Transcript 汉译英理论与实践

汉译英理论与实践
程永生 著
说

明
此次更新时，重新制作了《汉译英理论与实
践》教学课件。为了不过多地占用网络空间，上
网时仅为每节提供样品。第一章前两节各提供
3—5个幻灯片，第三节成语、典故、俗语、谚
语和歇后语英译各提供5个样品，后续各节原则
上各提供5个样品，其他三章各节各提供2个样
品，特此说明。
目录
 第一章
汉语词语英译
 第二章 现代汉语句子英译
 第三章 现代汉语段落英译
 第四章 汉语四大古典小说名著选段
英译
第一章
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第一节
第二节
第三节
第四节
第五节
第六节
第七节
第八节
汉语词语英译
汉语词语概述
词语翻译机制
汉语成语、典故、俗语、谚语与歇后
语英译
汉语人名、地名英译
汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译
汉语带数字的词语英译
汉语天文、历法与节气方面的词语英译
现代汉语时新词语英译
第一节 汉语词语概述
汉语词语
 2 本书涉及的汉语词语
 3 汉语词语的文化负载
 4 汉语词语在汉译英中
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的意义
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1 汉语词语
 1）汉语的词
 2）汉语的短语
1) 汉语的词
定义
 (2) 分类
 (3) 结构
 (4) 功能
 (5) 意义
 (1)
(1) 汉语词的定义
一种大于词素、小于
句子（分句）的语言单位
 (2) 词形: 具有语音形式和书写形式
 (3) 词性: 在句子中担任一定的语法成
分
 (4) 词义: 具有一定的意义
 (1)语言单位：
(2) 汉语词的分类
实词
 (2) 半实词
 (3)半虚词
 (4) 虚词
 (5) 特殊词类
 (1)
2）汉语的短语
汉语短语的定义
 (2) 汉语短语的分类
 (3) 汉语短语的结构
 (4) 汉语短语的功能
 (5) 汉语短语的意义
 (1)
(1) 汉语短语的定义
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大于词而小于句子的语言单位，具有独立
的意义，具有一定的语法功能；换言之，短语的
构成成分是词
短语中的有些熟语，如成语、典故、俗语、
谚语和歇后语，往往具有句法性质
(2) 汉语短语的分类
 A 实词组合
同位与连动
 C 兼语词组
 D 特定实词词组
 E 特定虚词词组
 F 惯用词组
B
2 本书涉及的汉语词语
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（1）普通词语；
（2）专有名词和专门用途名词如人名、地名、
职官体系名称、职官名称、军衔警衔名称、职称
名称等；
（3）天文、历法、节气方面的名词术语等；
（4）带数字的词语；
（5）成语、典故、俗语、谚语和歇后语；
（6）改革开放以来出现的时新词语
（1）普通词语
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包括除专有名词外、前面介绍的十一大类、
二十八小类所有词语，例如：
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动词和形容词有许多相通的地方，例如，都可以用
肯定否定相叠的方式表示疑问（去不去？好不好？
相信不相信？整齐不整齐？）在组合的时候可以用
在相同的位置上，表示类似的关系（孩子们笑了，
孩子们老是了；他动了心，他横了心）
（2）专有名词
 人名：贾宝玉；林黛玉；薛宝钗
 地名：洛阳；江阴；天津；重庆
 职官体系名称：书记处；国务院
 职官名称：书记；总理
 专业技术职称：教授；副教授
（3）专业技术术语
 天文：金星；火星；月亮
 历法：农历；阴历；阳历；阴阳历
 节气：清明；谷雨；立夏；小满
 化工：氢；氧；甲醇；乙醚
（4）带数字的词语
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一见钟情、一见如故、一如既往、一往情深
二进宫、二把手、二话没说、彩蝶双飞、成双成对
三羊开泰、三三两两；三五成群；三人成虎
四四如意、四体不勤、四平八稳、四面楚歌、四维空间
五子登科、五大三粗、五短身材、五颜六色、五光十色
六六大顺、六根清净、六神无主、六亲不认、六书
七星高照、七老八十、七七事变、七窍生烟、七步之才
八仙过海、八拜之交、八股文、八宝饭、八分书
九九归一、九牛二虎之力、九牛一毛、九霄云外
十全十美、十恶不赦、十进制、十拿九稳、十指连心
（5）熟语
 成语：诲人不倦、讳莫如深
 典故：三顾茅庐、四面楚歌
 俗语：三个臭皮匠，抵个诸葛亮
 谚语：秋后三遍雨，遍地出黄金
 歇后语：秋后的蚂蚱—蹦跶不了几天
（6）时新词语
 九年义务教育、鸟巢、科学
发展观、和谐社会、又好又
快发展、环境友好型企业
3 汉语词语的文化负载
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（1）普通词语；
（2）专有名词；
（3）天文、历法、节气、化工等方面的术语：
（4）带数字的词语；
（5）成语、典故等；
（6）时新词语
（1）普通词语
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动词和形容词有许多相通的地方，例如，都可以
用肯定否定相叠的方式表示疑问（去不去？好不
好？相信不相信？整齐不整齐？）在组合的时候
可以用在相同的位置上，表示类似的关系（孩子
们笑了，孩子们老是了；他动了心，他横了心）
（2）专有名词
 人名：贾宝玉；林黛玉；薛宝钗
 地名：洛阳；江阴；天津；重庆
 职官体系名称：书记处；国务院
 职官名称：书记；总理
 专业技术职称：教授；副教授
（3）天文、历法、节气、化工术语
 天文：金星；火星；月亮
 历法：农历；阴历；阳历；阴阳历
 节气：清明；谷雨；立夏；小满
 化工：氢；氧；甲醇；乙醚
（4）带数字的词语
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一见钟情、一见如故、一如既往、一往情深
二进宫、二把手、二话没说、彩蝶双飞、成双成对
三羊开泰、三三两两；三五成群；三人成虎
四四如意、四体不勤、四平八稳、四面楚歌、四维空间
五子登科、五大三粗、五短身材、五颜六色、五光十色
六六大顺、六根清净、六神无主、六亲不认、六书
七星高照、七老八十、七七事变、七窍生烟、七步之才
八仙过海、八拜之交、八股文、八宝饭、八分书
九九归一、九牛二虎之力、九牛一毛、九霄云外
十全十美、十恶不赦、十进制、十拿九稳、十指连心
（5）成语、典故、俗语、
谚语、歇后语
 成语：诲人不倦、讳莫如深
 典故：三顾茅庐、四面楚歌
 俗语：三个臭皮匠，抵个诸葛亮
 谚语：秋后三遍雨，遍地出黄金
 歇后语：秋后的蚂蚱—蹦跶不了几天
（6）时新词语
 九年义务教育、鸟巢、科学
发展观、和谐社会、又好又
快发展、环境友好型企业
4 汉语词语在汉译英中
的意义
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1) 从翻译所涉及的语言单位看
2) 从汉语词语与句子的关系看
3) 从词语的文化负载看
4) 从熟语的活跃程度看
5) 从名词术语的活跃程度看
第二节
词语翻译机制
1 跨范畴翻译
2 等范畴翻译
3 词语翻译机制
1 跨范畴翻译
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1）复合句翻译成简单句；
2）简单句翻译成复合句；
3）句子翻译成短语；
4）短语翻译成句子；
5）句子翻译成词；
6）词翻译成句子
7）词翻译成短语；
8）短语翻译成词
跨范畴翻译（续）
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9）陈述句翻译成疑问句；
10）陈述句翻译成祈使句；
11）陈述句翻译成惊叹句；
12）疑问句翻译成陈述句；
13）疑问句翻译成祈使句；
14）疑问句翻译成惊叹句；
15）惊叹句翻译成疑问句；
16）惊叹句翻译成陈述句；
17）惊叹句翻译成祈使句
跨范畴翻译（续）
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18）介词短语翻译成动词短语
19）介词短语翻译成分词短语；
20）介词短语翻译成形容词短语
21）介词短语翻译成副词短语；
22）介词短语翻译成名词短语；
23）形容词短语翻译成动词短语；
24）形容词短语翻译成介词短语；
跨范畴翻译（续）
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25）形容词短语翻译成分词短语；
26）形容词短语翻译成副词短语；
27）形容词短语翻译成名词短语；
28）动词短语翻译成形容词短语；
29）动词短语翻译成介词短语；
30）动词短语翻译成分词短语；
31）动词短语翻译成名词短语；
跨范畴翻译（续）
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32）动词短语翻译成副词短语；
33）分词短语翻译成动词短语；
34）分词短语翻译成形容词短语；
35）分词短语翻译成介词短语；
36）分词短语翻译成名词短语；
37）分词短语翻译成副词短语；
38）名词短语翻译成动词短语；
39）名词短语翻译成介词短语；
跨范畴翻译（续）
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40）名词短语翻译成形容词短语；
41）名词短语翻译成分词短语；
42）名词短语翻译成副词短语；
40）副词短语翻译成动词短语；
43）副词短语翻译成介词短语；
44）副词短语翻译成形容词短语；
45）副词短语翻译成名词短语；
46）副词短语翻译成分词短语；
跨范畴翻译（续）
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47）名词翻译成动词；
48）动词翻译成名词；
49）名词翻译成形容词；
50）形容词翻译成名词；
51）动词翻译成形容词；
52）形容词翻译成动词；
53）副词翻译成其他词；
54）其他词翻译成副词等
2 等范畴翻译
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1）句子翻译成句子；
2）短语翻译成短语
3）词翻译成词
3 词语翻译机制
借词(loan-words)
3.2 借译(loan translation)
3.3 语义引申(semantic
extension)
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第三节 汉语成语、典故、
俗语、谚语与歇后语英译
汉语成语及英译
 2 汉语典故及英译
 3 汉语俗语及英译
 4 汉语谚语及英译
 5 汉语歇后语及英译
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1 汉语成语及英译
1）成语的定义；
2）成语的结构；
3）英译举偶
1）成语的定义
 （1）《现代汉语词典》的定义；
 （2）
《辞海》 的定义；
 （3）《成语辨析》、《成语例示》
等的定义；
 （4）本书的定义
（1）《现代汉语词典》的定义
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人们长期以来习用的、形式
简洁而意义精辟的、定型的词组
与短语。
（2） 《辞海》 的定义
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习用的固定词组。
（3）《成语辨析》、《成语例示》 等的定义
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没有下定义。
（4）本书的定义
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不下定义，但从成语词典或
其他工具书上选用大家公认的
成语例子。
2）成语的结构与语法功能
 （1）成语的结构；
 （2）成语的语法功能
（1）成语的结构
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联合式：海誓山盟
动宾式：为所欲为
主谓式：盛气凌人
偏正式：泰然自若
连动式：投笔从戎
兼语式：引狼入室
紧缩式：脍炙人口
（2）成语的语法功能
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主语；
谓语（包括能愿合成谓语、判断合成谓语、兼语
句谓语、连动句谓语等）；
宾语（包括介词宾语）；
定语；
状语；
补语；
独立成分
3）英译举偶
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(1)粗枝大叶;
(2)闻所未闻;
(3)盛气凌人;
(4)洋洋得意;
(5)小心翼翼
(1)粗枝大叶
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thick branches and broad leaves; (in doing
things,) do not take due care; careless or
carelessly
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粗枝大叶为联合结构，字面意义是，枝子很粗，
叶子很大，很不精细。通常当马虎大意和粗心
大意使用。
(2)闻所未闻
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hearing what has never been heard before;
rarely or seldom heard of
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闻所未闻为动宾结构，字面意义是听到了从未
听到过的，通常用于指事理或论述的新鲜、奇
特。
(3)盛气凌人
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so arrogant as to impose oneself upon
others; arrogant or domineering in manner
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盛气凌人为主谓结构，字面意义是骄横傲慢以
气势压人，通常与不可一世、咄咄逼人等词语
同义
(4)洋洋得意
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extremely pleased as to be too proud;
pleased and too proud; pleased to the
extent of being too proud
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洋洋得意也可以说成得意洋洋。洋洋得意是偏
正结构，洋洋修饰得意；得意洋洋也是偏正结
构，具体地说是动补结构，但依然是洋洋修饰
得意。字面意义是满意到了骄傲的地步，得意
到溢于言表。
(5)小心翼翼
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particularly careful, extremely cautious
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小心翼翼为偏正结构，翼翼用做补语修饰小心。
翼翼的字面意义是多多，小心翼翼的字面意义
是小心多多，使用时的意义为非常小心、特别
谨慎，几乎有点过分。
2 汉语典故及英译
 1）汉语典故定义；
 2）汉语典故英译举偶
1）汉语典故定义
 （1）《现代汉语词典》的定义；
 （2）《辞海》的定义；
 （3）我们的理解
（1）《现代汉语词典》的定义
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诗文里引用的古书中的故事
或词句。
（2）《辞海》的定义
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诗文中引用的古代故事和
有来历出处的词语。
（3）我们的理解
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
应该说，典故多涉及古代故事或古人的诗词歌赋与
其他作品中的词句，但也不尽然。例如，人们常用的华
威先生、国外常用的某某门涉及的都是现代与当代事件。
因此，我们可以概而言之，典故多源于历史、寓言、
神话、传说和事件，多见于历史记载、文学作品和报刊
杂志。例如，焚书坑儒源于历史事件，买椟还珠源于寓
言，精卫填海源于神话，伊朗门源于当代事件等。这些
典故，有的见于历史记载，有的见于诸子百家，有的见
于现代报刊。
2）英译举偶





(1)百步穿杨;
(2)班女之才;
(3)伯乐相马;
(4)东施效颦;
(5)懂狐直笔
(1)百步穿杨



典出《战国策.西周策》，有关情节如下。楚国有个
养由基，十分善射，在百步之外能射中杨柳的叶子，百
发百中。后来用百步穿杨来形容人们善射。
To shoot an arrow through a willow leaf at the
distance of 100 steps; extremely good at shooting
Note: The allusion goes back to Yang Youji, an
excellent shooter in the Zhou Dynasty, who could shoot
an arrow at a willow leaf one hundred steps away and
never missed the target.
(2)班女之才

典出《后汉书.列女传》，有关情节可大致简述如下。班女名班昭，
班彪之妹。班彪编著《汉书》，剩下八表和《天文志》没有写完就
去世了。班昭接替其兄，完成了他的未竟之业，她还是皇后与贵人
的老师，被认为是极富才学的女性。班女之才多用于描写才高女性。
(of a female) as capable as Ban Zhao; talented
Note: Historic records have it that Ban Nü, whose name is
Ban Zhao, the younger sister of Ban Biao, a historian famous
for his monumental work of A History of the Han Dynasty.
However, the historian died leaving the writing unfinished.
Then Ban Zhao was assigned the task and completed the
writing. For her talent, Ban Zhao was also appointed tutor for
the empress and the emperor’s concubines.
(3)伯乐相马

典出屈原《怀沙》，有关情况简述如下。伯乐姓孙名阳，
善于相马。后来经常用伯乐比喻善于发现人才的人。
Bo Le is very capable of discovering best horses; as
capable as Bo Le in discovering talents
Note: Qu Yuan, a famous Chinese poet of the
State of Chu in the Warring State period, believed it
that Bo Le was very capable of discovering best
horses. The allusion is now often used to refer to
persons capable of discovering and fostering
talents.
(4)东施效颦

典出《庄子.天运》，有关情节简述如下。古代著名美女西施患有
心痛病，经常颦额或者说皱眉头。村里有个丑女看见了，觉得很美，
于是也学着颦额，结果反而更丑了。后来多用东施效颦比喻胡乱模
仿，结果反而不美。
An ugly girl follows the suit of the pretty lady Xishi by knitting her
eyebrows; imitate awkwardly
Note: Legend has it that Xi Shi, a lady living in the State of
Yue in the late years of Spring and Autumn period and
famous for her beauty in ancient China, often knitted her
eyebrows due to her illness. An ugly girl in the village saw
this, believing that the behavior added much to her beauty.
Then she followed Xi Shi’s suit by knitting her own brows the
way Xi Shi did. However, it turned out that she became all the
more ugly.
(5)懂狐直笔

