Transcript WNCG Presentation for Industry

Update on Ultrawideband
(UWB)Technologies throughout
the world
Prof. Theodore S. Rappaport
Wireless Networking and Communications Group
(WNCG)
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The College of Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
email: [email protected]
www.wncg.org
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update
Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and
Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute
activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of
position and environment
April 11, 2005
Original FCC Definition of UWB
♦ UWB signals .. [have] a fractional
bandwidth (the ratio of baseband
bandwidth to RF carrier frequency) of
greater than 0.20, or a UWB bandwidth
greater than 500 MHz. UWB bandwidth is
defined as “the frequency band bounded
by the points that are 10 dB below the
highest radiated emission”
♦ FCC, First Report and Order 02-48. February 2002.
April 11, 2005
FCC Spectrum Mask 2002
-41.25 dbm/MHz UWB Emission Limit for Outdoor Hand-held systems
April 11, 2005
FCC Indoor UWB Spectrum Mask
April 11, 2005
UWB uses “ultra wideband”
signaling
April 11, 2005
The Idea for UWB
April 11, 2005
Early days of “modern” UWB
♦ IEEE 802.15 Task Group (TG) 3a formed in late 2001
♦ FCC approves unlicensed spectrum use in 3.1 – 10.6
GHz on February 14, 2002
♦ Standards activities heat up within IEEE 802.15
♦ IEEE Standard Proposals for UWB put forth beginning
March 2003
♦ Xtreme Spectrum (XSI) produces first working UWB chip
♦ Intel and TI merge Multiband OFDM proposals on July
14, 2003
♦ Motorola acquires Xtreme Spectrum in Nov. 2003 and
bolsters DS-SS UWB
♦ FCC adopts Second R&O on UWB, effective March ‘05
♦
Source: The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), by
Mandke, et.al., September 2003, High Frequency Electronics Magazine
April 11, 2005
IEEE 802.15 Standards Activities
April 11, 2005
UWB Technical Goals
April 11, 2005
Original IEEE 802.15.3a Timeline
April 11, 2005
Two approaches to UWB
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update
Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and
Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute
activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of
position and environment
April 11, 2005
Technology Landscape
Dell: Competing technologies and standards drive design complexity and cost.
Personal
Connectivity
10 meters
Wireless
WPANs
Story
Elements • Cable Replacement
Local Area
Connectivity
100 meters
WLANs
Wide Area
Connectivity
Beyond 100 meters
WWANs/WMANs
• Mobile Ethernet
• Internet Access Anywhere
• Local Data Sync
• Office
• Alternative BB Technologies
• Device Connectivity
• Home
• Low-to-Medium Data Rates
• Ad-Hoc Connections
• Hot Spots/Travel
April 11, 2005
WWAN
WMAN
Wireless Technology Landscape
WiMax
802.16d
70 Mbps
WCDMA
3 Mbps -
EDGE
384 Kbps
GPRS
WiMax
802.16e
10 Mbps
HSDPA
8Mbps
40-70 Kbps
cdma2000
1xRTT
1xEV-DO
1.8 Mbps
1xEV-DV
3 Mbps
WPAN
WLAN
54 Mbps
at 2.4 GHz
802.11g
802.11b
802.11n
(MIMO)
Dual-Band
11 Mbps
at 2.4GHz
802.11a
100 - 500 Mbps
at 2.4/5 GHz
54 Mbps
at 5GHz
Bluetooth
EDR
Bluetooth
1.1
721 Kbps
B’tooth 2.0 10 Mbps
3 Mbps
UWB
IEEE/MBOA
480 – 1 Gbps
480 Mbps
Past
CY03
CY04
CY05
April 11, 2005
UWB
IEEE/MBOA
CY06
CY07
Dell’s UWB Usage Models
Peripherals
Digital Home
Displays
Human Interface Devices
Mobile
phones
April 11, 2005
Dell Wireless Architecture Plan
Competing Wireless Technologies drive platform cost, power size and design complexity.
WLAN Antenna Structures
WWAN Antenna Structure
Additional Antennas for
802.11n/MIMO
Internal Platform Slot
options
WPAN Module. UWB will drive
new module and antenna design
requirements. Standards based
solutions and worldwide spectrum
harmonization are key PC OEM
requirements for wireless device
integration.
