Transcript Slide 1

Global Studies
Unit 1
Origins of Civilization
Prehistory is the time before
written records were kept.
Because these people didn’t write
down their history we have to do
our best to figure out what
happened.
The study of past societies through an
analysis of what people have left behind.
Artifacts are those things that people left behind, they can include:
Tools and Weapons
Jewelry
Art and Sculpture
Human Remains
Pottery
Ancient Buildings
and Monuments
The study of human life and culture
The remains of ancient plants and animals.
By studying fossils archaeologists and
anthropologists can learn about what people ate,
what animals they had around, and their way of
life.
Humans and other
creatures that walk
upright on two feet.
About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged.
Homo Sapiens means “Wise Person.”
This group split into two distinct groups:
Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Found in the Neander Valley in Germany.
Thought to have lived between 100,000 and 30,000
years ago.
Used stone tools, and buried their dead. It is
thought they had some primitive religious beliefs.
Homo Sapiens
Sapiens
Neanderthals
Modern Human Beings
Appeared in Africa between 150,000-200,000 years ago
Began to migrate outside of Africa 100,000 years ago.
Replaced the Neanderthals by 30,000 B.C..
By 10,000 B.C. Homo Sapiens Sapiens could be found throughout the world due to migration.
During the last
ice age
between
100,000 B.C.
and 8000 B.C.
the water level
in the oceans
dropped
revealing a
land bridge
connecting Asia
and North
America
The Stone Age
How is the Stone Age divided?
• Paleolithic Period-Old Stone Age-the period
from 2.5 million B.C. to around 8000 B.C.
During this time man mastered fire, created
stone tools, and developed a spoken
language.
• Neolithic Age-New Stone Age-the period
from 8000 B.C. to 3000 B.C. During this
time man used polished stone tools, created
tools made of copper, made pottery, grew
crops, and raised animals.
“Paleo” means old “Lithic” means stone
Paleolithic= Old Stone Age. This era was called the stone age because
early man used stone to make his tools and weapons.
Paleolithic man lived in groups called clans.
These clans got their food by Hunting and Gathering
Once the food supply ran out they would move to a different area.
Because they moved from place to place they were Nomadic.
Essential Knowledge
Were Nomadic: Wandered from place to place in search of food and shelter
Invented the first tools and weapons including simple stone tools.
Lived in groups called clans of about 20-30 people, used caves for shelter.
Learned to make and control fire to keep warm and cook their food.
Developed oral, or spoken language
Made cave art and statues.
The role of men was to do the hunting
The role of women was gathering and caring for children
Use of Fire
Early man learned to use fire to adapt to his environment.
It was probably discovered from friction, lightning, or accidental hitting
two rocks together.
Ice Ages
Fire was very important during the ice ages. Without fire man would not
have been able to survive.
Cave Art
Man has created art for a very long time. There is some argument as to
what this art was for. Was it art as art, or art as a form of religion?
What types of tools were created by
Paleolithic people?
• They created tools such as
spears, hand axes, and
arrows from wood and a
material called flint.
• They created tools such as
needles and fishhooks from
animal bones.
How did Paleolithic people live?
• They were nomads traveling from place
to place in search of food.
• Women gathered berries, nuts, and
grain.
• Men hunted using clubs, spears, traps,
and bows and arrows.
• These types of people are called
Hunter-Gatherers.
What kinds of shelters did
Paleolithic people create?
• Some lived in caves for short periods of
time
• Others created shelters from hides and
wooden poles
• They were constantly in search of a
safe place to stay.
What important discovery occurred
during the Paleolithic Age ?
• The people tamed
fire for things like
cooking, light, and
warmth.
• Taming fire helped
keep Paleolithic
people warm during
the ice ages.
How did Paleolithic people
communicate?
• Paleolithic people developed a
spoken language.
• This language helped them work
together and pass on knowledge.
• They did not have a written
language.
Why do historians believe cave art
was created?
• They think that cave art had a
religious meaning.
• Some think that paintings of
animals might have been done to
bring good luck during a hunt.
“Neo” means new
“Lithic” means stone
Neolithic means new stone age.
The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution was the change from the Paleolithic period to the
Neolithic Period.
The thing that allowed for this change was the discovery of agriculture.
It is thought that women discovered agriculture.
Systematic Agriculture was the consistent growing of crops on a continuing basis.
Domestication of Animals: In addition to growing crops Neolithic man also tamed
animals for hunting (dogs) and other animals for their food such as sheep, cows, etc. . .
Developed Agriculture
Domesticated Animals
Used Advanced Stone Tools
Developed Weaving (better clothing)
Made Pottery (for food storage)
How did things change in the Neolithic Age?
• The Ice Ages started to end and a warmer climate began.
• People began to domesticate or tame animals for human
use. Animals provided meat, milk, and wool. They also
carried goods and pulled carts.
• Women scattered seeds they had collected only to find
that the seeds sprouted into crops. People realized they
could grow their own food.
What do historians believe is one of the
most important events in human history?
• The beginning of farming and
growing crops or the
Neolithic Revolution.
What is the Neolithic
(farming) revolution?
• A revolution is a change that greatly
affects many areas of life.
• People began growing crops around the
world at about the same time probably
because of the warmer climate.
• Now people could stay in one place and
not wander in search of food.
Why did farmers build
permanent homes?
• They needed to stay close to
their fields to water and care
for the crops.
• They needed to watch the
fields against wild animals or
theft.
What are the benefits of
growing crops?
• Steady food supplies meant healthy,
growing populations
• Food surpluses allowed some workers to
“specialize” in other jobs
• Food surpluses allowed people to trade
with other villagers to acquire needed
items
What types of work did
Specialized workers perform?
• Some made pottery from
clay
• Other jobs included
toolmakers, weavers, priests
and priestesses
One of the earliest
farming villages of the
Neolithic is Catal Huyuk.
It was located in Turkey
and at the base of 2
volcanoes. The people of
Catal Huyuk used the
obsidian obtained from
dried volcanic lava to make
products.
Found in Anatolia (Modern Day Turkey)
Its walls enclosed 32 acres and up to 6,000 people.
Grew many different crops and developed artisans and trade.
Catal Huyuk
• Early farming village in Asia Minor
(modern Turkey)
• About 10,000 years old
• Houses were built butting up to one
another and on top of one another.
• Dead were buried under platforms used as
beds.
• Probably worshipped a “mother” goddess
based on statues of women found at the
site.
Archaeology at Catal Huyuk
• Famous “dig” has been in process for over
15 years.
• The site was found under a huge mound
of earth and debris.
Catal Huyuk Home
Mud bricks dry in the sun
The bricks hardened in seven to fifteen
days. More than 800 of them were used
to build the house!
A clay
oven used
for
cooking
and
warmth is
inside the
house.
Living area of the house with oven and ladder to roof entry.
Dead were buried here.
Sleeping area of the
house.
Burial site of woman
and child.
Roof entry into the house.
Artist recreates wall painting
using water, iron oxide red
pigment, ammonia, and a milk
product.
What metals did Neolithic people begin to work with?
• Toolmakers experimented with using metal to make tools
• At first they used copper which they heated and poured into
molds
• Later they mixed copper and tin to form bronze. Bronze was
harder and more useful than copper.
• Historians now call the period from 3000 BC to 1200 BC “The
Bronze Age”