典出《左传.宣公二年》，有关情节简述如下。春秋时晋灵公欲杀赵盾，
赵盾逃亡。他的从弟赵穿起兵攻打晋灵公并在桃园将他杀死。史官董狐认
为，此举是赵盾弑君，并不畏赵盾的权势，冒着生命危险将这件事载入了
史册。后来多用此典比喻人们不为权者讳、不为贤者讳，在史册或其他书
籍中，实事求是地记载或谈论他们的过失。
Dong Hu, a historian in Spring and Autumn period, recorded historic
facts as they were without any distortion to appease officials for their
vanity; (in recording historic events) call a spade a spade as Dong Hu did
Note: Historic records have it that during the Spring and Autumn
period, when Duke Ling of Jin was going to kill Zhao Dun, who then
escaped by running away, Zhao Dun’s distant brother Zhao Chuan
took armed forces to attack the duke and killed him in a peach
garden. Dong Hu, the historian, believed that it was an act of
regicide on the part of Zhao Dun and recorded the act in history this
way despite Zhao Dun’s overwhelming power that might threaten
his life. The allusion is later used to refer to speaking frankly.
3 汉语俗语及英译
 1）汉语俗语定义；
 2）汉语俗语英译举偶
1）汉语俗语定义
 （1）《现代汉语词典》的定义；
 （2）《辞海》的定义；
 （3）我们的认识
（1）《现代汉语词典》的定义

通俗是广泛流行的定型的语
句，简练而形象化，大多数是
劳动人民创造出来的，反映人
民的生活经验和愿望。
（2）《辞海》的定义

流行于民间的通俗语句，带
有一定的方言性。指谚语、俚
语及口头上常用的成语等
（3）我们的认识

俗语与谚语很难分开。我们倾向于认为，谚语多与
农业耕作和节气有关。这样的理解应该是可行的。但由
于本章其他部分收录了节气方面的内容，我们在区别俗
语和谚语时就采用了照书行事的办法。具体地说，本节
的俗语都选自徐宗才、应俊玲编著的《常用俗语手册》，
而谚语都选自季成家、高天星、尚延令、张祚羌编著的
《中国谚语选》，选用时注意了俗语与谚语的典型性，
以便于区分。另外，有些俗语也涉及典故。考虑到典故
多了，不利于学生学习，因此本节没有选用涉及典故的
俗语。
2）汉语俗语英译举偶





(1)不看僧面看佛面;
(2)不怕官, 只怕管;
(3)不听老人言, 吃苦在眼前;
(4)不撞南墙不回头;
(5)不作亏心事, 不怕鬼敲门
(1)不看僧面看佛面

don’t blame the monk for the Buddha’ sake;
don’t blame the inferior or the young for the
sake of his superior or the old; forgive one
person for another’s sake
(2)不怕官, 只怕管

not afraid of an official but afraid of an
administrator; it is not the official but the
person directly in charge that matters
(3)不听老人言, 吃苦在眼前

don’t listen to your old people and you will
suffer very soon; taking the advice for the
old generation will save you from trouble or
suffering
(4)不撞南墙不回头

he will not turn back until he bumps onto
the southern wall; he will go ahead until
blocked; he will go ahead until reaching the
dead end
(5)不作亏心事, 不怕鬼敲门

if you don’t commit any sin, you will not be
afraid of the devil knocking at your door; an
upright man isn’t afraid of anything
4 汉语谚语及英译
 1)汉语谚语定义;
 2)汉语谚语英译举偶
1)汉语谚语定义



(1) 《现代汉语词典》的定义；
(2) 《辞海》的定义；
(3) 我们的看法与做法
(1) 《现代汉语词典》的定义

在群众中流传的固定语句，
用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的
道理。
(2) 《辞海》的定义

熟语的一种。流行于民间
的简练通俗而富有意义的语句，
大多反映人民的生活和斗争的
经验。
(3) 我们的看法与做法

谚语与俗语很难区分，下面的谚语都选自季成家、
高天星、尚延令、张祚羌编著的《中国谚语选》。和俗
语一样，谚语也是人民大众喜闻乐见的语言，体现着中
国的民俗文化。谚语中也有少数涉及典故的，为学生计，
本节没有选用。另外，许多谚语除了字面意义之外还有
比喻意义。谚语的字面意义和比喻意义都不难翻译，难
的是照字面意义和比喻意义翻译成英语了，英语读者不
一定好理解。因此在下面的翻译中，如果既有字面意义
又有比喻意义，我们先翻译字面意义，再译比喻意义，
以便英语读者对之有一个比较清晰的理解。当然，如果
只有字面意义，我们一般仅提供一种译文。如果有通过
翻译仍不好理解的，我们适当地进行阐释性翻译。下面
我们选择20个谚语并本着上述原则对之进行英译。
2)汉语谚语英译举偶





(1)实践出真知，斗争长才干;
(2)新来乍到，摸不着锅灶;
(3)不入虎穴，焉得虎子;
(4)当家才知柴米贵，养儿才报父母恩;
(5)看花容易绣花难
(1)实践出真知，斗争长才干

genuine knowledge comes from practice,
struggle improves one’s competence
(2)新来乍到，摸不着锅灶

a new comer isn’t familiar with either pots
or the kitchen range; a new comer has to
familiarize himself before starting work
(3)不入虎穴，焉得虎子

if you don’t enter the tiger’s lair, how can
you catch the cubs? you can’t achieve the
goal without a risk
(4)当家才知柴米贵，养儿才报父母恩

you won’t have any idea of the high prices
for rice and firewood before running a
house, and you won’t repay your parents
until you have your own sons and
daughters; experience teaches the young
how to live
(5)看花容易绣花难

it’s easier to appreciate than to embroider;
you won’t know the difficulty until you are
engaged in the work
5 汉语歇后语及英译
 1）汉语歇后语定义；
 2）汉语歇后语分类；
 3）汉语歇后语英译举偶
1）汉语歇后语定义
《现代汉语词典》的定义；
 (2) 《辞海》的定义；
 (3) 我们的看法
 (1)
(1) 《现代汉语词典》的定义

由两个部分组成的一句话，
前一部分像谜面，后一部分像
谜底，通常只说前一部分，而
本意在后一部分。
(2) 《辞海》的定义

熟语的一种。多为群众熟悉
的诙谐而形象的语句。运用时
可以隐去后文，以前文示意。
(3) 我们的看法

歇后语是俗语的一种，它
与俗言和谚语的区别主要在形
式上。歇后语很像谜语，通常
由两部分构成，前一部分为谜
面，后一部分为谜底，谜面通
常具有比喻性质。
2）汉语歇后语分类
普通的；
 (2) 利用谐音的；
 (3) 利用典故的；
 (4) 利用歧义的；
 (5) 利用典故加歧义的
 (1)
(1) 普通的
 门里出身——强人三分；
 铁打的馒头——一个硬似一个
(2) 利用谐音的
 李双双见到丈夫——有喜旺
（希望）了
(3) 利用典故的
 八仙聚会——又说又笑
(4) 利用歧义的
 井底雕花——深刻 ；
 运动场上赛标枪——寸土必争
(5) 利用典故加歧义的
 王羲之写字——横竖都好
3）汉语歇后语英译举偶





(1)门里出身——强人三分;
(2)铁打的馒头——一个硬似一个;
(3)火爆玉米——开心;
(4)八仙聚会——又说又笑;
(5)王羲之写字——横竖都好
(1)门里出身——强人三分

born into a family of a special line——more
advantageous than others by 30 percent；a
man with specialized training is stronger
than others
(2)铁打的馒头——一个硬似一个

mantou made of iron——one harder than
another；they are like steamed bread made
of iron, one is harder, more stubborn or
determined than another
(3)火爆玉米——开心

a blasted corn grain——opened at heart or
happy at heart; like a blasted corn grain
with inside out, the person concerned is
exhilarated
(4)八仙聚会——又说又笑


a gathering of Eight Immortals——speaking
and laughing; like the Eight Immortals at a
gathering, they are talking and laughing
Note: The Eight Immortals refer to the eight
Taoists in a Chinese legend, namely, Han
Zhongli, Zhang Guolao, Lü Dongbin, Tieguai Li,
Han Xiangzi, Cao Guojiu, Lan Caihe and He
Xiangu.
(5)王羲之写字——横竖都好


a character out of Wang Xizhi’s hand——vertical
strokes are as good as horizontal ones; like Wang
Xizhi’s calligraphy, it is good in every way
Note: Wang Xizhi was a famous Chinese
calligrapher and a Chinese character is usually
composed of strokes, of which the vertical and
horizontal ones are the most commonly used. Hengshu
here has two interpretations: 1) the horizontal and
vertical strokes; 2) horizontally or vertically, that is, in
any way.
第四节 汉语人名、地名英译
汉语人名及英译
2 汉语地名及英译
1
1 汉语人名及英译
 1)汉语人名;
 2)汉语人名英译举偶
1)汉语人名
 (1)汉语人物姓名的结构;
 (2)汉语人物姓名的历史沿革
(1)汉语人物姓名的结构
基本结构;
 B. 其他结构
 A.
A. 基本结构
单字姓+单字名:郎 平
 B) 单字姓+双字名:张蓉芳
 C) 复姓+单字名:欧阳 山
 D) 复姓+双字名:欧阳中石
 A)
B. 其他结构





A)单字父姓+单字母性+单字名:朱杨芳
B)单字父姓+单字母姓+双字名:朱杨建设
C)双字父姓+单字母姓+单字名:欧阳李伟
D)单字父姓+双字母姓+单字名:李欧阳松
等等
(2)汉语人物姓名的历史沿革
 A)姓;
 B)氏;
 C)姓氏合一
 D)名、字、号
2)汉语人名英译举偶
(1)汉语人名英译机制；
(2)《红楼梦》人物姓名论略；
(3)《红楼梦》人物姓名英译；
《红楼梦》人物姓名翻
译得失论略
(4)
(1)汉语人名英译机制

汉语姓名英译，一般多采用音译、意译、
半音半意译、阐释性翻译、增加注释等办法。
另外，如觉得采用上述方法仍觉意犹未尽，可
采用集中列表、增加说明性附录或在前言中举
例阐述等方法予以补充。
(2)《红楼梦》人物姓
名论略

《红楼梦》中的人物可大致分为五类。第
一，贾、薛、史、王四大家族以及与之有联系、
有交往的其他社会上层人士；第二，为四大家
族及其他社会上层人士服务的管家、奶妈、仆
役、奴婢、戏子等；第三，少量的其他人士如
刘姥姥一家、甄士隐一家、石呆子及其它一些
与故事情节有关的人士；第四，和尚、道士、
尼姑、仙姑等；第五，《红楼梦》中提到的历
史人物和稗官野史中的人物及其他人物。
《红楼梦》人物姓名论
略（续）

《红楼梦》人物姓名有许多特点。首先，通过《红楼梦》
人物姓名可以清晰了解书中人物的社会地位、长幼尊卑甚至
男女性别。例如，贾、薛、史、王四大家族及与其有联系、
有交往的社会上层人士都有姓有名甚至有字有号，其中，贾
家的姓名中还有辈分标记。例如，贾雨村姓贾名化、表字时
飞、别号雨村；林如海姓林名海、表字如海；甄士隐姓甄名
费字士隐等。但是像冷子兴、王成、周瑞之流或只有姓名，
或只见字号。王成的儿子叫狗儿、孙子叫板儿、孙女叫青儿，
就小名、大名都是它了。刘姥姥，我们只知道她的女儿姓刘，
她本人姓什么不得而知；周瑞的妻子，书上称为周瑞家的，
也不详其姓名。这种情况，当然与小说的主题有关，然而它
更是写作《红楼梦》的时代以及此前的中国社会结构和社会
本质的写照，是社会现实的映射。
《红楼梦》人物姓名论
略（续）

贾府的辈分大致如下：第一代，贾演和贾源，以三
点水旁标示辈分；第二代，贾代化和贾代善，以代字标
示辈分；第三代，贾敷、贾敬、贾赦、贾政、贾敏等以
反文标示辈分，男女使用同样的标记；第四代，贾珍、
贾琏、贾珠、贾宝玉、贾环等，以斜玉或玉字标示辈分；
这一辈的女孩子则用名字中的第二个字春标示辈分，如
贾元春、贾迎春、贾探春、贾惜春姊妹；第五代，贾蔷、
贾蓉等以草字头标示辈分。这些虽然是作者杜撰的，但
也是以社会现实为基础的。
《红楼梦》人物姓名论
略（续）

曹雪芹的先人曹玺、曹尔正，曹寅、曹宣，
曹颙、曹頫等标示辈分的方式与贾府的就非常
类似。当然这与《红楼梦》是一部以家史为部
分素材的小说不无关系。
《红楼梦》人物姓名论
略（续）

《红楼梦》的许多名字，具有系统性和对称性，有
些名字与主人的兴趣爱好有关。《红楼梦》的四春（元
春、迎春、探春、惜春），表示春季的四个阶段，具有
系统性；她们有八个丫鬟，有正有副，正副对称系联，
都与主人的爱好有关。元春的丫鬟叫抱琴，另一个书上
没说，据周汝昌先生推论应为锦囊，由此可以推知，元
春喜欢弹琴，琴以锦囊盛之；迎春的两个丫鬟叫司棋和
绣桔，桔与局谐音，合而成棋局，与迎春喜欢下棋有关；
探春的两个丫鬟叫侍书与翠墨，与探春酷爱书法有关；
惜春的两个丫鬟叫入画与彩屏，与惜春喜爱绘画有关。
四个正丫鬟组合成琴、棋、书、画。八个丫鬟，两两对
称，一雅一俗。这八个丫鬟的名字既有系统性，又有对
称性。
《红楼梦》人物姓名论
略（续）

贾宝玉有十个小厮，他们的名字也具有对
称性。二十四回出场的六个小厮为：焙茗、锄
药、引泉、埽花、挑云、伴鹤，二十八回出场
了双瑞、双寿和墨雨，据周汝昌推测还有一个
应为砚霞。诚如此，十个小厮就成双成对了。
《红楼梦》人物姓名论
略（续）

《红楼梦》人物姓名有极丰富的隐含意义。
例如，甄士隐和贾雨村源于真事隐去、假语村
言。与假作真时真亦假，无为有处有还无联系，
与贾宝玉、甄宝玉联系，与真真假假、假假真
真联系，成为指引读者阅读《红楼梦》的一把
钥匙。贾政可与假正经联系；贾政的清客相公
中有个叫詹光的、有个叫单聘仁的，可与沾光
和善骗人联系；香菱可与怜香惜玉联系，秦可
卿可与情可亲联系，秦锺可与钟情联系等等。
《红楼梦》人物姓名论
略（续）

书中的三个主人翁贾宝玉、薛宝钗、林黛玉的姓名
构成及其相互关更是蕴含丰富。钗是妇女使用的一种发
卡，汉语言文化常用它指代女性，例如钗裙。因此可以
断定薛宝钗是女的。黛是妇女用的一种化妆品，汉语言
文化常用它指代妇女，例如六宫粉黛无颜色。因此可以
断定林黛玉也是女的。宝玉是石头的美称，与书中的石
兄相联系，应是男性名字。于是可认为，三人中有两个
女的，一个男的。贾宝玉与林黛玉共一玉字，从汉语言
文化按辈分命名的原则可以推出他们可能是平辈；贾宝
玉与薛宝钗共一宝字，从汉语言文化按辈分命名的原则
可以推出他们也可能是平辈。因此可以得出这样的结论，
这三个主人翁可能是平辈。
《红楼梦》人物姓名论
略（续）

他们虽是平辈，却不同姓，说明他们可能是姑表或
姨表姐弟兄妹。我国古代，姑表、姨表可以恋爱结婚。
于是这三人可能会形成三角恋爱关系，实际情况也正是
如此。如果将玉理解为真石头，将宝理解为假石头，那
么贾宝玉与林黛玉都是真石头，贾宝玉与薛宝钗同为假
石头，宝玉本身则有真有假。那么从真石（谐音真实、
真是）与假石（谐音假实、假是）来理解贾宝玉和林黛
玉、贾宝玉和薛宝钗之间的爱情关系，孰重孰轻也就一
目了然了。如果再联系假做真时真亦假，也许可以进行
这样的推断，他们到头来可能要弄假成真。
《红楼梦》人物姓名论
略（续）

如果仔细地研究《红楼梦》中的全部人物姓名就会
发现，书中的丫鬟、侍女、奶妈、女佣、管家、男仆、
小厮、戏子等社会下层人物，大多是以珍禽、花草、闺
阁珍玩、器皿以及自然景观等命名的，通过命名将这些
人物化了，说明这些人在他们的主人眼里或者说在封建
社会只不过是供主人们或社会上层人士享用与玩耍的物
而已。上述命名符合我国封建社会的命名原则，折射出
我国封建社会的社会形态和社会结构。
(3)《红楼梦》人物姓
名英译