WWAN SIM
April 11, 2005
PC OEMs serve global markets – standards and spectrum harmonization drive lower cost
♦Global Spectrum Harmonization
– Non-aligned Spectrum drives design
complexity, cost and TTM
•
•
•
•
Regional Markets
Customer Support
Product transformation
Regulatory and Spectrum compliance
– PC OEMs serve worldwide market
segments
• Design Leverage, and alignment of overlapping
technologies
• Device and spectrum co-existence
• Reduced product development cycles
April 11, 2005
UWB Consumer Applications
Freescale Semi.
Home Entertainment
Mobile Devices
Computing
Automotive
April 11, 2005
Entertainment Applications
♦ Connect between sources and
displays
– Drivers are wire elimination for install
and freedom of component placement
♦ Requirements
– Bandwidth
• Each MPEG2 HD Stream 20-29 Mbps
• Two full rate streams required for PIP
• Handheld can be used for PIP viewing
or channel surfing (SD stream)
– Range
• Media center to display or handheld
• Anywhere in the room (<10m)
– QoS with low latency
• Channel change, typing, gamers
♦ Available Now: both SD and HD
April 11, 2005
Content Transfer: Mobile Devices
♦ Applications
– Smartphone/PDA, MP3,
DSC
– Media Player, Storage,
display
♦ Requirements
Low Power Use Cases
Images from
camera to
storage/network
– Mobile device storage sizes
MP3 titles to
music player
• Flash 5, 32, 512, 2048 … MB
• HD 4, …, 60+ GB
– Range is near device (< 2m)
– User requires xfer time < 10s
Low Power & High Data Rate Use
Exchange your
music & data
MPEG4 movie
(512 MB) to player
Print from handheld
Mount portable HD
April 11, 2005
Content Streaming
♦ Applications
– Digital video camcorder
(DVC)
– Smartphone/PDS, Media
player
Use Cases
♦ Requirements
– Range is in view of display
(< 5m)
– DV Format 30 Mbps with
QoS
– MPEG 2 at 12-20Mbps
– Power budget < 500 mW
Stream DV or MPEG
DS-UWB is just a shift register
Stream presentation
from Smartphone/PDA to
projector
Channel surf and PIP
to handheld
April 11, 2005
CEA WG7 R7: RFI Results
♦ WG received information about
technologies shown at the right
♦ WG held teleconference for
each responder
– Clarifications
– Follow-up questions
♦ WG identified additional
characteristic (power
consumption)
♦ WG has prepared summary of
the responses (“Table 3”)
Technologies Surveyed
♦ 802.11b (WG effort)
♦ 802.11[abg] (Received two
responses)
♦ 802.15.1 & .1a (Bluetooth)
♦ 802.15.3 (WG effort)
♦ Proposed 802.15.3a
– UWB/DS
– UWB/MB-OFDM
♦ 802.15.4 (Zigbee)
♦ 802.16
♦ HiperLAN2
April 11, 2005
CEA WG7: Range & Coverage Area
♦ Most important and understandable characteristics
♦ In many technologies, range is linked to throughput
♦ Application requirements vary:
– Entire house A/V distribution
– Cord replacement
– Handset
♦ Example Technologies
– 802.11b measurements of 6.3Mbps @ 45m (point to point)
– 802.15.1a (Bluetooth) standard requires 700kbps @ 10m; reported to
be supported by anecdotal evidence
– 802.15.3a UWB/DS reported 85Mbps @ 10m; 750Mbps @ 2m
– 802.15.3a UWB/MB-OFDM reported 105 Mbps @ 11m; 460Mbps @
3.5m
April 11, 2005
CEA WG7 Network Topology
♦ WG Terms: Bridged peer-to-peer or peer-to multi-peer,
Ad Hoc, Managed peer-to-peer, Mesh, Infrastructure
mode (Star), Star with multiple APs, Star with repeater;
“Cluster tree” added when 802.15.4 was discussed.
