which
dates back to the Victorian era. The inner city has
derelict buildings, high crime rates and a bad
environment to live in. Some old
warehouses/industry can also be found here.
The suburbs contain much larger housing, mainly
detached, because of the land prices being cheaper
(bid-rent theory). Houses tend to have gardens.
Houses are fairly recent. Middle class people tend
to live in the suburbs.
Changing Urban
Environments
Different Urban areas – we have looked
at CBD, suburbs and inner cities. There
is also the rural urban fringe….
This is the rural
urban fringe…… it
is almost exactly
like where we are
right now in
Laverstock…… you
may be able to
talk about them if
there is a question
on green field and
brown field sites
Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
Here is the BBC bitesize definition of
these terms
Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
So why build houses in the rural
urban fringe?
Why is housing built at the RUF?
Land is cheap
Peace and quiet
More housing is
needed as more
people are living
alone and living
longer.
Less crime
Good access to
countryside
Easy access to
motorways
Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
So why build houses in the rural
urban fringe?
What are the negative impacts caused by
developing the RUF?
• Large areas of countryside may be lost
• Buildings may be out of character with existing rural
buildings
• Villages become suburbanised
• Traffic is likely to increase ( both cars and lorries)
• There may be some noise or pollution
• NIMBY
Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
So why revitalise/regenerate CBDs?
CBDs in some MEDCs have become run down due to
out of town shopping centres and business parks….
What advantages do these places have over CBDs?
Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
So why revitalise/regenerate CBDs?
CBDs in some MEDCs have become run down due to out of town
shopping centres and business parks…. What advantages do
these places have over CBDs?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cheaper land and rent
Easier access (esp.by car)
Undercover shopping
Better parking
More modern
Changing Urban
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Brown field and green field sites
So what have some CBDs done?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pedestrianisation
Improve access and parking (including public transport)
Converting derelict land into modern shops and facilities
Improving public areas
Reducing rents and enticing businesses in with other financial
benefits
Which of these has Salisbury
done and have there been
any other schemes in town?
Also I haven’t mentioned
conserving the historical
buildings yet.
Changing Urban
Environments
Improving GCSE geography
answers
1/ When describing changes, always include
the knock on effects of these changes (called
‘secondary’ effects in the exam sometimes).
One good phrase to use is “This means
that…. “
2/ Don’t separate economic, environmental
and social too much in your mind they can
interlink
Study Figure 3, on the insert, which
shows part of the Central Business
District in Dudley, a town in the West
Midlands.
Explain why the Central Business
Districts of some towns need to be
improved. Use Figure 3 and your
own knowledge. (4 MARKS)
2 (b) (ii) The following is a list of
some solutions that local councils
have used to improve CBDs.
• Giving money to build indoor
shopping centres
• Encouraging people to live in flats
above the shops
• Introducing security cameras
Choose two of the solutions listed or
others that you have studied Explain
how your chosen solutions might
improve a city’s CBD. (4MARKS)
Changing Urban
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Changing Urban
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There should be some evidence of the use of Figure 3 by reference to closed/boarded up shops. Question
can be answered by consideration of the problems/disadvantages of city centres and/or the advantages of
out-of-town shopping centres/business parks with office development. Issues associated with CBDs are
crime and vandalism, congestion, high business rates and costs. The advantages of developments in the
rural-urban fringe are greater space, cheaper land, greater accessibility. Traffic congestion and more
pollution and the vicious cycle of decline.
(4 marks)
Level 1 (Basic) (1-2 marks)
Simple statements largely listing the problems facing CBDs with little or no explanation.
Crime and vandalism. Shops closing down. High business rents and costs.
Traffic congestion. Empty at night.
Level 2 (Clear) (3-4 marks)
Linked statements showing explanation of the problems facing CBDs. Must show evidence of the use of
Figure 3 and own knowledge.
As very few people live in the CBDs they often become empty at night and can be dangerous to go into
because of the crime and vandalism. Many shops are closing down because of growth of out-of-town
shopping parks. There may be a great deal of traffic congestion due to the accessibility
Mark scheme
Changing Urban
Environments
2x2 or 1x3+1 Reserve 1 mark under each heading for an indication of
how the suggested solution will improve the CBD.
Giving money to build indoor shopping centres – allow people to shop
in the warm and dry whatever the weather. They often have parking
spaces provided making them accessible and so encouraging more
people to shop in the city centre.
Mark scheme
Encouraging people to live in flats above the shops – if people live
above the shops there will be more people in the city centre at night
and so the shops and other land-uses like entertainment are likely to
gain more custom.
Introducing security cameras – may reduce crime or at least make
people less frightened and so they are more likely to use the city
centre especially at night.