《红楼梦》第一回部分人物姓名英译对照表
汉语姓名
杨 译
Hawkes 译
周
Duke Chou
the Duke of Zhou
召
Duke Shao
the Duke of Shao
孔
Confucius
Confucius
孟
Mencius
Mencius
程
Cheng brothers
the Cheng brothers
张
Chang Chai
Zhang Zai
温飞卿 Wen Ting-yun
Wen Ting-yun
米南宫 Mi Fei
Mi Fei
秦少游 Chin Kuan
Qin Guan
《红楼梦》人物姓名英译（续）









第五回的部分姓名英译
汉语姓名
杨 译
秦可卿
Chin Ko-ching
武则天
Wu Tse-tian
赵飞燕（飞燕）Chao Fei-yan
太真
Lady Yang
媚人
Mei-jen
晴雯
Ching Wen
麝月
Sheh-yueh
Hawkes 译
Qin Ke-qing
Wu Ze-tian
Flying Swallow
Yang Gui-fei
Skybright
Musk
Ripple
《红楼梦》人物姓名英译（续）
汉语姓名
痴梦仙姑
钟情大士
引愁金女
度恨菩提
兼美
尤氏
杨 译
Fairy of Amorous Dreams
Great Mistress of Passion
Golden Maid Bringing Grief
Saint of Transmitted Sorrow
Chien-mei
Madam Yu
Hawkes 译
Dream-of-bliss
Loving-heart
Ask-for-trouble
Past-regrets
Two-in-one
You-shi
《红楼梦》人物姓名英译（续）







Hawkes 译《红楼梦》第一卷卷尾所附部分人物姓名英译表
ADAMANTINA a genteel nun persuaded by the Jias to take
up residence in the Prospect Garden
AMBER one of Grandmother Jia’s maids
AROMA Bao-yu’s chief maid
AUNT XUE widowed sister of Lady Wang and mother of
Xue Pan and Bao-chai
AUNT ZHAO concubine of Jia Zheng and mother of Tan
Chun and Jia Huan
AUNT ZHOU Jia Zheng’s other concubine
《红楼梦》人物姓名英译（续）










AVIS and AVOCET maids of Lady Wang
BABY see QIAO-JIE
BENEVOLENTIA young novice at Water-moon Priory
BIG JIAO an old retainer of the Ning-guo Jias
BRIGHTIE and BRIGHTIE’S WIFE couple employed by Jia
Lian and Wang Xi-feng
BU GU-XIU one of Jia Zheng’s ‘literary gentlemen’
BU-SHI Jia Yun’s mother
BU SHI-REN a shopkeeper; maternal uncle of Jia Yun
CALAMITY a manservant in Zhen Shi-yin’s household
CALTROP Xue Pan’s ‘chamber wife’; the kidnapped
daughter of Zhen Shi-yin
(3)《红楼梦》人物姓
名英译得失论略
 A 总论
汉语姓名的符号意义英译
 C 汉语姓名的文化内涵英译
 D 《红楼梦》人物姓名英译
得失
B
A 总论



汉语姓名具有符号意义、文化内涵和文学艺术涵义
姓名的符号意义用汉语拼音或类似办法就可以翻译
出来
汉语姓名的文化内涵和文学艺术涵义难以翻译出来
B 汉语姓名的意义英译



汉语姓名的符号意义可以用汉语拼音翻译出来，如张大
千(Zhang Daqian)、欧阳中石(Ouyang Zhongshi)、诸
葛亮(Zhuge Liang);
汉语姓名中的某些联系也可以用汉语拼音部分地表达出
来，如贾宝玉(Jia Baoyu)、林黛玉(Lin Daiyu)、薛宝钗
(Xue Baochai)中的玉和宝；
但是姓名中的有些成分如用偏旁表示辈分，无法翻译出
来，如贾政(Jia Zheng)、贾赦(Jia She)、贾敬(Jia Jing)、
贾敷、贾敏(Jia Min)；贾珍(Jia Zhen)、贾琏(Jia Lian)、
贾珠(Jia Zhu)、贾环(Jia Huan)；贾蓉(Jia Rong)、贾蓝
(Jia Lan)、贾蔷(Jia Qiang)等;
汉语姓名的意义英译（续）

姓名中的性别意义、隐含意义无法表达出来，音同书不
同的字无法区分开来，如黛玉(Daiyu)和宝玉(Baoyu)、
宝钗(Baochai)和宝玉(Baoyu)；元春(Yuanchun)、迎春
(Yingchun)、探春(Tanchun)、惜春(Xichun)中隐含的
“原应叹息”，抱琴(Baoqin)、司棋(Siqi)、侍书
(shishu)、入画(Ruhua)中隐含的“琴棋书画”，贾雨村
(Jia Yucun)、甄士隐(Zhen Shiyin)中所隐含的“假语村
言、真事隐去”等意义无法翻译出来；娇杏(Jiaoxing)、
霍启(Huo Qi)中隐含的故事情节及人物命运无法翻译出
来；卜顾修(Bu Guxiu)、卜世仁(Bu Shiren)中的由谐音
生发出的意义无法翻译出来
2 汉语地名及英译
1)州
2)郡
3)其他
1)州





古代将中国分为九州，历史记载不一。
《尚书.禹贡》中的九州为：冀、豫、青、徐、荆、扬、兖、
雍、梁；
《周礼.职方》中的九州为：冀、豫、青、荆、扬、兖、雍、
幽、并；
《尔雅.释地》中的九州为：冀、豫、青、扬、兖、雍、幽、
并、营；
《吕氏春秋》中的九州为：豫、冀、兖、青、徐、扬、荆、
雍、幽，并指出，“河汉之间为豫州，周也；两河之间为冀
州，晋也；河济之间为兖州，卫也；东方为青州，齐也；泗
上为徐州，鲁也；东南为扬州，越也；南方为荆州，楚也；
西方为雍州，秦也；北方为幽州，燕也。”
2)郡

秦朝实行郡县制，将天下分为36郡：主要有
陇西、颖川、南阳、邯郸、巨鹿、渔阳、右北
平、辽西、辽东、河东、上党、太原、代郡、
雁门、云中、琅琊、汉中、巴郡、蜀郡、长沙、
黔中等。
3)其他

北京简称京，古称蓟，又称燕、中都、大都、北平
等，都有来历；天津简称津，元代建有海津镇，明代朱
棣夺取帝位，由海津镇出海南下，始改称天津，意为天
子出海的渡口；上海在海边，是捕鱼重镇，故用渔具扈
简称之，又，上海原为春申君黄歇的封地，故又可简称
申，上海之名则起于宋代；重庆简称渝，因为在隋、唐、
宋三代都是渝州治所，重庆本身也是有来历的；河北位
于黄河以北，属古冀州之地，故简称冀；山西在太行山
以西，属春秋晋地，故简称晋；
其他（续）

安徽得名于安庆、徽州二地名的头一字相加，西周时为
皖伯封地，有皖河流经其间，故简称皖；江苏合江宁与
苏州之名而成，并在此基础上简称苏；福建秦代设闽中
郡，唐代合福州、建州之名而称福建，简称闽；山东地
处泰山之东，金代设山东东、西二路，古代为鲁地，故
简称鲁；河南地处黄河下游，古代为豫州之地，故简称
豫；湖北位于洞庭湖之北，清时省会定于武昌，武昌古
称鄂州，故简称鄂；湖南位于洞庭湖之南，有湘江流经
其间，故简称湘，如此等等。如前所述，汉语言文化中
还有“山南为阳，水北为阳”的说法，故许多带“阴”
字或“阳”字的地名如洛阳、阜阳、江阴等，都与山水
的相对位置有关。
第五节 汉语职官体系名
称与职官名称英译
汉语职官体系名称及英译
2 汉语职官名称及英译
1
1 汉语职官体系名称及英译
1）汉语职官体系
2）汉语职官体系名称
3）汉语职官体系名称英译
1）汉语职官体系
横向的
(2) 纵向的
(1)
2）汉语职官体系名称






中共中央
全国人大
国务院
全国政协
中央纪律检查委员会
中央军事委员会
3）汉语职官体系名称
英译
全国人大常委会
国务院
全国人大常委会
领导机构英译
职能部门英译
领导机构英译
 (The
Tenth or Eleventh) National
People’s Congress
 The Standing Committee of (the
Tenth or Eleventh) National
People’s Congress
 Chairmen Committee
职能部门英译
 各专门委员会英译
 工作机构和办事机构英译
 代表资格审查委员会英译
各专门委员会英译











Special Committees
Ethnic Affairs Committee
Law Committee
Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs
Finance and Economy Committee
Committee of Education, Science, Culture and
Public Health
Foreign Affairs Committee
Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee
Environment and Resources Protection Committee
Agricultural and Rural Affairs Committee
工作机构和办事机构英译









Working and Administrative Offices
General Office
Committee of Legislative Affairs
Budget Committee
Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region
Committee for the Basic Law of the Macao Special
Administrative Region
Administrative Offices for Special Committees
代表资格审查委员会英译
Credentials
Committee
国务院
领导机构
职能部门
领导机构
 State
Council
 The Conference of the State Council
 The Standing Committee of the

State Council
职能部门英译







国务院办公厅
国务院所属各部委（28）
国务院直属特设机构（1）
国务院直属机构（18）
国务院办事机构（6）
国务院直属事业单位（14）
国务院部委管理的国家局（12）
国务院办公厅
 General
Office of the State Council
国务院所属各部委（28）










Ministries and Commissions Under the State Council
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of National Defense
State Development and Reform Commission
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Science and Technology
Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for
National Defense
State Ethnic Affairs Commission
Ministry of Public Security
国务院所属各部委（续）










Ministry of State Security
Ministry of Supervision
Ministry of Civil Affairs
Ministry of Justice
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Personnel
Ministry of Labor and Social Security
Ministry of Land and Resources
Ministry of Construction
Ministry of Railways
国务院所属各部委（续）










Ministry of Communications
Ministry of Information Industry
Ministry of Water Resources
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Commerce
Ministry of Culture
Ministry of Public Health
State Population and Family Planning Commission
People’s Bank of China
National Audit Office
国务院直属特设机构（1）



Special Organization Directly Under the State
Council
Commission of State-Owned Assets
Supervision and Administration
国务院直属机构（18）











Organizations Directly Under the State Council
General Administration of Customs
State Administration of Taxation
State Administration of Industry and Commerce
State Bureau of Quality, Technological Supervision
and Quarantine
State Environmental Protection Administration
General Administration of Civil Aviation of China
State Administration of Radio, Film and Television
General Office of Press and Publication (National
Copyright Administration)
国务院直属机构（续）











State General Administration of Sports
National Bureau of Statistics
State Forestry Administration
State Food and Drug Supervision Administration
State Administration for Safe Production Supervision
State Intellectual Property Office
National Tourism Administration
State Administration for Religious Affairs
Counselors’ Office of the State Council
Government Offices Administration of the State
Council
国务院办事机构（6）









Offices Under the State Council
Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs of the State
Council
Office of Hong Kong and Macao Affairs of the State
Council
Office of Legislative Affairs of the State Council
Research Office of the State Council
Office of Taiwan Affairs of the State Council
Information Office of the State Council
国务院直属事业单位（14）








Public Institutions Directly Under the State Council
Xinhua News Agency
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Chinese Academy of Engineering
Development Research Center of the State Council
National School of Administration
China Seismological Bureau
国务院直属事业单位（续）







China Meteorological Administration
National Electric Power Regulatory Commission
China Banking Regulatory Commission
China Securities Regulatory Commission
China Insurance Regulatory Commission
National Council for Social Security Fund
National Natural Science Foundation Commission
国务院部委管理的国家局（12）








State Bureaus Under Ministries or Commissions
State Bureau for Letters of Complaints
State Grain Bureau
State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau
State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs
State Oceanic Administration
State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping
State Post Bureau
国务院部委管理的国家局（续）







State Cultural Relics Bureau
State Administration of Traditional Chinese
Medicine
State Administration of Foreign Exchange
State Archives Bureau
National Administration for the Protection of
State Secrets
2 汉语职官、职称名称及
英译
中共中央
专业技术职称
中共中央职官名称英译举偶






中央委员
候补中央委员
中共中央政治局委员
中共中央政治局常委
中共中央书记处书记
中共中央总书记
中共中央职官名称英译举偶（续）













member of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China
alternate member of the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of China
member of the Political Bureau of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China
member of the Standing Committee of the Political
Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of China
member of the Secretariat of the Central Committee
of the Communist Party of China
General secretary of Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China
专业技术职称名称英译举偶




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


教师系列：教授、副教授、讲师、助教
研究系列：研究员、副研究员、助理研究员、研究实习
员
工程系列：高级工程师、工程师、助理工程师、技术员
实验技术系列：高级实验师、实验师、助理实验师、实
验员
党务政工系列：高级政工师、政工师、助理政工师
经济系列：高级经济师、经济师、助理经济师、经济员
会计系列：高级会计师、会计师、助理会计师、会计员
统计系列：高级统计师、统计师、助理统计师、统计员
专业技术职称名称英译举偶（续）

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
图书馆系列：研究馆员、副研究馆员、馆员、助理馆员、
管理员
翻译系列：译审、副译审、翻译、助理翻译
编辑系列：编审、副编审、编辑、助理编辑
卫生系列：主任医师、副主任医师、主治医师、医师、
医士
主任药师、副主任药师、主治药师、药师、药士
主任护师、副主任护师、主治护师、护师、护士
主任技师、副主任技师、主治技师、技师、技士
专业技术职称名称英译举偶（续）


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


中小教系列：中学高级教师、中学一级教师、中
学二级教师、中学三级教师
小学高级教师、小学一级教师、小学二级教师、
小学三级教师
工人系列：高级技师、技师、高级工、中级工、
初级工、普工
专业技术职称名称英译举偶（续）


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

Teaching staff: professor, associate professor, lecturer,
assistant
Research staff: research fellow, associate researcher fellow,
research assistant, researcher in practice
Engineering staff: senior engineer, engineer, assistant
engineer, technician
Laboratory staff: senior laboratory engineer, laboratory
engineer, laboratory technician
Administrative staff: senior administrator, administrator,
assistant administrator
专业技术职称名称英译举偶（续）





Staff of economics: senior economic administrator,
economic administrator, assistant economic administrator,
economic administration clerk
Accounting staff: senior accountant, accountant, assistant
accountant, accounting clerk
Staff of statistics: senior statistic administrator, statistic
administrator, assistant statistic administrator, statistician
Library staff: research librarian, assistant research librarian,
librarian, assistant librarian, library clerk
Translation staff: translation editor; associate translation
editor, translator, assistant translator
专业技术职称名称英译举偶（续）





Editing staff: editing examiner, associate editing
examiner, editor; editing clerk
Medical staff: chief physician, associate chief physician,
physician in charge, physician, medical assistant
chief pharmacist, associate pharmacist, pharmacist in
charge, pharmacist, assistant pharmacist
chief senior nurse, associate chief senior nurse,
senior nurse in charge, senior nurse, nurse assistant
chief senior technician, associate chief senior
technician, senior technician in charge, senior
technician, technician
专业技术职称名称英译举偶（续）



High school teaching staff: senior teacher, firstclass teacher, second-class teacher, third-class
teacher
Primary school teaching staff: senior teacher,
first-class teacher, second-class teacher, thirdclass teacher
Workers: senior technician; technician, highclass worker, middle-class worker, elementary
class worker, worker
第六节 汉语带数字的词
语英译
汉语带数字的词语
2 汉语带数字的词语英译
1
1 汉语带数字的词语

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一生二，二生三，三生万物；九五之尊、万世师表、一人之下，万
人之上、千夫所指
头上有九重天，脚下有十八层地狱
近代人们对8情有独钟，车号要用8088，1808，手机号要用
13828282828等
结婚要选双日子，但要避免带4的数字等
志学之年、而立之年、知命之年、不惑之年、花甲之年、古稀之年、
耄耋之年
一蹴而就、二进宫、三顾茅庐、四四如意、五子登科、六六大顺、
七步之才、八仙过海、九九归一、十全十美
863计划、九五计划、一二三四五计划等
还有两三个不同的数字用在一起的，如一平二调、一大二公、二一
添作五、三通四平、五颜六色、七上八下、八九不离十、九牛一毛
汉语带数字的词语（续）

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某地召开一次会议，与会的领导都作了重要讲话。现将几位领导的
讲话内容摘录如下：
A领导：“我讲四个问题，首先，要认识四个重要性，强化四种意
识，树立四个观念；其次，要把握四个重点，加强四个结合，力争
四个突破；再次，要完善四大机制，建设四个亮点，达到四个目的；
再再次……”
B领导：“我强调三点意见，一是要把好三个关口，严格三大纪律；
二是要选准三个着力点，搭好三大平台；三是要破除三种陋习，创
新三大机制。”
C领导：“我要补充三点建议，第一，要抓住三大问题，做到三个
抓住；第二，要落实三个必须，达到三个高度；第三，要强化三种
手段，加大三种力度。”
D领导：“我重申两句话，一句是要努力抵御两大诱惑，努力克服
两怕，一句是落实会议精神要体现两到位……”
2 汉语带数字的词语英译


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一败涂地 once defeated, the liver and brain will be
smeared on the ground; suffer a thorough defeat; meet
one’s Waterloo
两败俱伤 when two tigers are engaged in a combat,
man can wait for the opportunity to kill them both; both
sides lose in a struggle; neither gains from a conflict
三 纲 五 常 three superiorities and five virtues (ruler
superior to subject, father superior to son, husband
superior to wife; benevolence, righteousness, propriety,
wisdom and fidelity)
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）



四大皆空 regarding the four major elements (earth,
water, fire and wind) as in vain; regarding the physical
world as illusory; regarding the world of reality as the
world of vanity
五湖四海 five lakes and four seas; from all corners of
China
六亲不认 deny all the six relatives; deny all one’s
relatives; give no favor to any of one’s relatives
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）



七 步 之 才 a seven-pace talent; a talent that can
compose a poem within seven paces；a talent of great
capability
八仙过海 like the Eight Immortals crossing the sea,
each showing his or her immortal talent; each deals
with his or her assignment by relying on his or her own
talent
九牛一毛 a hair out of nine ox hides; so insignificant in
quantity/ number as to be negligible
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）



十 恶 不 赦
ten unpardonable crimes;
unpardonable crimes
一朝天子一朝臣 a new sovereign, new set of
courtiers; a new leader, a new leading body
九牛二虎之力 strength of nine bulls and two
tigers; tremendous efforts
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）

A. 带“三”的词语
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“三优”牌产品 (3-U Brand products)
优良的质量
Unrivalled quality
优惠的价格
Unbeatable prices
优质的服务
Unreserved services
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）

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“三包”承诺：包修、包退、包换
promise of 3-R guarantee, namely, guaranteed repair,
replacement and refund.