♦ Example Technologies
– 802.16 reported mesh (under development) and point-tomultipoint; 1600 (1024) nodes
– 802.15.4 reported bridged peer-to-peer (peer-to-multi-peer),
managed peer-to-peer, Ad hoc, Mesh, Cluster tree (modified
star); 2^64 nodes
– 802.15.3a UWB/DS and 802.15.3a UWB/MB-OFDM (as
alternate physical layers) support same as 802.15.3: managed
peer-to-peer; 236 nodes
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update
Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and
Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory
climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute
activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of
position and environment
April 11, 2005
European Organizations
♦ CEPT (European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations)
– ECC (Electronic Communications Committee)
♦ ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards
Institute)
♦ ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union,
Radiocommunication Sector)
♦ Ofcom (Office of Communications, UK)
April 11, 2005
Europe’s standardization progress
♦ ETSI proposed its own UWB spectral mask
– Compared to FCC’s mask, ETSI mask imposes
tighter limits at the edges (3 and 10 GHz, -65
dBm/MHz at 2.1 Ghz) [6]
♦ Further discussion schedule in April 2005 at the
12th CEPT conference [7]
April 11, 2005
Ofcom’s Consultation
♦ Published January 13, 2005
♦ Open to response until March 24, 2005
♦ This document deals only with the indoor use of UWB
and indoor masks [6]
♦ Ofcom predicts negative benefits if UK adopts the FCC
mask due to interference with other services
– Significant impact on UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) costs
♦ Ofcom proposed revision to the ETSI mask, with even
tighter edge limits (-85 dBm/MHz at 2.1 GHz for 3G) but
same in-band specs as FCC’s indoor mask [6]
April 11, 2005
Ofcom’s economic analysis
April 11, 2005
Source: [6]
Ofcom’s proposed mask
Source: [6]
April 11, 2005
Ofcom’s Conclusion
♦ Favors allowing UWB deployment
– Currently allowing licensed UWB devices such as
“ground probing radar, ‘through the wall’ imaging”
– Favors license-exempt approach for UWB
communication devices
– Favors ETSI’s mask or its own version , but never
FCC’s indoor mask [6]
April 11, 2005
CEPT- ECC’s Consultation
♦ Studies exclusively on the effects of UWB
on existing services, not economic
benefits
♦ Studies only the FCC indoor mask since it
would be the most common UWB type
♦ Consultation is closed [15]
April 11, 2005
CEPT- ECC’s Consultation
♦ Concluded that FCC’s indoor mask is not
stringent enough
– Most radio devices “require up 20-30 dB more
stringent generic UWB PSD limits” [15]
– Few are sufficiently protected while some radio
astronomy bands require 50 to 80 dB tighter limits
♦ Presented a graph of minimum limit required for
sufficient protection [15]
April 11, 2005
ECC’s Spectral mask – all services
April 11, 2005
Source: [15]
UWB in Japan
♦ MPHPT (Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs,
and Posts and Telecom
♦ UWB frequencies 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz
♦ Intel multi-band prototype of UWB
physical layer received first
experimental radio license from
MPHPT
– April 11, 2003, up to 252 Mbps
♦ Wisair established an office to demo
its UWB technology and obtained an
experimental license. (July 2003)
April 11, 2005
UWB in Japan
♦ Japan formed UWB Technology Institute within
NICT to investigate OFDM and Impulse radio [16]:
– Members include Yokohama Ntnl. University, Sanyo,
Casio, Fujitsu, other companies and universities
♦ Japan MPHPT’s UWB Radio Systems
Subcommittee published interim report March 04
– Theoretical calculations conclude significant
separation needed to avoid interference.
