Transcript AED 101: Introduction to Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles

AED 101: Introduction to
Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles
Transitioning Americans to widespread
use of advanced electric drive vehicles
for personal transportation needs
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Objectives
• History of electric vehicles
• Types of advanced electric drive vehicles
• Why you should consider purchasing an advanced
electric drive vehicle
History of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
• Some of the first automobiles
were battery powered
• As early as 1832, there were
many experiments with
electric carriages using
rudimentary batteries
History of Electric Vehicles
Ferdinand Porsche
• The first gasoline-electric hybrid was
created by Ferdinand Porsche in 1899
• Early EVs did not require a starter
motor and thus did not have to be
started with a hand crank
• They were quiet and relatively troublefree
• Their primary limitation was range
because the batteries of the day could
not hold enough energy to go more
than about 25 miles
History of Electric Vehicles
• Electric cars were the dominant
form of motorized transportation
up until 1908 when they began to
be outpaced by gasoline cars
produced by Henry Ford
• Due to the invention of the
electric starter and abundant
supply of cheap fuel (gasoline),
electric drive cars (including
hybrids) disappeared by the late
1930s
Henry Ford
Current Electric Vehicles
• Vehicles using gasoline internal combustion engines
(ICEs) won out over the more expensive or less
convenient alternatives
• Today, and in the coming years, due to increasing
environmental concerns, electric drive technologies
will likely replace the ICE and gasoline for vehicle
propulsion
Current Electric Vehicles
• There are four types of advanced electric drive
vehicles:
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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)
Extended range electric vehicles (EREVs)
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Use an onboard power
source, typically a small
gasoline engine, to provide
power directly to the drive
wheels and to a generator
that recharges the vehicle’s
onboard battery packs
• Capture energy through
regenerative braking to help
charge the batteries
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Most HEVs currently use
nickel metal hydride (NiMH)
battery packs
• The battery pack sends power to an electric motor
that can drive the vehicle at low speeds or assist the
engine on demand for accelerating, passing, or
climbing hills
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• HEVs have been
commercially available in
the U.S. since 1999 when
Honda introduced the
Insight, a small twopassenger coupe that
achieved 60 miles per
gallon on the highway
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Today, there are dozens of production hybrid models
to choose from and more are on the way. They’re
available in all body styles from family cars, SUVs,
and pickups to sports cars and even racing machines.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• One of the most
successful HEVs on
the market today
is the Toyota Prius
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Can be charged from the electric grid when
the vehicle is parked
• Have a larger energy storage battery pack
than standard hybrids
• Run at normal speeds on battery power
alone until the charge is depleted – when
this happens, the gasoline engine kicks in,
and the car operates like a conventional
hybrid
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• A plug-in battery pack
is usually a lithium-ion
formulation, which
carries more energy at
a much lighter weight
• Electric-only operation
can last up to 40 miles,
boosting fuel economy
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• An example
includes the Toyota
Prius Plug-in
Battery Electric Vehicles
• Run on 100 percent
electricity
• Use an electric motor
powered by lithiumion batteries
Battery Electric Vehicles
• Battery pack stores energy obtained from the utility
grid
• Range varies depending on the vehicle but averages
about 100 miles per charge
• Charging can take place at home or at public charging
stations
Battery Electric Vehicles
Battery Electric Vehicles
• An example is the
Nissan LEAF
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
• Use fuel cells, which
directly convert the
chemical energy in
hydrogen to
electricity, with pure
water and heat as the
only by-products
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
• Hydrogen fuels are not only pollution-free at the tail
pipe but also highly efficient and capable of high fuel
economy
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
• Hydrogen fuel is compressed
and stored on board the vehicle
in tanks
• Hydrogen fueling stations are
concentrated in California and
select areas for the time being,
but more are planned
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
• An example is
the Honda FCX
Clarity
Extended Range Electric Vehicles
• Operate in two ways – in
EV mode and extended
range mode
• Motor/generators (MGs)
in the transmission use
the stored energy from
the high-voltage battery
in EV mode
Extended Range Electric Vehicles
• When the battery is depleted, the vehicle
switches to extended range mode
• The ICE operates the generator to supply energy
to the battery
• The battery may be charged daily to enjoy the full
benefits of a fully electric vehicle
Extended Range Electric Vehicles
• An example is the
Chevy Volt, the first
production vehicle
to use the EREV
technology
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles
are Important
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Oil Consumption
In 2008, the U.S. consumed 19.5
million barrels of oil per day
The U.S. is the largest consumer of
oil
The U.S. has only 5 percent of the
world’s population
Less than half of U.S. petroleum is
produced domestically
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles
are Important
Pollution
• Internal combustion engines
produce harmful emissions
• Petroleum is a nonrenewable
resource; once it’s gone, it’s gone
forever
• Electricity is a good replacement
for petroleum products
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles
are Important
• The U.S. faces two critical challenges:
– reducing our dependence on petroleum
– decreasing greenhouse gas emissions
• These priorities are most challenging in the
transportation sector, which accounts for two-thirds
of our petroleum consumption and a third of our
greenhouse gas emissions
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles
are Important
• Advanced electric drive vehicles play a key role in
conquering these challenges and make our world
cleaner for future generations
• The driving public needs to be aware that cleaner
transportation options do exist, and they must be
willing to consider them in their purchasing decisions
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles
are Important
• Carmakers are becoming
more committed to
pursuing clean
alternatives to petroleum,
to developing advanced
energy saving
technologies, and to
making them affordable
for the average driver
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles
are Important
• Auto manufacturers’ efforts to develop cleaner
transportation options and to deliver advanced
technology vehicles to dealer showrooms are
beginning to pay off
What’s Next
• Government mandates require that by 2025, U.S.
automakers develop cars and trucks that achieve a
fuel economy of 54.5 miles per gallon
• This program will:
– Save consumers $1.7 trillion at the pump
– Save 12 billion barrels of oil
– Eliminate 6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide pollution
What’s Next
• As advanced electric
drive vehicles grow in
acceptance among
consumers, jobs will be
created
• The U.S. will achieve
real-world carbon
dioxide reductions and
fuel economy
improvements
Contact Information
National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium
Ridgeview Business Park
1100 Frederick Lane
Morgantown, WV 26508
(304) 293-7882
naftc.wvu.edu