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三联运输公司：海陆空联运
1）Sanlian Shipping Service (SSS)；
2 ） Sea-borne, Air-borne and
Transportation (SALT)
Land-surface
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）


三农问题：农业、农村、农民问题
Problems with Three Rs: Rural economy, rural
development and rural demography


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三公：公正、公平、公开
The principle of equal opportunity,
treatment and open competition
fair
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）

三要三不要
three do’s and three don’t’s

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三来一补：来料、来图、来样加工；补偿贸易
The “Three plus one” trading mix: customer
manufacturing (with materials, designs or samples
supplied by the customer) and compensation trade



三个面向：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来
Three-oriented tos: (Our education is) oriented to the
modernization program, to the global perspective and
to our nation’s future goals.
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）

B. 其他带数字的词语

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一个确保、三个到位、五项改革
One goal to ensure, three tasks to accomplish
and five areas to undergo reform
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）


五讲四美：讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲纪律、
讲道德；心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美
Five merits to advocate and four virtues to
promote,
namely,
civilized
behavior,
appropriate courtesy, hygienic surroundings,
proper discipline and suitable morality, and
lofty sentiments, refined language, good
manners and beautiful environment
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）


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八个环境：园区的创新环境、开放环境、法制环境、引
进人才环境、继续教育环境、产业发展空间环境、政府
管理和社会服务环境
In the Science Park, a favorable environment is
created in terms of technical innovation, outward
orientation, law observation, talent attraction,
continuous
education,
industrial
expansion,
government supervision and social service provision
汉语带数字的词语英译（续）

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“九通一平”：通水、通电、通热、通气、通下
水、通邮、通讯、通闭路电视、通道路；平整土
地
Eight availables and two accessibles, namely,
water, electricity, heat, gas, sewage disposal
system, post, telecommunications, and closed
circuit TV available, and paved roads and
leveled ground accessible
3）现代汉语带数字的特殊说法英译举偶


新一届政府的工作要点概括为四句话，即一个目
标、两个环节、三个问题和四项改革。
The work of the new government can be
highlighted in a nutshell of four phrases,
namely, to attain one goal, implement two key
policies, solve three major economic problems
and promote reforms in four major aspects.
现代汉语带数字的特殊说法英译举偶（续）


为了保证这些任务的完成，必须把握以下二十四个字的
原则：城乡协调、东西互动、内外交流、上下结合、远
近兼顾、松紧适度。
Six principles, summed up in six betweens, have been
laid out to ensure the achievement of the above
objectives, namely, coordination between the urban
and rural areas, interaction between the eastern and
western regions, exchange between China and the
outside world, integration between central and local
initiatives, balance between long-term and immediate
interests, as well as appropriateness between speed
and dimension of reform and social stability and
bearing capacity.
第七节 汉语天文、历法
与节气方面的词语英译
汉语天文词语及英译
 2 汉语历法词语及英译
 3 汉语节气词语及英译
1
1 汉语天文词语及英译
1.1汉语天文词语
1.2
汉语天文词语英译
1.1汉语天文词语
七曜
 1.1.2 二十八宿
 1.1.3 二十八宿与其对应区域
 1.1.1
1.1.1 七曜
日、月、金、木、
水、火、土
1.1.2 二十八宿

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东方苍龙七宿：角、亢、氐、房、心、尾、箕
北方玄武七宿：斗、牛、女、虚、危、室、壁
西方白虎七宿：奎、娄、胃、昴、毕、嘴、参
南方朱雀七宿：井、鬼、柳、星、张、翼、轸
1.1.3 二十八宿及对应区域
斗、牛、女对应吴越和扬州；
 虚、危对应齐和青州；
 室、壁对应卫和并州；
 奎、娄、胃对应鲁和徐州；
 昴、毕对应赵和冀州；
 嘴、参对应晋和益州；
二十八宿及对应区域（续）

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井、鬼对应秦和雍州；
柳、星、张对应周和三河；
翼、轸对应楚和荆州；
角、亢对应郑和兖州；
氐、房、心对应宋和豫州；
尾、箕对应燕和幽州
1.2 汉语天文词语英译
七曜英译
 1.2.2 二十八宿英译
 1.2.1
1.2.1 七曜英译
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日the sun; 月the moon; 金Venus; 木Jupiter; 水
Mercury; 火Mars; 土Saturn
金星Venus及其别名英译：启明morning star; 长
庚evening star; 太白bright star
1.2.2 二十八宿英译
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二十八宿the twenty-eight lunar mansions or
constellations
东方苍龙七宿 the Green Dragon, the eastern group of
7 constellations
北 方 玄 武 七 宿 the Tortoise, the northern group of 7
constellations
西方白虎七宿the White Tiger, the western group of 7
constellations
南方朱雀七宿the Scarlet Bird, the southern group of 7
constellations
2 汉语历法方面的词语及
英译
汉语历法词语
2.2 汉语历法词语英译
2.1
2.1 汉语历法词语
某些特殊纪念时术语
2.1.2 天干、地支
2.1.3 甲子
2.1.1
2.1.1 某些特殊纪念时术语

我国古代历法以三十年为一世，十二世为一运，
三十运为一会，十二会为一元。所以一会为
10,800年，一元为129,600年
2.1.2 天干、地支
 10天干：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊
已、庚、辛、壬、癸
 12地支：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳

午、未、申、酉、戌、亥

2.1.3 甲子

甲子、乙丑、丙寅、丁卯、戊辰、己巳、庚午、
辛未、壬申、葵酉、甲戌、乙亥、丙子、丁丑、
戊寅、己卯、庚辰、辛巳、壬午、葵未、甲申、
乙酉、丙戌、丁亥、戊子、己丑、庚寅、辛卯、
壬辰、葵巳、甲午、乙未、丙申、丁酉、戊戌、
己亥、庚子、辛丑、壬寅、葵卯、甲辰、乙巳、
丙午、丁未、戊申、己酉、庚戌、辛亥、壬子、
葵丑、甲寅、乙卯、丙辰、丁巳、戊午、己未、
庚申、辛酉、壬戌、葵亥
2.2 汉语历法词语英译
天干、地支英译
2.2.2 甲子英译
2.2.3 其他
2.2.1
2.2.1 天干、地支英译
A
天干英译
B 地支英译
A 天干英译


the Heavenly Stems或the Ten Heavenly Stems：
jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui
B 地支英译
the Earthly Branches或the Twelve Earthly Branches：
zi, chou, yin, mao, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai
2.2.2 甲子英译

The Sixty Huajiazi (with two elements forming a pair, one from the
Heavenly Stems and the other from the Earthly Branches, 60 pairs in all;
and the 60 pairs together forming a cycle): jiazi, yichou, bingyin,
dingmao, wuchen, jisi, gengwu, xinwei, renshen, guiyou, jiaxu, yihai,
bingzi, dingchou, wuyin, jimao, gengchen, xinsi, renwu, guiwei, jiashen,
yiyou, bingxu, dinghai, wuzi, jichou, gengyin, xinmao, renchen, guisi,
jiawu, yiwei, bingshen, dingyou, wuxu, jihai, gengzi, xinchou, renyin,
guimao, jiachen, yisi, bingwu, dingwei, wushen, jiyou, gengxu, xinhai,
renzi, guichou, jiayin, yimao, bignchen, dingsi, wuwu, jiwei, gengshen,
xinyou, renxu, guihai
2.2.3 其他

甲午战争：the Jiawu War, a war by Japanese
to annex Korea and invade China, beginning in
the year of Jiawu, the eleventh year in the 60year cycle of the Chinese chronology. In the
International System, the war broke out in 1894.
其他（续）

庚 子 赔 款 ： the Gengzi Indemnity or the Boxer
Indemnity. In the year of Gengzi, or 1900, the Eight
Powers of the West joined their forces called the EightPower Allied Forces attacked Beijing to suppress the
Yihetuan Movement or the Boxer Movement and
defeated the latter. The next year, they compelled the
regime of the Qing Dynasty to sign the Xinchou Pact
with them, which forced an indemnity upon the
Chinese people, hence the Gengzi Indemnity.
其他（续）


戊戌变法：the Wuxu Reform, a reform movement that
took place in late Qing Dynasty in the year of Wuxu or
1898 and lasted for only 100 days, hence another
name the 100-Day Reform Movement. The movement
led by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong and
others, supported by Emperor Guangxu but
suppressed by conservative courtiers led by Cixi, the
Grand Empress.
辛亥革命：the Xinhai Revolution, a revolution led by
Sun Yat-sen that broke out in the year of Xinhai or
1911. The revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty and
established the first republic in China.
其他（续）



纪时： （可用意译、音译加注释、音译加同位
语等方式予以翻译）
Numbering the Chinese hour:
In ancient China, a day was divided into twelve
Chinese hours, each equal to two hours in the
International System, and the twelve hours are
named after the Twelve Earthly Branches,
namely, zi, chou, yin, mao, chen, si, wu, wei,
shen, you, xu, hai.
3 汉语节气词语及英译
汉语节气词语
3.2 汉语节气词语英译
3.1
3.1 汉语节气词语
3.1.1
二十四节气
3.1.2 九九歌
3.1.1 二十四节气
A 二十四节气
B
二十四节气歌
A 二十四节气




立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨；
立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、大暑；
立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降；
立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒
B 二十四节气歌


春雨惊春清谷天，夏满芒夏暑相连，
秋处白秋寒霜降，冬雪雪冬小大寒
3.1.2 九九歌




一九二九不伸手，三九四九冰上走；
五九和六九，河边看杨柳；
七九河冻开，八九燕子来；
九九加一九，耕牛遍地走。
3.2 汉语节气词语英译
3.1.1
二十四节气英译
3.1.2 九九歌英译
3.1.1 二十四节气英译
A 二十四节气
B
二十四节气歌
A 二十四节气英译

On the Chinese calendar, a year is divided into four seasons,
each lasting 3 Chinese months. They are Spring, Summer,
Autumn and Winter. Each month in turn falls into two
seasonal divisions, each lasting about 15 days or half a
month, hence the 24 seasonal divisions. The 24 seasonal
divisions are Beginning of Spring, Rain Water, Waking of
Insects, Spring Equinox, Pure Brightness, Grain Rain;
Beginning of Summer, Grain Full, Grain in Ear, Summer
Solstice, Slight Heat, Great Heat; Beginning of Autumn,
Limit of Heat, White Dew, Autumn Equinox, Cold Dew,
Frost’s Descent; Beginning of Winter, Slight Snow, Great
Snow, Winter Solstice, Slight Cold, Great Cold
B 二十四节气歌


The Song for the 24 Seasonal Divisions:
Spring begins while rain water wakes insects, spring
equinox comes before days of pure brightness and rain
for grains; summer begins when grain is full and soon
in ears, summer solstice comes before heat slight and
then great; autumn begins with heat limited and dew
white, autumn equinox comes before dew cold and
descent of frost; winter begins with snow slight and
then great, winter solstice comes before cold slight and
then great.
3.1.2 九九歌


The Song for the Nine Nines:
So cold as the first and second nines are that you cannot
hold your hands out bare; the third and fourth nines see the
coldest days with people traveling or playing on ice
everywhere; the fifth and sixth nines are days in early spring
with willows by the river turning green and budding; the
seventh nine sees the river free of ice and running while the
eighth nine witnesses the swallows merrily returning; the
ninth nine and then another nine, and cattle come to the
fields plowing. (Note: On the Chinese calendar, there are
eighty-one cold days, divided into nine nine-days or nines,
with the third and fourth nines being the coldest)
第八节 现代汉语时新词
语及其英译英译










第一系列
第二系列
第三系列
第四系列
第五系列
第六系列
第七系列
第八系列
第九系列
第十系列
第一系列





1 养 老 保 险 统 筹 制 度 the system of overall planning for
endowment insurance; the endowment insurance overall planning
system
2 小城镇户籍管理制度 the household registration system in
small towns ； the household registration and administration
system in small towns
3 政府采购强制招标制度 a mandatory bidding system for
government purchase; the government purchase mandatory
bidding system
4 城镇职工医疗保险制度 the medical insurance system for urban
workers; the urban workers’ medical insurance system
5 城镇住房制度 the urban housing system; the urban housing
program
第二系列
1按保护价敞开收购粮食的政策 a policy of purchasing
grain without limitation at protective prices; the policy of
unlimited purchase of grain by the government and at
protective prices
 2 积极的财政政策 the pro-active fiscal policy
 3 稳健的货币政策 the moderate monetary policy
 4 优惠的税收政策 the preferential tax policy
 5 关于西部大开发政策 policies giving priorities to Western
Region Development; Western Region Development policies;
policies for supporting Western Region Development
第三系列




1 财政偿还能力 the ability to service debt; the debt
payment ability; the ability to pay debt
2 财政承受能力 the financial capacity; the debt payment
capacity; the bearing capacity
3 财政收入占国民生产总值的比例 the ratio of revenue to
GNP or GDP (the Gross National Product or the Gross
Domestic Product); the revenue-to-GNP ratio
4保持财政收支基本平衡 maintaining a basic balance
between revenue and expenditure; the basic revenue-andexpenditure balance maintenance
第三系列（续）

5 对财政资金申请、立项、拨付、使用效果等各
个环节的监督 the supervision over the whole
process of fund allocation from application, project
determination and actual allocation to returns on
investment; the supervision over such stages as fund
application, project determination, actual fund
allocation and returns on investment
第四系列



1 污染排放超标企业 enterprises that discharge pollutants
in levels that exceed the stipulated standards; enterprises that
discharge more pollutants than allowed; enterprises with
pollutants over-discharged
2 产权划转与产权变动 transfer of and change in property
rights of enterprises; property rights transfer and alteration
3 产业升级 upgrading industries; industrial upgrading; the
upgrade of industries
第四系列（续）


4 促进中小企业向“转、精、特、新”的方向发展 to
encourage small and medium enterprises to increase their
capacity to turn out products that are new, distinctive,
specialized and sophisticated; to encourage small and
medium enterprises (SMEs) to shift their production patterns,
and turn out new, fine and distinctive products
5 农业产业化
industrial management of agriculture
production; industrialized agriculture; industrialization of
agriculture
第五系列



1 市场导向的就业机制 the market-oriented employment
mechanism; the market-oriented employment
2 个人信用制度 the credit rating system; the personal credit
rating system
3 因地制宜，因时制宜，因事制宜，因人制宜 suit the
measures to differing conditions in terms of locality, time,
issue and people involved; do something by taking into
consideration the relevant locality, occasion, issues in
question and people involved
第五系列（续）