Experimental studies and simulations are the next
step [17]
♦ Contributes to IEEE 802.15 and ITU-R
– Inclined to adopt ITU-R’s regulation
April 11, 2005
DS-UWB presence in China
♦ Freescale (DS-UWB) hosted the first UWB
Wireless Tech. Forum on Sept. 24, 2004 [11]
♦ China UWB Forum, associated with the US
UWB Forum, has members that include:
– Flaircomm Technologies, Inc
– Universal Scientific Industrial - Shanghai
– Skyworth, Inc, Shenzhen [13]
♦ Haier Corp. demonstrated DS-UWB-enabled
digital camcorders, with rates up to 114 Mbps
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update
Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and
Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up to-the-minute
activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of
position and environment
April 11, 2005
IEEE Standardization
♦ Deadlocked for past 15 months
♦ Formation of Special Interest Groups (SIG)
– Standard for Wireless USB will be done outside IEEE
– Similar to wired USB and Bluetooth
♦ Two main proposals for UWB PHY standard are backed
by:
– Multi-Band OFDM Alliance (MBOA)
• 528 MHz band channels; 128 tones at 4.125 MHz FH OFDM
– UWB Forum supporting DS-UWB
• 3.1 to 4.9 GHz low band; 6.2 to 9.7 GHz high, DS-SS BPSK
• Optional 4BOK (Quadrature Biorthogonal keying)
April 11, 2005
OFDM-UWB (MBOA) Camp
♦ 9 major semiconductor manufacturers
– Intel, Infineon, NEC Electronics, Philips, Samsung, ST
Microelectronics, Texas Instruments, Renesas, Toshiba
♦ Major consumer-electronics manufacturers
– Mitsubishi, Olympus, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung,
Sharp, SONY, Toshiba, Hitachi
♦ Industry alliances that have officially announced
their support of MB-OFDM:
– Wireless USB Working Group
– WiMedia Alliance/MBOA
– Wireless 1394 Trade Association
April 11, 2005
MBOA Alliance
♦ Primary supporters are Intel, Texas Instruments;
formed in June 2003
♦ Supports UWB specification based on OFDM
approach
♦ Last proposal updated in Sept 2004
♦ Established SIG and released full PHY spec ver
1.0 to members in Nov 2004
♦ Broad industry support – 175+ members
♦ First chipset released by Wisair in Oct 2004
♦ Realtek, Alerion, Staccato also have silicon
April 11, 2005
WiMedia Alliance
♦ Endorses MB-OFDM UWB specifications
♦ Certification and interoperability program to
define common platform for coexistence with
Wireless USB and Wireless 1394
♦ Supports a multi-protocol system
– W-USB, W-1394, DLNA profiles
– Fairness policies, security & privacy
♦ Supports technical specifications for UPnP/IP
Platform
April 11, 2005
WiMedia Alliance
♦ WiMedia Alliance has absorbed MBOA to
promote OFDM-UWB
♦ The DS-UWB camp has challenged that OFDM
devices emit more radiation than FCC allowed
– The original conservative procedure measures with
the hopping stopped (continuous transmission at
same frequency)
– These procedures can result in measured emission
levels that are greater than the UWB signal levels
under actual operation [24]
April 11, 2005
WiMedia gets FCC waiver
♦ FCC has just recently granted WiMedia a waiver
of the emission measurement procedures. Can
measure PSD with hopping between bands
♦ The waiver is effective until the Commission
finalizes a rule making proceeding dealing with
these measurement issues
♦ FCC’s stance is “to enable any UWB technology
it is possible to enable, provided we protect
incumbents” [25] and “not to pick a particular
technology “ [26]
April 11, 2005
Wireless USB
♦ The standard is based upon MBOA goals
(Source:
http://www.staccatocommunications.com/pressroom/arti
cles_presentations.html)
♦ Chose MB-OFDM UWB
♦ Wireless USB 1.0 spec was
just completed March 05
♦ Constructing USB compliant
application stack
♦ Working with 1394 and
WiMedia to create radio
sharing rules
April 11, 2005
UWB Forum
♦ Supports Direct Sequence (DS) UWB
specification for global UWB standard
♦ 80+ companies
– Freescale, Motorola, Samsung
♦ Ahead of MBOA competitors in terms of UWB
silicon
♦ Freescale received first FCC certification for UWB
chipset in August 2004
April 11, 2005
Example UWB Activity