Found via
uberhumor.com
well worth a
facebook like
and/or a twitter
follow
Changing Urban
Environments
Issues in MEDC cities
1. Shortage of housing – (covered in RUF above
and later with LDDC)
2. Run down CBD’s – (covered above in exam
question and in Salisbury CBD example
3. Traffic issues – we went to Bath; yet to cover
today
4. Ethnic Segregation – yet to cover today
Changing Urban
Environments
Issues in MEDC cities –
traffic issues.
Problems
Solutions
More air pollution leading to health issues
Improve public transport WHICH MEANS THAT
….
More air pollution leading to damaged
buildings
Increase parking costs WHICH MEANS THAT ….
More road accidents
Bus priority lanes and cycling lanes WHICH
MEANS THAT ….
More traffic jams/congestion leading to delays
for all
Pedestrianisation WHICH MEANS THAT …..
Changing Urban
Environments
Issues in MEDC cities –
ethnic segregation.
Why do different ethnic
groups live in the same area?
Solutions
People like to live amongst others who share
the same language, religion and/or culture
Improve access to useful information by
printing it different languages WHICH MEANS
THAT ….
People like to live near facilities and services
for their culture, e.g. places of worship, shops
Improving communication between different
groups by involving community leaders in
meetings WHICH MEANS THAT ….
Some ethnic groups may be less wealthy on
average (esp. recent migrants) so they live
together in cheaper housing areas
Provide interpreters at hospitals, doctors and
police stations WHICH MEANS THAT ….
Provide suitable services for different cultures
(e.g. same sex doctors) WHICH MEANS THAT
Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDIES
1. Impact of government policies in MEDC - We
looked at the London docklands
2. Squatter settlement – favela in Brazil
3. Example of sustainable urban community –
we looked at BedZed
Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – London
Docklands
What it covers……
• What a government has done to
• improve inner cities
• Housing issues in part of a MEDC city
• Also you can refer to it in some questions on
sustainability in urban areas
Why did the London Docks go into
decline?
1. An increase in ship size meant they
found it difficult to come down the river as
far as the Isle of Dogs where the river
wasn't as deep. (the position of the docks
moved further downstream to Tilbury);
2. Containerisation meant few dockers
were needed with large cranes used to lift
containers from ships;
3. The decline of portside industries and
manufacturing
-£10 million spent homes
- a total of 22,000 new homes built
-of old warehouses to new homes
- New shopping centre built
- refurbishment of shopping parades
- - many restaurants, pubs and cafes built
- Docklands Sailing and Watersports Centre
- £100 million spent on health, education, job
training etc
-Unemployment had fallen & business increased
- transport revolution - opening of the Docklands Light
Railway in 1987 - now carrying 35,000 passengers a week;
- £7.7 billion in private sector investment
-Building of the City Airport
-- attraction of financial and high-tech firms,
- TV studios and newspapers such as The Guardian now have
offices in the prestigious Canary Wharf business complex.
In 1981 the London's Docklands
Development Corporation (LDDC)
was set up to improve the
economic, social and environmental
problems that had developed in the
area that was once one of the
world's busiest ports.. The area
became on the first Enterprise
Zones in 1981. The land was made
rate free for ten years.
Environmental Regeneration
- network of pedestrian and cycle routes
- creation of pedestrian bridges
- creation of new open spaces (150ha)
- Water based Ecology Park and London's first bird sanctuary at
East India Dock Basin - one of 17 conservation areas set up
- planting of 200,000 trees;
- the area has now received many awards for architecture,
conservation and landscaping
Success
-Increase in trade
-Large TNCs came
-Better transport
-Sustainable building
(Brownfield sites)
-Conservation
Criticisms
-Didn’t benefit the original
residents, couldn’t afford new
houses
-No community
-High skilled jobs not for old
dockers
Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – BedZed
An example of a sustainable urban community
• Environmental: the importance of conserving
historical and natural features, using brownfield
sites, providing open spaces, reducing and
disposing of waste.
• Social: including local people in decision making,
providing an efficient public transport system
Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – BedZed
This was the re-sit class and homework you
found the easiest all year. So I have gathered
together some of your answers (all 8/8) and we
can use them as a revision guide)
Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – Squatter
Settlement
The most important case study in the Urban topic as it covers
so many different points and is therefore most likely to appear
in the exam
• The characteristics of a squatter settlement; growth,
appearance, housing, social issues, economy, environment
• Self help site and service and local authority plans to
improve squatter settlements
• The effects and management of air and water pollution in
LEDC cities (not strictly part of the case study, but it can
give some examples of these)
Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – Squatter
Settlement
The revision guide does this very well so lets
have a look at that (pages 89-91)