4 十五计划《纲要》突出战略性、宏观性、政策性 The
Outline for the Tenth Five-Year Plan highlights its strategic vision,
broad perspectives and policy consideration; The Outline for the
Tenth Five-Year Plan is developed with preeminent considerations
given to the development strategy, overall perspectives and
guideline policies.
5 以市场为导向，以企业为主体，以技术进步为支撑，突出重
点，有进有退 follow the guidance of the market, let enterprises
be the main players, rely on technological advances, get priorities
right, and advance in some areas while retracting in others; follow
the market trends (be market orientated), let enterprises serve as
the key players, rely on technological advances, lay focus on key
projects, advance in some area and retreat in others
第六系列


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
1 下海 go into commercial business; venture into business;
be seduced into commerce or industry
2 安居工程 the affordable housing program; the affordable
housing project
3 货币分房 the “own-as-you-pay” housing program; the
payment-on-one’s-own housing program
4 吃财政饭 a “mouth-feeding” budget
5 大锅饭 the “big pot” distribution system; the distribution
system without being based on the distinction of the work
done; the system of distribution regardless of work
第七系列





1 创新体系 an innovation system；an innovating system; an
system for innovation
2 共赢 all win; win for all; win-win; mutually beneficial; win
benefits for both sides
3 数字化进程
the digitalization process; the process of
digitalization
4 加快金融国际化进程 to quicken the process of international
banking; to accelerate the internationalization of banking; to speed
up the process of internationalizing the banking industry
5 阶段性成果 the phased objectives; the staged achievements;
the achievements for a particular stage
第八系列


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

1 退田还林 restore the reclaimed land to forest;
restore cultivated land to forest
2 拆迁补偿费 the compensation for demolition; the
demolition compensation
3 出口退税 the export tax rebate; the export rebate
4 出口配额 the export quota
5 长期国债 the long-term government bond
第九系列



1 增强经济发展的后劲 add to the potential for
future economic development; strengthen future
economic development potentials
2 控制宏观经济运行 regulate the operation of the
macro-economy; the macro-economic development
regulation
3 调整投资结构和经济结构
restructuring
investment and economy; the regulation of
investment and economic patterns
第九系列（续）


4 对中西部地区适当倾斜 appropriately directed to the
central and western areas of the country; appropriate
priorities given to the central and western areas of the
country for their development; slanting government supports
to the development of central and western areas
5 “ 引 进 来 和 走 出 去 ” 的 战 略 the going global and
bringing-in strategy; the strategy for introduction and
“extroduction”; the strategy for introducing foreign capitals
and advanced technology and opening the international
market for investment and technological exports
第十系列

1 “三个代表”要求，是我们党的立党之本、执政之
基 、 力 量 之 源 The “Three Represent’s” are the
foundation for building the Party, the cornerstone for its
exercise of state power and a source of its strength; The
“Three Represent’s” serve as the foundation for Party
construction, cornerstone for the execution of state
power and the source of the Party’s strength ； the
“Three Represent’s” are the foundation for the
construction of the Party, the cornerstone for it to
exercise the state power and the source of its strength
第十系列（续）


2 全心全意为人民服务，立党为公，执政为民 serve the people
heart and soul, work for the public and assume power for the
people; in the light of the spirit of serving the people
wholeheartedly, the Party aims at working for the public and
execution of the state power for the people; in the spirit of serving
the people heart and soul, the Party aims at working for the public
and exercising the state power for the people
3 不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机和活
力 continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and
combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and
vitality；the Communist Party of China should strengthen its
power in terms of innovation, unity and action, and maintain its
vigor and vitality
第十系列（续）


4 所有党员干部，都应该先天下之忧而忧、后天下之乐而乐，
吃苦在前、享受在后 All Party cadres should be concerned
about the country and the people before anything else, they should
be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy themselves; All
Party cadres should be the first to be concerned about the country
and the last to be entitled to luxuries. In other words, they should
be the first to conquer hardships and last to live an enjoyable life
5 始终保持党同人民的血肉联系 enable the Party to maintain its
flesh-and-blood contacts with the people; the Party should always
try to maintain its relationship with the people as closely as flesh
is related to blood
第二章 现代汉语句子英译
 第一节
现代汉语句子概述
 第二节 现代汉语句子英译：

时态选择
 第三节 现代汉语句子英译：

翻译程序
 第四节 现代汉语句子英译：

可行性翻译
第一节 现代汉语句子概述
现代汉语句子定义；
 2 现代汉语句子分类；
 3 现代汉语句子示例；
 4 现代汉语句子分析；
 5 现代汉语句子英译举偶
1
1 现代汉语句子定义

句子是大于词组、小于篇章的语言单位，往
往用句号、问号和惊叹号表示界限。汉语语法倾
向于认为，句子是交际单位，许多非主谓结构与
主谓结构在交际中都是句子。
2 现代汉语句子分类
1)句子；
2)句群
1)句子
单句；
(2) 复句
(1)
(1) 单句
A 结构；
语气；
C 成分；
D 特定句式
B
(2) 复句
分类；
B 紧缩和扩充
A
A) 因果句

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贫农，因为最革命，所以他们取得了农会的领导权。
由于当时党对全面建设社会主义的思想准备不足，“八
大”提出的路线和许多正确意见没有能够在实践中坚持
下去。
今天要陪外宾参观，我可能回得晚一点。
几个人的笑谈没能继续下去，因为又开来了一辆令人注
目的汽车。
童话既是写给儿童看的，那么我们就要注意语言问题。
既然国家派他出国留学，他各方面的表现肯定都很好。
B) 目的句

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
你要注意治疗，以便早日康复。
不可不注意团结我们的真正的朋友，以致攻击我
们的真正的敌人。
小马仰起脖子打了个哈欠，借以轻松轻松。
入伍前乡亲们帮助他和湄秀定了婚好让他妈在家
有个亲人照顾。
他没有和虎妞商量，省得又招他一顿闲话。
C) 假设句





如果你是外地人，你的感觉就大不相同了。
你不表态，大家会失望的。
在相反的情形之下，顺利也会转化成困难，如果
革命党人犯了错误的话。
那晚要不是老娘下了他的蒙心药，那北京姑娘就
莫想活命了。
如果说我在泰山路上是翻着什么历史稿本，那么
现在我才算翻到我们民族的真正的宏伟的创业史。
D) 条件句





只有充分发扬先进的东西去克服落后的东西，才
能使社会前进。
除非再打几眼井，才能解决北坡的干旱问题。
必须战胜这些敌人，我们的事业才能顺利进行。
只要我不外出，我就陪你们玩几天。
越跟陶慧珍接触，越觉得她是一块无价之宝。
E) 并列句

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既要有克服困难的信心，又要有克服困难的办法。
她既没有到过水暖班，也没有见过管子钳工。
杜丽一面拭汗一面瞅着徐竹和那些大汽车小汽车。
我们一边饮酒，一边吸烟，一边畅谈。
桃花开了，杏花开了，柳毛子到处飞。
虚心使人进步，骄傲使人失败。
“文如其人”，就是说，什么样的人就写什么样
的文章。
F) 连贯句





她摇了摇头，接着打起我无论如何也不明白的手势。
心心举起梅花板子向走远了的母亲示威地挥舞，便一溜
烟地走开了。
她吃好饭，碗筷一推，就坐到摇袜机前“喳喳”摇起来，
于是针筒下面就慢慢吐出红一节蓝一节的袜筒。
亚女红了脸，跨出了矮墙，我这才鼓足了勇气，朝她家
走去。
他蹲下身子，背起那姑娘，一只手提着小皮箱，急步朝
街中心走去。
G) 递进句




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
他不但饱读诗书，而且写得一手好字。
不知道他是否收到我的信，更不知道他对我会是怎样的
态度。
鲁迅一生中写了大量的杂文，还写了很多短篇小说。
他不但不象过去那样欣然颔首，反而发了一顿脾气。
这个从小到大受无数次拘留、教养、判刑的惯犯，不但
不总结历史经验教训，却反而在如何逃避法律制裁上下
功夫。
小伙子尚且搬不动，老头子怎能行？
小伙子都搬不动，何况老头，更何况这些老头没有一个
不是面黄肌瘦的。
H) 选择句





星期天或者你来，或者你让圆圆来。
按本地习惯，女人用彩色丝线绣鞋垫，不是为自
己准备嫁妆，就是为未来的女婿准备礼品。
人们要么尊称他孙老，要么唤他老孙，要么称他
孙猴，要么就叫他孙会计。
与其平庸苟且一生，不如轰轰烈烈一场。
与其说是受累，还不如说是受骗。
I) 转折句




我要妈妈讲，但是妈妈什么也不讲。
小孟也来了，不过她来得比较迟。
两个人依旧来往，就是贴心话比以前少了。
人家嘴里说得好，到时候都变了卦。
J) 让步句

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
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

虽然她渴望着和“二木头”相聚，但是她从未替他的处
境担忧。
虽然黑夜笼罩着他，但我看到了他脸上的忧伤。
她中文说得很好，虽然她未上过哪个学校的中文系。
宁可孤注一掷，也要弄个明白。
他宁肯死，宁肯跳进山洪，也不让那两个坏蛋逮住。
不管是谁搞错的，我们都得向院里写个检查。
不论整顿领导班子，整顿作风，整顿政治机关，没有一
股子劲头不行。
K) 假言逆转句





这话该说了，否则会让莹莹太难堪。
兴许哪句话叫人抓住辫子，不然不会处分他。
幸亏她没有把这最后的想法告诉小吉尔，要不然
这个调皮货会悲愤欲绝，说不定会带着巴日卡不
辞而别呢！
要么照我的意思办，否则，饶不了你。
要么是十六结婚，不然的话——拉倒！
B 紧缩和扩充
紧缩句；
多重复句
紧缩句









教科书不便宜也要买。
人欢马叫。
雨过天晴。
人逢喜事精神爽。
明天你去呀我去？
你不害羞我害羞。
不达目的不罢休。
他非京剧不听。
这个道理不说也懂。
多重复句



因为我们是为人民服务的，我们如果有缺点，
就不怕别人批评指出。不管是什么人，谁向我们
指出都行。只要你说得对，我们就改正。
才三十出头，但是段所长总是把一些重要的
任务交给他。
他才三十出头，而且既没有什么学历，又没
有多少工作经验，但是，不管干什么，他都非常
认真负责，所以段所长总是把重要的工作交给他。
2）句群

什么是知识？自从有阶级社会存在以来，世界上的
知识只有两门，一门叫做生产斗争知识，一门叫做阶级
斗争知识。自然科学、社会科学，就是这两门知识的结
晶，哲学则是关于自然知识和社会知识的概括和总结。
此外还有什么知识呢？没有了。我们现在看一看一些学
生，看看那些同社会实际活动完全脱离关系的学校里面
出身的学生，他们的状况是怎样呢？一个人从那样的小
学一直读到那样的大学，毕业了，算有知识了。但是他
有的只是书本上的知识，还没有参加任何实际活动，还
没有把自己学得的知识应用到生活的任何部门里去。
3 现代汉语句子示例
发言人明确表示，虽然国内有
许多棘手问题等待处理，总统又
大病初愈，但在任何情况下他都
不会取消这次访问。
 3.1
现代汉语句子示例（续）
我们相信他所说的，因为他受
过良好教育，出生于受人尊敬的
家庭，更重要的是他为人可靠；
这些因素虽不能作为判别是非的
准绳，但也是重要参数。
 3.2
4 现代汉语句子分析



4.1 发言人明确表示，| 虽然国内有许多棘手
主从（宾语从句）
问题等待处理，||| 总统又大病初愈，|| 但在任何
并列
转折
情况下他都不会取消这次访问。
现代汉语句子分析（续）
4.2 我们相信他所说的，|| 因为他受过良好教育，|||
因果
并列
 出生于受人尊敬的家庭，||| 更重要的是他为人可靠；

递进
 |这些因素虽不能作为判别是非的准绳，|| 但也是重要参
因果
转折
 数。

5 现代汉语句子英译示例

5.1 The spokesman made it clear that although
there were a number of thorny domestic issues to be
handled and the president had recently recovered
from a serious illness, he would never cancel the
trip under any circumstances.
现代汉语句子英译示例（续）

5.2 We are convinced of what he said because he is
well educated, he was born into a respectable family
and more important, he is reliable. Although all
these factors cannot serve as criteria to determine
right and wrong, they are important parameters in
making a decision.
第二节 现代汉语句子英译：
时态选择





1 英语时态系统；
2 英语时态系统与人对自然界的认知；
3 英语语篇的体裁；
4 英语时态选择与英语语篇的体裁；
5 英语时态选择的基本原则
1 英语时态系统
 （1）现在时代系统；
 （2）过去时态系统
 （3）具体时态；
 （4）时态与时间的关系
2 英语时态系统与人对自然
界的认知






（1）自然界和人类社会的无极性与“我”的介
入；
（2）“我”的介入的和三维的划分；
（3）“我”的介入和时间轴的划分；
（4）“现在”的平移和过去时间区间的变化；
（5）“现在”的平移和将来时间区间的变化；
（6）时间与时态、三维与线性
3 英语语篇的体裁
 （1）叙事文
 （2）说明文
 （3）议论文
（1）叙事文





叙事要素：
事件；
人物；
时间；
地点
事件





事件发展的阶段性：
突发事件(precipitation)；
继发事件(consequence)；
高潮(climax)；
结尾(conclusion
事件（续）






事件发展的阶段性举例：婚恋
邂逅(precipitation:dating)；
恋爱(consequence:falling in love)；
定婚(consequence:engagement)；
结婚(climax:wedding ceremony);
送入洞房(being sent to the wedding room)
事件（续）





事件的结构层级性(hierarchy)举例:
突发事件(hitting the passer-by accidentally)；
继发事件(sending the victim to the hospital)；
高潮(falling in love with the girl)；
结尾(love relations established)
（2）说明文

主要指说明程序和步骤、介绍方法、介绍情
况（包括用简历介绍个人情况）等体裁
（3）议论文

主要指阐述事理和理由的体裁，用以劝说他
人接受某种、赞同某种或放弃某种意见或立场。
议论文一般都有论点、论据和论证。
4 英语时态选择与英语语篇
的体裁



1）叙事文一般选用过去时态系统，但有4种例外：
历史现在时、戏曲现在时、现场报道、自由直接
引语与自由直接思维；
2）议论文一般选用现在时态系统；
3）说明文多选用现在时态系统，介绍过去的情况
时选用过去时态系统
5 英语时态选择的基本原则


1）选用英语时态时，先从现在时态系统和过去
时态系统中选用其中的一个系统；
2）系统选定之后，必要时，以一般时态为规范，
选用其他时态
第三节 现代汉语句子英译：
翻译程序
原文分析；
2 时态选择；
3 分步翻译
1
1 原文分析
分析原文是简单句还
是复合句，进而分析其
是什么类型的简单句或
复合句，分析复合句中
各分句之间的关系

2 时态选择
判断原文是否是叙事
文；如是叙事文，是否
是四种例外；选用合适
的时态系统；必要时参
照规范选用其他时态

3 翻译步骤
1）独立翻译；
2）合并；
3）化简；
4）调整
1）独立翻译
将长句所含的分句一
一翻译成独立的句子

2）合并

按照英语并列复合句
与主从复合句的构成规
则，将独立翻译后的结
果，合并到一起
3）化简
如果可能，将合并后
的复合句中的分句与从
句化简成短语，将短语
化简成名词化的结构甚
至单词

4）调整
如有必要，对化简
后的结果进行调整，
有时还可以更换句型

翻译程序举例
2.3.1—2.3.2
例2.3.1







1 原文分析
2 时态选择
3 分步翻译
3.1 独立翻译
3.2 合并
3.3 化简
3.4 调整
1 原文分析






我满怀希望来参加会议，|| 以为我们的改革一
目的
定会得到支持，| 但讨论来讨论去，||| 还是外甥
转折
因果
打灯笼照旧，|| 未免大失所望。
因果
2 时态选择

本句主要是叙事，议论针对具体事件而发，
宜选用过去时态系统，以一般过去时为规范，必
要时参照规范选用其他时态。
3.1 分步翻译：独立翻译





1) I came to the conference with great expectation;
2) We believed that our reform would surely win full
support;
3) However, it was discussed and discussed;
4) The result turned out to be a young man holding a
lantern to show the way for his maternal uncle——but
remaining at the original point;
5) The result fell short of our expectation.
3.2 分步翻译：合并

I came to the conference with great
expectation. We were sure that our reform
would win full support. However, the result fell
short of the expectation, for the repeated
discussions turned out to be the young man
holding a lantern to show the way for his
maternal uncle —— but remaining at the
original point. (A half literal, half liberal
translation.)
3.3 分步翻译：化简