♦ Samsung and Freescale demonstrate DS-UWB-enabled
cell phone at 3GSM World Congress in Cannes,
February 2005
– The demo used UWB to transfer photos from the handset to PC,
and music and contact data from the PC to phone
♦ Staccato is teaming it's MB-OFDM UWB PHY with
Wisme's MAC technology to develop a single-chip
CMOS UWB system. Production scheduled to start 2006
♦ “Just deploy, and we’ll figure it out”
– FCC chair Michael Powell
(Source: interview with Consumer Electronics Association President Gary Shapiro,
January 2005)
April 11, 2005
UWB Technology Update
Outline
♦ Introduction to UWB and its historical and technical origins
♦ UWB applications as viewed by Consumer Electronic (CE) and
Computer companies
♦ Challenges for Global Adoption – International Regulatory climate
♦ Standards battle: UWB-DS vs. MBOA, and up-to-the-minute
activities
♦ New network management concepts based on knowledge of
position and environment
April 11, 2005
Smarter Radios – in the future
SystemView
3.76e+9
3.96e+9
4.16e+9
3.96e+9
4.16e+9
0
Desired
Power
Spectrum
Relative P ower ( dB )
Coexistence
Engine
Interference temperature
-5
-1 0
-1 5
-2 0
3.76e+9
Fr equency in H z (dF = 396.9e+ 3 H z)
Smart radio would use spectral policy, spectrum sculpting to create a spectrum
tailored to match environment
April 11, 2005
Site Specific knowledge is needed in Next
Generation Networks
♦ We can substantially increase battery life, network
performance, enhance coexistence, reduce support
calls, and deploy no-fault wireless using “site specific”
knowledge
♦ PHY/MAC/Radio Resources of today will move to
baseband processing and digital “environmental
map” in each client
♦ Power vs. processing tradeoffs: RF power
consumption and Network Inefficiencies (today)
versus baseband processing and client’s
environmental awareness (next gen)
April 11, 2005
Computing and device trends
♦ Vector graphics, 3-D processing capability evolving
naturally as part of microprocessor
♦ Multiple radios, frequency bands, applications, to
become part of PCs, phones, home media, enterprise
network products
♦ Memory costs and cost per MIPS decreasing
exponentially, at much faster rate than battery and
RF antenna/propagation breakthroughs
♦ History of wireless has not exploited
environmental/spatial knowledge in the network, yet
propagation depends solely on this!
April 11, 2005
Deployed Network Coverage
Cube-farm has no coverage in the deployed network due to
human deployment error or “bad” equipment or interference
April 11, 2005
Autonomous Network Management
using site-specific information
AP01 is automatically reconfigured using digitized map at switch; cube-farm
now has desired coverage in the deployed network
April 11, 2005
Site-specific RF Network
Management
DESIGNED
RF REMEDIATION / RECONFIGURATION w/SITE SPECIFIC
April 11, 2005
DEPLOYED
SSID
COVERAGE
Conclusion
♦ UWB products will begin appearing over next 2 quarters
♦ Major applications: Wireless USB, streaming data, massive downloading
♦ Market will not mature until global spectrum regulations converge – not
likely within the next year due to EU
♦ UWB ushers in a new world of massive bandwidth. However, 60 Ghz will be
next frontier where it matures
♦ UWB offers position location capabilities and “radar” for building an
environmental or spectrum map. This is key for “smart radio”
♦ Site-specific knowledge can vastly improve network management, and we
will see new network management concepts based on knowledge of
position and environment emerge
April 11, 2005
References
♦ [1]
♦ [2]
♦ [3]
♦ [4]
♦ [5]
♦ [6]
IEEE. “DS-UWB Physical Layer Submission to 802.15 Task
Group
3a.” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at
http://www.uwbforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task
=view&id=38&Itemid=60
Bill Shvodian. “MD-OFDM no vote reasons.” Freescale.
MBOA. “MultiBand OFDM Physical Layer Proposal for IEEE
802.15
Task Group 3a.” Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at
http://www.multibandofdm.org/ieee_proposal_spec.html
Charles Razzell. “No vote respopnse.” Philips
Semiconductors.
