Transcript File - AP 2D Design

Elements and Principles of Art
and Design
(according to the College Board)
The Elements
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line
shape
color
value
texture
space
Line – the path between two points. Also, a mark on a surface that describes
a shape or outline. It can create texture and can be thick and thin. Types of line
can include actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal and contour.
Contour Line
Outline
Implied Line
More on Line
Varying the thickness or thinness of a line can add
interest and give a sense of 3-Dimensionality. Here, the
thick lines of this drawing represent the shadows or
darker areas of the seal.
Using line loosely and quickly can help
convey motion or movement. Below are
some examples of gesture drawings.
How some artists use line…
Vincent Van Gogh
“Starry Night”
Shape
2-dimensional area defined by a line. Shapes are flat and can be grouped into two
categories, geometric and organic (free form).
Geometric shapes can be
defined by a mathematical
formula. ( L x W = Area )
Organic or freeform
shapes have no particular
formula to how they are
created.
Joan Miro “Personage Etoile”
Takashi Murakami
Which is more
important line or shape?
Form
(element) A form is a three dimensional object, or an image that has the illusion
of being three-dimensional.
Benini
“Pluto and Persephone”
These are pictures actual
sculptures, or threedimensional forms
Erwin Wurm
A painting of a person that looks 3-Dimensional (uses Form)
Leonardo Da Vinci
“Mona Lisa”
Versus a painting of a person that looks flat (uses shape)
Stewie
Color
has three properties:
hue (name), value (light dark), and intensity (chroma, dull/intense).
What colors do you see?
Are the colors light or dark?
Are the colors bright or dull?
Why do you think those
colors were used?
Value
(element) refers to the degree of light and dark. It is the contrast between black and
white and all the tones in between. Value can be applied to color as well as black and
white. Contrast refers to the difference between to or more values.
Examples of different value scales
An example of how value gives form to flat shapes:
To make a flat shape look three dimensional, we add value. Specifically, we add shadows,
highlights, and midtones.
In this M.C. Escher drawing, value is used in a number of ways. The artist uses
value to give a sense of 3-Dimensionality to the cities at the bottom of the
drawing. How does he use value symbolically?
Texture - is about surface quality, either tactile (the way it feels) or visual (the way it
looks). Texture can be real or implied by different uses of media. It is the degree of
roughness or smoothness in objects.
How does artist Meret
Oppenheim use texture
in this work of art?
What do you think she
was trying to make the
viewer feel by covering
a teacup in fur?
The Principles
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unity/variety
balance
emphasis
contrast
rhythm
repetition
proportion/scale
figure/ground relationships
Unity/Variety
You can put peanut butter and mayonnaise on the same sandwich, but it doesn’t mean it
will taste good. Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the artwork creating a
sense of completeness. Variety, having difference between elements, gives a
composition interest.
Repeating
elements in a
design helps a
composition feel
unified.
What elements are
repeated?
Does this piece feel
unified to you?
Balance - is a feeling of visual
equality in shape, form, value,
color, etc.
Balance can be symmetrical or
evenly balanced or asymmetrical
and un-evenly balanced.
Objects, values, colors, textures,
shapes, forms, etc., can be used
in creating a balance in a
composition.
What kind of balance does Rene
Magritte use in this artwork?
What effect does it have on the
artwork?
Visual Weight & Balance
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Balance
Symmetrical balance is easiest to
see in perfectly centered
compositions or those with mirror
images.
Asymmetrical Balance
Asymmetrical balanced designs are
typically off-center or created with
an odd or mismatched number of
disparate (different) elements.
Asymmetrical designs still have balance.
Think of it like standing on one foot- you
wont fall because you shift your weight in
order to balance and remain standing.
Balance
Examples of radial
balance (elements
move outwards from
a point equally in all
directions).
Salvadore Dali
Mayan Calendar
Emphasis – Artists use emphasis to make parts of a composition stand out
and grab your attention. This area is more important when compared to the
other objects or elements in a composition. This can be by contrast of values,
more colors, and placement in the format.
This is another painting by Rene
Magritte.
Where is the emphasis (focal point) of
this painting?
Is the focal point an important part of
this painting?
Why would Magritte make this area the
focal point?
Contrast is the degree of difference between two elements, or
juxtaposition of opposing elements.
Contrast in value:
An example of low contrast
An example of high contrast
Contrast in color:
An example of low contrast between two colors
An example of high contrast between two colors
Barbara Kruger “Your Body is a Battleground”
Look at this work by Barbara Kruger.
How does artist Barbara Krueger use
contrast in this artwork?
Why do you think she uses such strong
contrast? What is she trying to say?
How does she use the principle of contrast
to support her message?
Rhythm – (principle) is a movement in which some elements recurs regularly. Like a
dance, it will have a flow of objects that will seem to be like the beat of music.
The repeating lines of the bridge supports and the reoccurring colors of the
people on the bridge create rhythm. What are the people doing? Why did
the artist make rhythm an important principle in this painting?
Repetition – elements are repeated in a composition
Where does artist Mary Cassat
use repetition in this artwork?
Where does artist Takashi Murakami
use repetition in this artwork?
Proportion/Scale
- relative size. The size of one element compared
to another.
Is the apple really
large, or is the
room really small?
Figure-Ground
Figure–ground relations are a type of perceptual grouping
which is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through
vision.
It is how the object relates to the background, or the
relationship between foreground and background.
For example:
Is it a vase, or two faces?
What do you see in the foreground?
What color is the background?
What do you see in the foreground?
What color is the background?
This is an artwork by
M.C. Escher.
What do you see in
the foreground?
What color is the
background?