Transcript DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT
SPEECH
Made by:
Ms. Anila Sohail Khan
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
CHARACTERISTICS:
It is original quotation
of a talk
It is always placed
between two
quotation marks
It is always preceded
by Capital letter
Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before
direct speech when the introductory
verb position is in the front
Comma (,) are placed after direct speech
when the introductory verb position is
placed after or between the direct
speech
The use of punctuation like exclamation
mark (!), question mark (?) point the
type of sentence of direct speech and it
does not change
Eg.
‘Where do you live?’ she asked
My mother says to my sister: ‘Wash your
hands!’
She yelled at me: ‘Don’t have the door
open!’
It is a kind of reported sentence (reported
speech)
It retells one’s talk or idea
It undergoes certain modification
It has three types of indirect speech
1. Imperative (Command/request)
2. Declarative (Statement)
3. Interrogative (question
1. Imperative (Command/request)
The Imperative is a command
Because of a command it does not tell the
subject and the verb in direct imperative
does not change
E.g. “Shut the door”
Let the door be shut
like go, sleep, open etc so in the indirect
speech is preceded by to infinitive)
namely to go, to sleep, to open
• It also has non verb, so the reported
command is preceded by ‘Be +
adjective/adverb!’ like: be quiet, be
happy, be here so in the Indirect
Speech it becomes to be quiet, to be
happy, to be here
POSITIVE IMPERATIVE
• DIRECT SPEECH
• She said, “Go away!”
• “Come here!” she said.
I said,
• “Be quite!” ‘Be quiet!’
she yelled at the
children.
• She begged, “Be
happy!”
• ‘Please help me!’ she
told him
• INDIRECT SPEECH
• She ordered her to go
away .
• She asked him to come
there.
• She ordered the
children to be quiet
• She requested to be
happy
• She asked him to help
her
NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE:
• DIRECT SPEECH
• She said, “Don’t go
away!”
• “Don’t Come here!”
she said
• I said, “Don’t Be
noisy!”
• She begged, “Don’t
be lazy!”
• INDIRECT SPEECH
• She told me not to
go away
• She asked him not
to come there.
• She begged us not
to be noisyI
• She told him not to
worry about it
Declarative (Statement)
• A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective
•
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT
SPEECH
•
I
He/She
•
You
me/he/she/them/I/him/her
•
My
his/her
•
Our
their/our
•
Your
My/his/her
Declarative (Statement)
• B. Adverb of time and Place
•
DIRECT SPEECH
•
now
•
today
•
tomorrow
•
•
•
•
next
•
INDIRECT SPEECH
then
that day
the next day
the day after
the following day
a day later
the … after
the following …
Declarative (Statement)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
B. Adverb of time and Place
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
last …
the … before
the previous …
the preceding …
… ago
… before
… earlier
yesterday
the day before
the previous day
the preceeding day
the day before yesterday two days before
here
there
this
that
these
those
Declarative (Statement)
• Tenses
•
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
• Present Simple
Past Simple
• Present Continuous
Past
Continuous
• Present Perfect
Past Perfect
• Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Perfect Continuous
Declarative
(Statement)
• C. Tenses
•
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
• Future Simple
• Future Continuous
Continuous
• Future Perfect
• Future Perfect
• Continuous Past
Past Future
Past Future
Past Future Perfect
Future Perfect
Continuous
Declarative (Statement)
•
•
•
•
C. Tenses
DIRECT SPEECHINDIRECT SPEECH
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect
Continuous
• Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Let’s see the following changes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DIRECT SPEECH
Verb 1
Verb 2
Is
Am
Are
Have
Has
Do
Does
Was/were
Did
INDIRECT SPEECH
Verb 2
Had + Verb 3
was
was
were
had
had
did
did
had been
had + verb 3
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Can
May
Must
Shall
Will
Ought to + verb 1
been
Could + verb 1
been
Might
+ verb 1
been
Should + verb 1
been
Would + verb 1
been
could
might
had to
should
would
ought to + have + verb 3 /
could + have + verb 3 /
might + have + verb 3 /
should + have + verb3 /
would + have + verb 3 /
Examples:
• DIRECT SPEECH
• Ali: ‘I will go now.’
• Rani: ‘They love me.’
• ‘I’ve been writing’, Dina
answered
•
• Mother: ‘I was sick
yesterday.’
INDIRECT SPEECH
Ali said that he would
go then
Rani told me they loved
her
Dina answered that she
had been writing
Mother told that
she had been sick
the day before
3. Interrogative (question)
• a. Preceded by Auxiliary
• When the question is preceded by
auxiliary that needs yes/No answer it
will be used the conjunction if or
whether in the indirect speech
• The steps how to make indirect speech:
– The question sentence of the indirect
speech is firstly changed to be statement
– It then follows the rules before
Example
• DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT
SPEECH
• Doctor: ‘Do you usually take a nap?’
• It is firstly changed to be:
• You usually take a nap
Doctor
asks
if/whether I
usually take a
nap
Example
• DIRECT SPEECH
• Mary: ‘Are you a student?’
– It is firstly changed to be:
• You are a student
• INDIRECT SPEECH
– Ratu asked if/whether I was a
•
student
Example
• John: ‘May I borrow your car?’
• Preceded by Question Word (QW)
– It is firstly changed to be:
• I may borrow your car
• INDIRECT SPEECH
– John asked if he might borrow my
– John asked whether he might borrow my
a. Preceded by Question Words
• In the question using Question Word
(QW)
– To form indirect speech the question is
firstly changed to be statement
– QW: what, when, where, which, why, who,
whom, etc. are used as conjunction
Example
– Andi: ‘How do you spell your name?’
•
- It is firstly changed to be:
•
You spell your name
•
• INDIRECT SPEECH
•
Andi asked how I spelt my name
Example
• DIRECT SPEECH
– Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?’
•
•
•
•
•
•
It is firstly changed to be:
You can keep your money safely
INDIRECT SPEECH
- Sophia asked me where I could keep my
money safely.
• THANK YOU VERY MUCH