UWB Forum. “Proposal comparison summary.” Accessed Feb. 20,
2005. Available at
http://www.uwbforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task
=view&id=38&Itemid=60
Office of Communications, “Ultra Wideband,” Accessed Feb. 20,
2005 (http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/uwb/uwb.pdf)
April 11, 2005
References
♦ [7] CEPT, “European Electronic Communications Regulatory
Forum,”
Accessed Feb. 20, 2005. Available at
http://www.cept.org/69D2D33E0770-44CB-BEF19A8C74C04DBD.W5Doc
♦ [8] Clendenin, Mike, “Taiwan’s Realtek has UWB transceiver in
CMOS,” Commsdesign, Accessed Feb 24, 2005. Available at
http://www.commsdesign.com/news/product_news/showArticle.j
html?articleID=59200071
♦ [9] Tech on China, “【ISSCC】“Current PPL can’t keep up” new
UWB frequency synthesizer unleashed,” Accessed Feb 24,
2005.
(http://china5.nikkeibp.co.jp/china/news/elec/elec200502140111.html)
♦ [10] China UWB Forum, “First Chinese UWB technical expo,”
Accessed March 1, 2005. Available at
http://www.uwbforum.org.cn/news/news20040924.htm
♦ [11] China UWB Forum, “ISCIT 2005 will be hosted in Beijing,” 1
Accessed March 1, 2005. Available at
http://www.uwbforum.org.cn/news/news20041105.htm
April 11, 2005
References
♦ [12] China UWB Forum, “Elite members,” Accessed March 1, 2005.
Available at http://www.uwbforum.org.cn/memberList.php?Qulify=1
♦ [13] USI Co., Ltd., “USI expands its wireless product line,” Accessed
March 3, 2005. Available at
http://www.usi.com.tw/index1.asp?NID=107
♦ [14] ECC, “Draft ECC report on the protection requirements of
radiocommunication systems below 10.6 GHz from generic UWB
applications,” presented at Working Group Spectrum Engineering.
Helsinki, February 2005. [11]
♦ [15] ERO, “Brief from the latest WG SE,” Accessed March 3, 2005.
Available at http://www.ero.dk/8FEE601F-93C7-4175-A175FADB4C655DD2.W5Doc
♦ [16] Latta, John N., “Joint UWBST & IWUWBS 2004,” Accessed March
4, 2005. Available at http://www.wavereport.com/conference_reports/2004/UWBST2004.htm
April 11, 2005
References
♦ [17] TCICTS UWB Radio Systems Committee, “Interim report summary,”
Accessed March 4, 2005. Available at
http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/eng/Releases/Telecommunication
s/040324.pdf
♦ [18] Staccato Communications, “MBOA UWB – A World without Cables,”
September 27, 2004
♦ [19] Federal Register, FCC, “UWB Transmission Systems: Unlicensed
Operation”, February 2nd,2005
♦ [20] Spread Spectrum Magazine, Online Edition
Accessed March 1st, 2005, Available at:
http://www.sss-mag.com/newiss.html#uwb
♦ [21] FCC's 2nd Report and Order and Second Memorandum Opinion and
Order in ET Docket No. 98-153, Available at
http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-04-285A1.pdf
♦ [22] Techworld Online Edition, “UWB standards war splits to three
contenders”, Accessed, March 1st, 2005. Available at:
http://www.techworld.com/mobility/news/index.cfm?NewsID=3199
♦ [23] UWB Insider, “What Happens Now?”
Accessed March 1st, 2005. Available at:
http://www.uwbinsider.com/industry/2_1_ds-uwb.html
April 11, 2005
References
♦ [24] Judge, Peter, “UWB’s fate to be decided this week,” Accessed March
15, 2005. Available at
http://www.techworld.com/mobility/news/index.cfm?NewsID=3263
♦ [25] Judge, Peter, “WiMedia gets FCC approval,” Accessed March 15,
2005. Available at
http://www.techworld.com/networking/news/index.cfm?NewsID=3297
♦ [26] Walko, John, “MBOA ultrawideband waiver request gets nod from
FCC,” Accessed March 15, 2005. Available at
http://www.commsdesign.com/news/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=IV0V
EK1QAC5MSQSNDBCSKHSCJUMEKJVN?articleID=159400693
♦ [27] FCC TAC Meeting, October 24, 2004, FCC HQ
♦ [28] IEEE 802.11-04-1473-00, “Site Specific Knowledge- a new Paradigm”
by T.S. Rappaport
April 11, 2005