Sure of the full support for our reform, I
came to the conference. However, my
expectation turned out to be in vain, for the
repeated discussion didn’t produce any
expected result.
3.4 分步翻译：调整

The expectation with which I came to the
conference that our reform would win full
support turned out to be in vain by the
repeated fruitless discussions.
例2.3.2

这位教授引经据典，反复阐释，许多学生仍
感到不得要领，如坠入五里云雾。如此看来，深
入浅出，乃教学之秘诀也。
1 原文分析






这位教授引经据典，||| 反复阐释，|| 许多学生仍
并列
转折
感到不得要领，||||如坠入五里云雾。| 如此看来，
因果
因果
深入浅出，|| 乃教学之秘诀也。
判断
2 时态选择

本句主要叙事，议论虽仍为针对具体事件而
发，但是从具体经验抽象出来的，带有普遍性。
翻译时，叙事部分宜选用过去时态系统，以一般
过去时为规范，必要时参照规范选用其他时态；
议论部分可选用现在时态系统，以一般现在时为
规范，必要时参照规范选用其他时态，但一般不
宜选用进行时。
3.1 分步翻译：独立翻译






1) The professor quoted examples from classics and
scriptures;
2) The professor explained the point repeatedly;
3) Yet many students failed to grasp the essentials;
4) They felt as if they had fallen into foggy clouds as
thick as five miles;
5) This shows;
6) Going into depth in learning while expressing
ourselves in intelligible terms in teaching is a secret
key to success in classroom instruction.
3.2 分步翻译：合并

The professor quoted examples from classics and
scriptures, and explained the point repeatedly.
However, the students failed to grasp the essentials,
feeling that the professor had thrown them into foggy
clouds as thick as five miles. This shows that profound
understanding expressed in intelligible terms can
contribute a great deal to classroom instruction. (in the
process of combination, some results of the
independent translation have been reduced already)
3.3 分步翻译：化简

Although the professor quoted from classics
and scriptures and explained the point
repeatedly, the students remained puzzled and
failed to get any nearer to the point. This
illustrates that profound ideas expressed in
intelligible terms is of great significance in
teaching.
3.4 分步翻译：调整

The fact that the professor’s repeated
quotations and patient explanations did not
bring the puzzled students an inch nearer to
the point necessitates expression of profound
ideas in intelligible terms in teaching.
第四节 现代汉语句子英译：
可行性翻译
可行性翻译的类型；
2 整句与散句；
3 翻译示例
1
1 可行性翻译的类型






1）时态选择与可行性翻译 ;
2）正式程度与可行性翻译 ;
3）句型选用与可行性翻译 ;
4）修辞与可行性翻译 ;
5）主述位结构与可行性翻译 ;
6）整句(periodic sentence)与散句(loose
sentence)与可行性翻译
2 整句与散句

When this great competition of friendship for
America, joy at our triumph, and their own
undaunted love of liberty, liberty for France, liberty
for the United States, liberty for the world, arose,
then the French people were set aflame with a
desire to bring, as it were, their gifts of
frankincense and myrrh to lay on this altar of
liberty, that its censer might never die out, but
forever perfume and ennoble the air of the world.
整句与散句（续）

I did not realize that the first test was so important
until the test paper was returned and my fellow
students looked at me with admiration.
整句与散句（续）

For on Sept. 27, 1940 — by an agreement
signed in Britain, three powerful nations, two in
Europe and one in Asia, joined themselves
together in the threat that if the United States
of America interfered with or blocked the
expansion program of these three nations — a
program aimed at world control — they would
unite in ultimate action against the United
States.
整句与散句举例（续）

I would be presumptuous, indeed, to
present myself against the distinguished
gentlemen to whom you have listened if this
were a mere measuring of abilities, but this is
not a contest between persons.
3 翻译示例
1）例2.1.6—2.1.7
2）例2.2.3—2.2.4
3）例2.3.1—2.3.2
4）例2.4.1—2.4.2
例2.1.6英译（2）

According to the spokesman’s unequivocal
statement, the president will never cancel the
tour under any circumstances, even with many
thorny domestic problems on one hand and his
recent recovery from a serious illness on the
other.
例2.1.6英译（3）

According to the spokesman’s unequivocal
statement, the president, though recently
recovered from a serious illness, will never
cancel the trip under any circumstances, even
with many thorny issues at home. .
例2.1.7英译（2）

We are convinced of his statement based on
his good education, respectable family
background and personal reliability, which are
significant parameters, though not criteria, for
the distinction of right from wrong.
例2.1.7英译（3）

Such significant parameters, though not
criteria, for the decision on right and wrong, as
his good education, responsible family
background and personal reliability, all
convinced us of his statement.
例2.2.3英译（2－4）



a) With production on a rise, more profits gained and a
few promoted with a better pay, hundreds of workers
are dismissed, a fact beyond our understanding.
b) What dumbfounds us is that while production is on a
rise, more profits are gained and a few are promoted
with raises in pay, hundreds of workers are dismissed
without a good reason.
c) What dumbfounds us is that rise in production,
increases in profits and promotion for a few with better
pay should lead to the unreasonable dismissal of
hundreds of workers.
例2.2.4英译（2－3）


a) Jack can produce excellent stories and is
unique in his stylistic creation of poems. In addition,
his painting also wins him much praise. Given the
opportunity to be supervised by a famous master,
he will probably become an outstanding artist.
b) Honored as an author of fiction and a stylist of
creative poetry, Jack is also known as a capable
painter. Given the opportunity to be supervised by
a famous artist, he will turn out to be promising.
例2.2.4英译（4－5）
c) Jack’s painting promises an outstanding artist
with supervision from a famous master though his
fiction and the unique poetic style are also
impressive.
 d) Jack’s painting promises an outstanding artist
with supervision from a famous master, though
also known for his fiction and unique poetic style.
例2.3.1英译（2－3）


a) The conference to which I came with sure
expectation of winning full support for our
reform disappointed me with its repeated
fruitless discussions.
b) The sure expectation, with which I came to
the conference, of winning full support for our
reform, turned out to be in vain by their
repeated fruitless discussions.
例2.3.2英译（2－3）


a) The professors’ repeated quotations and patient
explanations did not bring the puzzled students any
nearer to the point, pointing to the significance of
expressing profound ideas in intelligible terms in
teaching.
b) The necessity of expressing profound ideas in
intelligible terms in teaching can be best demonstrated
by the fact that the professor’s repeated quotations
and patient explanations did not bring the puzzled
students an inch nearer to the point.
例2.4.1

我刚刚打开书卷，正在绞尽脑汁撰写博士论
文，我那小侄女却连蹦带跳地跑上楼来，冲进房
间，一头钻到我的怀里。
例2.4.1英译


a) I had opened my books and was racking my
brain for ideas to be used in my dissertation,
and my little niece bounced upstairs, rushed
into my study and threw herself into my arms.
b) With my books opened, I was racking my
brain preparing my dissertation when my little
niece bounced upstairs, burst into my study
and threw herself into my arms.
例2.4.1英译（续）


c) My little niece bounced upstairs, burst into
my study and threw herself into my arms the
moment I opened my books and began to rack
my brain preparing my dissertation.
d) While I was racking, with my books opened,
my brain preparing my dissertation, my little
niece threw herself into my arms as soon as
she bounced upstairs and burst into my study.
例2.4.2

一定要争辩说你的办法胜我的一筹是没有意
义的，因为解决一个问题，办法多种多样，孰优
孰劣，只有用实践检验，现在就下结论未免有些
武断。
例2.4.2英译


a) It is meaningless to argue that your methods are
superior to mine, because there are many possible
solutions to one problem. The superiority of one
solution to another awaits verification. It would be
arbitrary to draw a conclusion at this moment.
b) The meaninglessness of the argument about the
superiority of your approach to mine lies in the
possibility of different solutions to one problem and in
the testability of the superiority of one solution over
another, not in the arbitrary conclusion at such an early
stage.
例2.4.2英译（续）


c) The argument about the superiority of your approach
over mine without any proof is meaningless and
arbitrary since there do exist the possibility of different
solutions to a single problem.
d) The meaninglessness of the argument about and
the early conclusion of your approach to mine lies in
the possibility of different solutions to one problem and
the subjugation of the superiority to test.
第三章 现代汉语段落英译








第一节 现代汉语段落英译：
统一性与连贯性
第二节 现代汉语段落英译：
文体问题
第三节 现代汉语段落英译：
可行性翻译
第四节 现代汉语段落英译：
调整与重组
第一节 现代汉语段落英译：
统一性与连贯性
统一；
连贯；
衔接
统一






语篇的统一性也就是语篇主题的单一性；
取决于语篇与语境的相关性；
取决于交际参与者的共有知识；
取决于选材；
取决于连贯；
取决于衔接
连贯


语篇的结构安排；
衔接手段的使用
语篇的结构安排
 语篇的结构安排与体裁：
 叙事文
 说明文
 议论文
叙事文
事件
人物
时间
地点
事件
突发事件
继发事件
高潮
结尾
事件的层级结构
人物
人物的更迭
时间
时间的推移
地点
地点的变更
说明文
程序
过程
方式
简介
简历
议论文
论题
论点
论证
论据
衔接手段的使用
衔接的分类
衔接的功用
衔接的分类
结构衔接
语法衔接
词语衔接
语音衔接
结构衔接
特殊句型
平行结构
（包括对偶和对仗）
语法衔接
参照
替代
省略
连接词语
词语衔接
 重复
 同义词
 反义词
 类属词
 部分整体词
 词语搭配
语音衔接
音同
音近
节奏
押韵
衔接的功用
连接上下文
焊接破损结构
前后照应
衔接举偶

3.1.1 In consequence of an argument between the
sisters, Elizabeth wrote the next morning to her mother,
to beg that the carriage might be sent for them in the
course of the day. But Mrs Bennet, who had calculated
on her daughters remaining at Netherfield till the
following Tuesday, which would exactly finish Jane’s
week, could not bring herself to receive them with
pleasure before. Her answer, therefore, was not
propitious, at least not to Elizabeth’s wishes, for she
was impatient to get home.
 (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Ch.12)
衔接举偶（续）

3.1.2 It was not declared on the part of the United States
until it had been long made on them, in reality though not in
name; until arguments and expostulations had been
exhausted; until positive declaration had been received that
the wrongs provoking it would not be discontinued; nor until
this last appeal could no longer be delayed without breaking
down the spirit of the nation, destroying all confidence in
itself and in its political institutions, and either perpetuating a
state of disgraceful suffering or regaining by more costly
sacrifice and more severe struggle our lost rank and respect
among independent powers.
 (James Madison, The War in 1812)
例3.1.3

生活中充满了危险，但我们并不一定把这些危险都想得
很清楚。当我们第一次登上飞机的时候，我们害怕它掉下来，
尽管人家向我们保证飞机是有史以来最安全的旅行工具。然
而坐上汽车的时候，我们往往并不担心，虽然汽车比飞机要
危险得多。在一定程度上，这是很自然的，我们往往惧怕陌
生的东西。为了查清我们在各种各样情况下会遇到多少危险
并帮助我们做出明智的决定，一门被称为风险估测的新的科
学已经形成。它的目的当然是将风险减少到最低限度。举例
说，风险估测已经运用到能源使用的研究上。乍一想，原子
能会构成巨大的危险，因为万一发生意外，谁也逃避不了它
的放射线。然而，几乎所有的能源使用形式都不可避免地带
有危险。燃烧矿物燃料会产生大量的有毒气体，这一点却常
常被忽略了。仔细研究之后，你就可能不肯让燃煤电厂建在
你家附近，就像不可能让核反应堆建在你家附近一样。
例3.1.3 英译

Life is full of danger. However, we are not aware of its
potential dangers. When we get on board a plane, we are
afraid that the plane might drop, although they assure us
that the plane has been the safest transportation in history.
However, when we get in a car or a passenger bus, we are
not afraid although the car or passenger bus is more
dangerous than the plane. To some extent, this is natural,
for we are often afraid of what we are not familiar with. In
order to investigate how many dangers we may encounter
under various circumstances and help us to make sensible
decisions, a new science called risk estimation has come
into being. It of course aims at reducing risks to minimum.
例3.1.3 英译（续）

For example, risk estimation has been applied to energy
utilization research. On a sudden thought, utilization of
atomic energy may involve enormous potential risks,
because if an unexpected accident should occur, no one
could be spared of its radiation rays. However, almost any
form of energy utilization may be inevitably accompanied by
risks. Burning of fossil fuel will produce a large quantity of
toxic gas. But this danger often does not attract our
attention. Through careful inquiry, you may not let a coal
burning power station to be built near your home the same
way you may not like a nuclear reactor to be built in your
neighborhood.
例3.1.4

时下，在北京的图书馆、博物馆甚至书店里，
经常有一些大大小小不同类型的文化讲座。这些
讲座，小而言之，只是一次次知识的宣讲，大而
言之，则是先进文化的传播。在这方面，中国现
代文学馆组织的周末义务讲座无疑是开风气之先、
具有示范作用的。这里，一时间竟出现了作家学
者主动报名讲演，听者以能占有一席之地为荣的
局面。可以相信，当越来越多的人自觉进入求学
殿堂之时，就是我国国民素质快速提升之日。
例3.1.4英译

At present, in libraries, museums or even bookstores in
Beijing, there are often culture lectures on different scales
and of varied sizes. These lectures, in practical terms, are
repeated knowledge impartations. In theoretical terms, they
are cases of advanced culture propagations. Of the lectures,
the weekend free lecture series organized by China Modern
Literary Museum are of pioneering and modeling
significance. Here, many writers and scholars volunteer to
be entered for opportunities to give lectures while the
audience is honored when given a seat. We are convinced
that when more and more people are willing to be enrolled
on such educational programs, the quality of our citizens will
be greatly enhanced.
第二节 现代汉语段落英译：
文体问题
汉语文体风格概述：
文体
风格
文体
叙事、说明、议论等
体裁
具有时代性、区域性
的写作趋势
风格
个人风格
文章风格
时代风格
区域风格
例3.2.1

读完中学已经很不容易了，50岁的雷运娇为什么还
要考大学呢？她说：“我想当个作家。”这几年，她先
后收到3000多封来信，与4000多个孩子谈心，发现很多
孩子都抱怨父母不理解他们，埋怨父母不合格。一边是
父母盼儿女成才的沉甸甸的关爱，一边却是孩子们对这
份爱的排斥和抗拒。为了孩子们的明天，为了教育更多
的人，她想把她这些年来在德育工作中积累的一些经验
和方法写成一本书，为更多的家长和老师出点主意。
例3.2.1英译

It is not easy for the 50-year old Lei Yunjiao to complete
her high school education. Why should she have her name
registered for college entrance examination? “I want to be a
writer,” she said. In recent years, she has received more
than 3000 letters and chatted with more than 4000 children
to find that many children are complaining that their parents
are not qualified and do not understand them. On one hand,
parents love their children dearly, expecting them to be
talents. On the other, children are repellent and resistant to
the love. For the future of children, for education of more,
she is thinking of writing a book about experiences and
approaches she has accumulated in the years of her moral
education work for the benefit of more parents and teachers.
例3.2.2


教育部部长周济今天透露，为全面提高我国
高等教育人才培养质量，教育部启动了“高等学
校教育质量与教育改革工程”。
这项被称为“质量工程”的举措，是教育部
正在制定的《2003-2007年的教育振兴行动计划》
中的重要内容。教育部有关负责人表示，在目前
我国在校大学生数量不断增加、高等教育投入不
足的情况下，通过“质量工程”的实施，确保教
育质量的稳步提高。
例3.2.2英译


According to the news briefed by Zhou Ji,
Minister of Education, in order to enhance in an
all-round way the quality of education of
capable students in institutions of higher
learning in China, the Ministry of Education has
started The Quality and Reform Project for
Higher Education.
例3.2.2英译(续）

Known as Quality Project, it is included as one
of the key items in The Planned Education
Vitalization Measures for 2003 to 2007, being
developed by the Ministry of Education. The
responsible person from the Ministry of Education
says, taking into account the fact that college
enrollment has been continuously increasing while
the investment for higher education remains
insufficient, it is expected that education quality will
be improved steadily through implementation of
The Quality Project.
第三节 现代汉语段落英译：
可行性翻译
第一节译例的可行性英译
 2) 第二节译例的可行性英译
 3) 第三节译例
 1)
1) 第一节译例的可行
性英译
例3.1.3—3.1.4
例3.1.3英译（2）

Full of danger as life is, such danger often lies
beyond our conscious awareness. Getting on a plane
for the first time, for example, we may feel worried
about its dropping onto the ground, though assured
that it has been the safest transportation up to the
present. A car is much more dangerous than a plane,
but we are blind to the danger. To some extent, this is
natural, for we are often afraid of dangerous things
unfamiliar. In order to make clear of various dangers
we may encounter under all circumstances and help us
make sensible decisions on such an encounter, a new
science, known as risk estimation, has come into being.
例3.1.3英译（2）（续）

Of course, the development of such a science aims at
reducing potential dangers to the minimum. For example,
risk estimation has now been applied to investigation into
the dangers involved in the consumption of energy. On a
sudden thought, atomic energy consumption may involve
enormous dangers, for in case of an accident, no one could
escape its radiation. Actually, any form of energy
consumption may inevitably involve some danger. Burning
of fossil fuel may produce large quantity of toxic gas, though
usually we are not aware of the danger. Through careful
research, just as you may not like the construction of a
nuclear reactor in your neighborhood, so you may not
tolerate the building of a coal burning power station near
your residence.
例3.1.3英译（3）

In our daily life, we are often not aware of the
danger from our daily routines. For example, on a
airplane, we are afraid of its dropping onto the ground,
though assured that it is a much safer transportation
vehicle than a car or a passenger bus. This points to
the necessity of estimating risks scientifically, thence a
new science, risk estimation, coming into being.
Consequently, through estimating risks scientifically,
you may not tolerate the building of a coal burning
power plant near your home the same way you refuse
the construction of a nuclear reactor in your
neighborhood, though the power plant may sound
much less dangerous than a nuclear reactor.
例3.1.4英译（2）

Recently, libraries, museums and bookstores in
Beijing can often witness culture lectures on various
topics, on different scales and of various sizes. Such
lectures can be regarded in the least as repeated
public knowledge imparting and at best as cases of
advanced culture cultivations. Organized by China
Modern Literature Museum, the weekend free lectures,
for example, can certainly serve as a pioneering model.
Writers and scholars are striving for the lecturing
opportunities while auditors are honored to be included
in the audience. Surely, mass participation in such
learning activities will greatly enhance our national
traits.
例3.1.4英译（3）

Recently, culture lectures are often conducted in
libraries, museums and bookstores in Beijing, with the
weekend free lectures, organized by China Modern
Literature Museum, as the pioneering model. Such
lectures are packed with both voluntary lecturers and
audience. We believe that with great masses
participating in such activities, the quantity of our
citizens will be greatly improved.
2) 第二节译例的可行
性英译
例3.2.1—3.2.2
例3.2.1英译（2）

For the 50-year-old Lei Yunjiao, it is not easy to complete her
high school education already, why should she want to be enrolled
into university? To the question, she answered: “I want to be a
writer.” Surprising as the answer is, the explanation lies in that
from more than 3000 letters she has received and more than 4000
talks she has conducted with children in recent years, she finds
that many children are suspicious of their parents’ qualifications
as they fail to understand their children. While parents show every
love and concern for their children, expecting them to become
talents, children are repellent and resistant to such a love. In the
interest of the future of children and for the sake of shedding light
on more parents, she would like to write a book on experiences
and approaches she has accumulated in the recent years of her
moral work and dedicate her ideas to more parents and teachers.
例3.2.1英译（3）

The fact that Lei Yunjiao, a 50-year-old woman,
wants to be a writer lies in that from her experiences
she comes to know that many children are suspicious
of their parents’ qualifications by complaining that they
do not understand them although they show every love
for them. The best way to help parents and teachers
alike, as she sees it, is to write a book on experiences
and approaches she has accumulated for the sake of
shedding light on more parents and dedicate her ideas
to more teachers involved in the work of cultivating
children. For this sake, she wants to be enrolled into a
university upon completion of her high school
education.
例3.2.2英译（2）


In accordance with what has been briefed today by
Zhou Ji, Minister of Education, the Ministry of
Education has put into operation The Quality and
Reform Project for Institutions of Higher Learning in
order to improve the quality for education of capable
college students in an all-round way.
Known as Quality Project for short, it is one of the
important measures to be taken that are included in
The Plan for Education Vitalization Measures for 2003
to 2007 being prepared by the Ministry of Education.
例3.2.2英译（2）（续）

According to the responsible person from the
Ministry of Education, the problem with China’s
higher education is that while the enrollment
keeps increasing, the investment into higher
education remains insufficient. Through the
implementation of Quality Project, education
quality will surely be expected to improve
steadily.
例3.2.2英译（3）

According to Zhou Ji, Minister of Education,
and other responsible persons, the Ministry of
Education has put forward The Quality Project
for Institutions of Higher Learning, hoping to
solve the problem of the increasing expansion
of enrollment without sufficient increase of
educational funds. They believe that the
implementation of such a project will enhance
the education quality in an all round way.
3) 第三节译例
例3.3.1—3.3.2
例3.3.1


日前，济南市卫生行政部门出台“五条禁令”，
重点整治医药购销中的腐败，以各种名义收受回
扣、变相回扣和红包的医务人员将被暂停执业活
动，吊销执业证书，直至除名。
据介绍，对于少数医务工作者廉洁自律方面
存在的问题，特别是在医药购销过程中收受回扣
的现象，济南市卫生局今年将工作重点放在着力
解决医药购销中的腐败上，回扣、红包等问题是
打击的重点。
例3.3.1英译（1）

At present, the medical administration
department of Jinan Municipality has enacted
“five forbids”, mainly to fight against corruption
in medical purchasing and selling transactions.
Those who accept sales commission, sales
commission in disguise or red packs, will have
their jobs, or their work permits terminated, or
have their names crossed out of the staff list.
例3.3.1英译（1）（续）

According to certain source of information, there are
problems with some medical workers in terms of selfdiscipline and freedom from corruption, particularly in
the form of acceptance of sales commissions. The
Health Bureau of Jinan Municipality will in this year
focus on elimination of corruption existent in medicine
purchasing and selling. Those who accept sales
commissions and red packs will be punished severely.
例3.3.1英译（2）

Some medical workers, though very few in number, are not
strict with themselves in terms of self-discipline and freedom from
corruption. A case in point is acceptance of sales commissions.
This has attracted the attention of the Health Bureau of Jinan
Municipality, which, according to some source of information, is
determined this year to eliminate the corruption involved in
medicine trading transactions, focusing in particular on taking
effective actions against such corruption as acceptance of sales
commissions or money wrapped in red. Specifically, the medical
administration department of Jinan Municipality has enacted “Five
Decrees of Forbidding”, aiming mainly at punishing those who
accept sales commissions or disguised sales commissions or
money wrapped in red by having either their jobs or their work
permits terminated or themselves dismissed from the post.
例3.3.1英译（3）

In face of corruptions in medicine trading
transactions, recently, the medical administration
department, namely, the Health Bureau of Jinan
Municipality, has enacted “Five Decrees of Forbidding”,
aiming mainly at punishing those who accept sales
commissions or disguised sales commissions or
money wrapped in red by having either their jobs or
their work permits terminated or by having acceptors
themselves dismissed from the post.
例3.3.2


中共中央政治局常委、国务院总理温家宝12
日下午来到北京佑安医院，看望参加非典型肺炎
防治工作的医学专家和医护人员。温家宝代表党
中央、国务院向全国奋战在非典型肺炎防治工作
第一线的广大医务人员致以亲切慰问。
中共中央政治局委员、北京市委书记刘淇，
中共中央政治局委员、国务院副总理吴仪，国务
委员兼国务院秘书长华建敏一同参加了慰问。
例3.3.2英译（1）

On April 12, 2003, Wen Jiabao, standing member of
the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China and premier of the State
Council came to You’an Hospital in Beijing to see the
medical experts and workers engaged in prevention of
SARS and treatment of SARS patients. On behalf of
the Central Committee of the Communist Party of
China and the State Council, he extended his cordial
greetings to the medical workers who are fighting on
the forefront of SARS prevention and SARS patient
treatment.
例3.3.2英译（1）（续）

Liu Qi, member of the Political Bureau of the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of
China and secretary of the Party Committee of
Beijing Municipality, Wu Yi, member of the
Political Bureau of CCCPC and vice-premier of
the State Council, and Hua Jianmin, councilor
and secretary-general of the State Council,
accompanied Wen Jiabao on the trip.
例3.3.2英译（2）

Accompanied by Liu Qi, member of the Political Bureau
and secretary of the Party Committee of Beijing Municipality,
Wu Yi, member of the Political Bureau and vice-premier of
the State Council, and Hua Jianmin, councilor and
secretary-general of the State Council, Wen Jiabao,
standing member of the Political Bureau of CCCPC and
premier of the State Council, came to You’an Hospital in
Beijing to see the medical experts and workers engaged in
SARS prevention and SARS patient treatment. On behalf of
the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and
the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, he
extended to them his cordial regards.
例3.3.2英译（3）

Accompanied by such VIPs as Liu Qi, Wu Yi
and Hua Jiangmin, Wen Jiabao, standing
member of the Political Bureau of CCCPC and
premier of the State Council, came to You’an
Hospital to extend, on behalf of CCCPC and
the State Council, his cordial regards to
experts and medical workers fighting against
SARS there.
第四节 现代汉语段落英译：
调整与重组
例3.4.1—3.4.2
例3.4.1

法院经审理查明，1999年1月至2001年8月底林芊
在担任黄岩迅达城市信用社董事长兼总经理期间，利用
职务之便，以化名、冒名等名义向黄岩迅达城市信用社
借款，自批自贷挪用本单位资金3750.6万元用于个人挥
霍，至今未还。1988年10月，谎言金龙典当行筹建之初，
林芊便以高额利息相诱惑，以个人名义并由金龙典当行
担保，非法向社会吸收公众资金，仅1995年6月30日至
案发时，共非法吸收社会公众存款达1900余万元，至今
尚有1197.58万元无法清偿。1999年12月8日，林芊为骗
取黄岩迅达电化有限公司的公司登记，伪造单据，取得
注册资本为1000万元的验收报告书，从而以骗取方法于
1999年12月15日取得黄岩迅达电化有限公司的登记。
例3.4.1英译（1）

Through investigation, the court has arrived at the
conclusion that from January 1999 to the end of August
2001, when he was appointed director of board and general
manager of Xunda Urban Credit Cooperative of Huangyan,
Lin Qian misused his position to misappropriate public funds
of the Credit Cooperative, totaling 37.506 million yuan. To
obtain the loans, he assumed false names or other persons’
names in application and then approved the applications
himself, hence his approval of his own application. All the
money has been used for his personal extravagant
expenses and has not been returned yet.
例3.4.1英译（1）（续）

In October 1988, in order to collect funds for establishment of
Jinlong Pawn, Lin Qian lied that the interest would be very high
and the investment would be guaranteed in his own name and in
the name of Jinlong Pawn. In this way, he attracted a lot of funds
from the public illegally. During the period from June 30, 1995 to
when his case was filed, he illegally collected more than 19 million
yuan from the masses, of which 11.9758 million yuan he could not
return to the investors. On December 8, 1999, Lin Qian was
planning to obtain by cheating the registration of Huangyan Xunda
Electro-Chemical Company Limited. For this sake, he forged
receipts and fooled the registrar so that he obtained the check
report that verifies that the registration capital was 10 million yuan.
In this way, he obtained by cheating the registration of Huangyan
Xunda Electro-Chemical Company Limited on December 15, 1999.
例3.4.1英译（2）

Through trial and investigation, the court has found
out that Lin Qian committed three crimes. First, taking
advantage of his position, Lin Qian, director of board
and general manager of Huangyan Xunda Urban
Credit Cooperative (from January 1999 to the end of
August 2001) misappropriated public funds of the
Cooperative totaling 37.506 million yuan by assuming
a false name or the name of another person in
application and then by approving those
misapplications himself.
例3.4.1英译（2）（续）

With all the misappropriated money, he had lived his
life extravagantly without returning a single penny to
the cooperative yet. Second, taking the advantage of
making preparations for the establishment of Jinlong
Pawn, Lin Qian began to collect funds from the public
illegally in October 1988. The funds he collected during
the period from June 30, 1995 to the filing of his case
total more than 19 million yuan. He did it by cheating
that the investment, guaranteed in his own name and
in the name of Jinlong Pawn, would gain high interest.
例3.4.1英译（2）（续）

Of the collected funds, 11.9758 million yuan was
beyond his returning capacity. Thirdly, in order to obtain
by cheating the registration of Huangyan Xunda
Electro-Chemical Company Limited, on December 8,
1999, he forged necessary receipts and obtained the
check report, verifying that the company was in
possession of 10 million yuan as registration funds.
With the report, he finally obtained the registration of
Huangyan Xunda Electro-Chemical Company Limited
on December 15, 1999.
例3.4.2

天津是我国北方重要经济中心，现代化港口大都市。
近年来在中央的重视和支持下，天津的各项事业蓬勃发
展，国内生产总值连续十一年实现两位数增长，经济实
力显著增强，人民生活水平不断提高，天津步入了全国
发展较快地区的行列。党的十六大以后，天津确定了
“三步走”的战略目标。当前，全市上下在围绕大力发
展海河经济、海洋经济、优势产业、区县经济、中小企
业和个体私营经济等五大战略举措，掀起气势恢宏的新
一轮创业热潮。不久的将来，天津必将以更加开放、充
满活力的形象展现在世人面前。
例3.4.2英译（1）

Tianjin is one of the important economic centers in
North China and a modern metropolis of harbors. In
recent years, with importance attached to and support
from the central government of China, Tianjin is thriving
prosperously in an all-round way. Its GDP has kept
increasing by two digitals for 11 consecutive years.
Apparently it has become economically powerful, the
living standards of the people have been continuously
raised, and Tianjin is listed among the rapid
development regions and areas throughout the country.
例3.4.2英译（1）（续）

After the 16th National Congress of the Communist
Party of China, Tianjin has decided to develop its
economy by Three Steps. At present, the leading
bodies and masses of Tianjin are taking five great
strategic measures with focus laid on development of
Haihe Economy, Oceanic Economy, Advantageous
Industries, District and County Economy, and Medium
and Small-sized Enterprises, including NonGovernmental and Private Economies. They have set
off a new upsurge of great momentum to create a new
development situation. In the near future, Tianjin will
present its own image to the world with its door further
opened and its vigor renewed.
例3.4.2英译（2）

With great importance attached to and support from
the Central Government of China, Tianjin, a metropolis
with modern harbors, has become one of the important
economic centers in North China. In recent years,
Tianjin has been thriving in all aspects. For example,
the GDP has kept increasing by two digitals for 11
consecutive years, contributing to the strength of
economic power and steady improvement of people’s
living standards. Therefore, the city is listed among the
regions and areas of rapidest economic development.
例3.4.2英译（2）（续）

After convention of the 16th Party’s National Congress,
Tianjin has set the strategic goal of “Three Step
Development”. As the first step, people of the whole
city are at present united as one and striving to fulfill
five great strategic developments, namely,
developments of Haihe Economy, Oceanic Economy,
Advantageous Industries, District and County Economy,
and Medium and Small Enterprises, including Private
and Individual Economies, setting off a new
magnificent upsurge for creation of a new development
situation. In the near future, Tianjin will exhibit itself as
a fully opened and more vigorous municipality.
第四章 汉语四大古典小
说名著选段英译
 第一节
《红楼梦》选段英译
 第二节 《三国演义》选段

英译
 第三节 《西游记》选段英译
 第四节 《水浒传》选段英译
第一节《红楼梦》选段英译

4.1.1—4.1.2
例 4.1.1

此开卷第一回也。作者自云曾历过一番梦幻
之后，故将真事隐去，而借“通灵”说此《石头
记》一书也；故曰“甄士隐”云云。但书中所记
何事何人？——自己又云：“今风尘碌碌，一事
无成，忽念及当日所有之女子，一一细考较去，
觉其行止见识皆出我之上；我堂堂须眉，诚不若
彼钗裙；我实愧则有余，悔又无益，大无可如何
之日也！
例4.1.1(续)

当此日，欲将以往所赖天恩祖德，锦衣纨裤之时，
饫甘餍肥之日，背父兄教育之恩，负师友规训之
德，以至今日一事无成、半生潦倒之罪，编述一
集以告天下：知我之负罪固多，然闺阁中历历有
人，万不可因我之不肖，自护己短，一并使其泯
灭也。所以蓬牖茅椽，绳床瓦灶，并不足妨我襟
怀；况那晨风夕月，阶柳亭花，更觉润人笔墨；
我虽不学无文，又何妨用假语村言，敷演出来，
亦可使闺阁昭传，复可破一时之闷，醒同人之目，
不亦宜乎？故曰‘贾雨村’云云。……”
译文1:

This is the opening chapter of the novel. In
writing this story of the Stone the author
wanted to record certain of his past dreams
and illusions, but he tried to hide the true facts
of his experience by using the allegory of the
jade of “Spiritual Understanding.” Hence his
recourse to names like Chen Shih-yin. But
what are the events recorded in this book, and
who are the characters? About this he said:
译文1(续)

“In this busy, dusty world, having
accomplished nothing, I suddenly recalled all
the girls I had known, considering each in turn,
and it dawned on me that all of them
surpassed me in behavior and understanding;
that I, shameful to say, for all my masculine
dignity, fell short of the gentler sex. But since
this could never be remedied, it was no use
regretting it. There was really nothing to be
done.
译文1(续)

“I decided then to make known to all how I,
though dressed in silks and delicately nurtured
thanks to the Imperial favor and my ancestors’
virtue, had nevertheless ignored the kindly
guidance of my elders as well as the good advice
of teachers and friends, with the result that I had
wasted half my life and not acquired a single skill.
But no matter how unforgivable my crimes, I must
not let all the lovely girls I have known pass into
oblivion through my wickedness or my desire to
hide my shortcomings.
译文1(续)

“Though my home is now a thatched cottage with
matting windows, earthen stove and rope-bed, this
shall not stop me from laying bare my heart. Indeed,
the morning breeze, the dew of night, the willows by
my steps and the flowers in my courtyard inspire me to
wield my brush. Though I have little learning or literary
talent, what does it matter if I tell a tale in rustic
language to leave a record of all those lovely girls. This
should divert readers too and help distract them from
their cares. That is why I use the other name Chia Yutsun.”
译文2：


… But he also tells us the book originally
grew out of his brother’s desire to write
something about the numerous girls who had
surrounded him in his youth.
‘Who are the characters in this book,’ he
asks, ‘and what was the author’s motive in
writing it?’ He answers the question by quoting
Cao Xueqin’s own words:
译文2(续)

Having made an utter failure of my life, I found
myself one day, in the midst of my poverty and
wretchedness, thinking about the female companions
of my youth. As I went over them one by one,
examining and comparing them in my mind’s eye, it
suddenly came over me that those slips of girls – which
is all they were then – were in every way, both morally
and intellectually, superior to the ‘grave and
mustachioed signior’ I am now supposed to have
become. The realization brought with it an
overpowering sense of shame and remorse, and for a
while I was plunged in the deepest despair.
译文2(续)

There and then I resolved to make a record of all the
recollections of those days I could muster – those golden
days when I dressed in silk and ate delicately, when we still
nestled in the protecting shadow of the Ancestors and
Heaven still smiled on us. I resolved to tell the world how, in
defiance of all my family’s attempts to bring me up properly
and all the warnings and advice of my friends, I had brought
myself to this present wretched state, in which, having
frittered away half a lifetime, I find myself without a single
skill with which I could earn a decent living. I resolved that,
however unsightly my own shortcomings might be, I must
not, for the sake of keeping them hid, allow those wonderful
girls to pass into oblivion without a memorial.
译文2(续)

Reminders of my poverty were all about me: the thatched
roof, the wicker lattices, the string beds, the crockery stove.
But these did not need to be an impediment to the workings
of the imagination. Indeed, the beauties of nature outside
my door – the morning breeze, the evening dew, the flowers
and trees of my garden – were a positive encouragement to
write. I might lack learning and literary aptitude, but what
was to prevent me from turning it all into a story and writing
it in the vernacular? In this way the memorial to my beloved
girls could at one and the same time serve as a source of
harmless entertainment and as a warning to those who
were in the same predicament as myself but who were still
in need of awakening.
译文3：

This is the first chapter of the novel, in which the
author says, having experienced the life of dreams and
illusions, he would like to write a book entitled The
Story of the Stone by concealing the true facts and
shamming the spirited jade, hence a character named
Zhen Shiyin, meaning concealing the true facts. But
who and what events will the book depict? To the
question, the author adds: “Engaged as I have been in
worldly trivial matters, I have accomplished nothing.
Reflecting on all the girls I have made acquaintance
with by examining them one by one scrupulously, I
come to realize that they are all superior to me in
knowledge and conduct.
译文3（续）

A man of dignity, I should fall behind the weaker sex.
Extremely ashamed, I feel useless regretting and about
this, nothing could be done! On such an occasion, I
would like to compile a book about my misconducts. In
the past, thanks to the imperial favor and my ancestors’
contributions to the empire, I was dressed in silk and
fed up with precious food. However, having failed to
follow my parents’ advice and teachers’ guidance, I
have made no achievements though gray-haired
already. With the book, I would like to let the world
know that an impossible as I am, the girls in the world
of the gentle sex are worthy mentioning.
译文3（续）

I would not like to let them go into oblivion through my reluctance
to describe them, though the description would reveal my
misconducts and shortcomings as well. Living in a thatched house
with bare furnishing would not suffocate my ambition. In addition,
the gentle breeze in the morning and the tender moon at night, the
willows by the steps and the flowers in the yard, will all provide
sources of inspiration. I am not a man of letters, nor am I expert at
story writing. However, if I describe the events in fictional
language as popular with villagers, so that girls can pass on the
book among themselves to while away the time or the book may
serve as a warning for men with a turn of mind similar to mine,
isn’t it a right thing to do? Hence another character named Jia
Yucun, meaning the fictional language as popular with villagers. …”
例 4.1.2

却说封肃听见公差传唤，忙出来陪笑启问，
那些人只嚷：“快请甄爷出来！”封肃忙陪笑道：
“小人姓封，并不姓甄；只有当日小婿姓甄，今
已出家一二年了。不知可是问他？”那些公人道：
“我们也不知什么‘真’‘假’，既是你的女婿，
就带了你去禀太爷便了。”大家把封肃推拥而去，
封家各各惊慌，不知何事。
译文1





Hearing the hubbub at his gate, Feng Su hurried out to see
what the messengers wanted.
“Ask Mr. Chen to come out,” they bawled. “Be quick about it.”
“My name is Feng, not Chen,” he answered with an ingratiating
smile. “My son-in-law’s name is Chen, but he left home a year or
two ago to become a priest. Is he the man you want?”
“How would we know? We’re here on the prefect’s orders. If
you’re his father-in-law, you must come and clear this up with His
Honor to save us another trip.”
Giving Feng Su no chance to protest they dragged him off,
while his whole household trembled, not knowing what this
portended.
译文2



Hearing the clamor of yamen runners outside, Feng Su hurried
to the door, his face wreathed in smiles, to ask what they wanted.
‘Tell Mr Zhen to step outside,’ they were shouting. ‘Hurry!’
Feng Su’s smile became even more ingratiating. ‘My name is
Feng, not Zhen. My son-in-law’s name is Zhen, but he left home
to become a Taoist more than a year ago. Could he be the one
you want?’
‘ “Feng” or “Zhen”, it’s all the same to us,’ said the runner; ‘but
if you’re his father-in-law you’d better come along with us to see
the magistrate.’ And they hustled him off, leaving the entire
household in a state of panic, quite at a loss to know what the
trouble could be.
译文3

On hearing being summoned by messengers from the
prefect, Feng Su answered the door hurriedly with a smile to
see why the summon, but the comers yelled: “Please let
Lord Zhen out!” With an ingratiating smile, Feng Su replied:
“My humble surname is Feng, not Zhen. However, my sonin-law’s surname is Zhen. But he became a monk one or
two years ago. Is he wanted?” The messengers shouted:
“We are not sure whether it is Zhen (literally meaning true)
or Jia (literally meaning false) that is wanted. Since your
son-in-law’s surname is Zhen, we will take you to His Honor,
the prefect.” Then they dragged the old man away, leaving
the family in panic without knowing what would happen.
第二节 《三国演义》选段
英译
例4.2.1—4.2.2
例4.2.1

话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。周末
七国分争并入于秦，及秦灭后，楚、汉分争，又
并入于汉；汉朝自高祖斩白蛇起义，一统天下，
后来光武中兴，传至献帝，遂分为三国。
译文1

Here begins our tale. The empire, long divided, must
unite; long united, must divide. Thus it has ever been.
In the closing years of the Zhou dynasty, seven
kingdoms warred among themselves until the kingdom
of Qin prevailed and absorbed the other six. But Qin
soon fell, and on its ruins two opposing kingdoms, Chu
and Han, fought for mastery until the kingdom of Han
prevailed and absorbed its rival, as Qin had done
before. The Han court’s rise to power began when the
Supreme Ancestor slew a white serpent, inspiring an
uprising that ended with Han’s ruling a unified empire.
译文1（续）

Two hundred years later, after Wang Mang’s
usurpation, Emperor Guang Wu restored the
dynasty, and Han emperors ruled for another
two hundred years down to the reign of Xian,
after whom the realm split into three kingdoms.
译文2

The Chinese history witnessed the empire
alternating between unity and division, long and short.
At end of the warring state period of the Eastern Zhou
Dynasty, seven powerful kingdoms were fighting
against each other until Qin conquered the other six
and unified China. When Qin fell apart, the two powers
Chu and Han were engaged in civil wars until Han
conquered the other and unified the country. The Han
Dynasty can be traced back to Gaozu, the first emperor,
who staged an uprising by slaying a serpent and
established a unified empire.
译文2（续）

During the Western Han (so called for its capital
Chang’an, located to the west of Luoyang), the throne
was passed along the family line until it was usurped
by Wang Mang, emperor of Xin, which was overthrown
by a peasant uprising. Then Emperor Guangwu took
the advantage of the chaos and restored the sovereign.
Emperor Guang Wu moved the capital from Chang’an
to Luoyang, hence the Eastern Han. The dynasty
passed its throne again along the family line to
Emperor Xian when it fell into three kingdoms: Wei,
Shu and Wu.
例4.2.2

且说董卓，字仲颖，陇西临洮人也，官拜河
东太守，自来骄傲。当日怠慢了玄德，张飞性发，
便欲杀之。玄德与关公急止之。
译文1

Governor of Hedong Dong Zhuo (styled
Zhongying), a native of Lintao in Longxi in the
far northwest, was a man to whom arrogance
came naturally. His rude treatment of Xuande
had provoked Zhang Fei to turn back and seek
satisfaction, but Xuande and Lord Guan
warned their brother.
译文2

Born in Lintao of Longxi, Dong Zhuo, styled
Zhongying, was appointed governor of Hedong,
an official notorious for his arrogance. On that
day, he offended Xuande with arrogant
manners. At end of his patience, Zhang Fei
nurtured an attempt to kill him. On sensing this,
Xuande and Lord Guan stopped Zhang Fei.
第三节《西游记》选段英译
例4.3.1—4.3.2
例4.3.1

盖闻天地之数，有十二万九千六百岁为一元。
将一元分为十二会，乃子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、
戊、未、申、酉、戌、亥之十二支也。每会该一
万八百岁。且就一日而论：子时得阳气，而丑则
鸡鸣；寅不通光，卯则日出；辰时食后，而巳则
挨排；日午中天，而未则西磋；申时晡而日落酉；
戌黄昏而人定亥。
译文1


In the arithmetic of the universe, 129,600 years
make one cycle. Each cycle can be divided into twelve
phases: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, the
twelve branches. Each phase lasts 10,800 years.
Now within a single day, the positive begins at the
time I; at II the cock crows; at III it is not quite light; at
IV the sun rises; V is after breakfast; and at VI one
does business. VII is when the sun reaches noon; at
VIII it is slipping towards the west; IX is late afternoon;
the sun sets at X; XI is dusk; and at XII people settle
down for the night.
译文2

People in ancient China divided time in such a way that
129,600 years make up a yuan, which consists of 12 hui,
named after the 12 Earthly Branches and each consisting of
10,800 years. Specifically speaking, the 12 hui are Zi, Chou,
Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai. In
similar manner, a day was divided into 12 Chinese hours,
each consisting of two hours in the international system,
and also named after the 12 Earthly Branches. At Zi the sun
starts its day travel while Chou is the time for the cock to
crow; Yin sees daylight but the sun rises at Mao. Chen is
after breakfast while Si sees the sun half way to noon; the
sun is overhead at Wu and begins to travel to the west at
Wei; Shen sees the sun half way in the west but ready to set
at You; Xu is the dusk and Hai sees the world deserted.
例4.3.2

话表美猴王得了姓名，恰然踊跃，对菩提前
作礼启谢。那大师命大众引孙悟空出二门外，教
他洒扫应对，进退周旋之节。众仙奉命而出。悟
空到门外，又拜了大众师兄，就于廊庑之间安排
寝处。
译文1

The story goes on to tell how after being given a
name the Handsome Monkey King jumped for joy and
bowed to Subhuti to express his thanks. The Patriarch
then ordered the others to take Sun Wukong out
through the double doors and teach him how to
sprinkle and sweep the floor, answer orders, and
deport himself properly. All the immortals went out in
obedience to this command. When Sun Wukong was
outside the doors he bowed to all his spiritual elder
brothers and laid out his bed on the verandah.
译文2

Having obtained a name, Monkey King jumped for
joy and expressed his thanks to Subhuti, who ordered
other immortals to show Sun Wukong outside the
second gate, teaching him how to clean the place and
show his courtesy in dealing with others. When the
immortals went out on orders, Wukong got out of the
gate with them and thanked them by bowing. Then he
made his bed in a house on the side of the hall.
第四节《水浒传》选段英译
例4.4.1—4.4.2
例4.4.1

话说大宋仁宗天子在位，嘉佑三年三月三日，
五更三点，天子驾坐紫宸殿，受百官朝贺已毕，
当有殿头官喝道：“有事出班早奏，无事卷帘退
朝。”只见班部丛中宰相赵哲、参政文彦博出班
奏道：“目今京师瘟疫流行，伤损军民甚多。俯
望陛下，释罪宽恩，省刑薄税，祈禳天灾，救济
万民。”
译文1

That day, the third day of the third month of
the third year of the Jia You period, at the third
interval of the fifth watch Emperor Ren Zong
mounted his throne in the imperial palace. After
the officials had made their obeisances, the
chief of ceremonies cried: “If anyone has a
petition, let him come forward. If there are none,
this court will adjourn.”
译文1（续）

Zhao Zhe, the Premier and Wen Yanbo, his
deputy, advanced and said: “The plague is
raging unabated in the capital. Victims among
the soldiers and the people are many. We hope
Your Majesty, in a forgiving and benevolent
spirit, will reduce prison sentences and cut
taxes, and pray to Heaven that the people be
relieved of this affliction.”
译文2

During Renzong’s reign of the Song Dynasty, at
three points past the fifth watch, on the third day of the
third month of the third year of Jiayou period
(A.D.1058), the Emperor mounted on the imperial seat
in Zichen Palace. With the officials having showed their
court courtesies to the monarch, then the imperial
attendant announced: “Any one who’d like to present a
memorial, come out and do it. Otherwise, we will roll up
the curtain and adjourn the court.”
译文2（续）

Then Zhao Zhe, Prime Minister, and Wen
Yanbo, Vice-Prime Minister, came out and
presented their memorial, saying: “The capital
is suffering from a plague, and a large number
of military men and citizens have fallen victim.
We petition that Your Majesty will release
criminals, and be benevolent by reducing taxes
and praying that Heaven bless your subjects
by stopping the plague.”
例4.4.2

话说故宋哲宗皇帝在位时，其时距仁宗天子
已远，东京开封府汴梁宣武军，有一个浮浪破落
户子弟，姓高，排行第二，自小不成家业，只好
刺枪使棒，最是踢得好脚气毬，京师人口顺，不
叫高二，却都叫他“高毬”。
译文1

During the reign of Emperor Zhe Zong, who ruled a
long time after Ren Zong, in Bianliang the Eastern
Capital, in Kaifeng Prefecture previously called
Xuanwu District, there lived a young scamp named
Gao. A second son, he was quite useless. He cared
only for jousting with spear and staff, and was an
excellent football player. People in the capital were
fond of making quips. They dubbed him Gao Qiu, or
“Gao, the Ball”.
译文2

When the diseased Emperor Zhezong was in reign,
two reigns after Emperor Renzong’s reign, in Xuanwu
District of Bianliang, capital of Kaifeng Prefecture and
also capital of the empire, there was a man with the
surname of Gao from an impoverished family, ranked
second among his brothers. He did not care about
taking on a business but indulged himself by playing
with spear and staff, particularly good at playing
football. For this reason, people in the capital did not
call him Gao, the Second, but Gao, the Football.