Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Marshall, R. C., Gandour, J

Marshall, R. C., Gandour, J., &
Windsor, J. (1988). Selective
impairment of phonation: A
case study. Brain and
Language, 35, 313-339.
What to get from this case?
• Methods of diagnosis
• Use of sound displays - time-pressure
waves and spectrograms
• Components of speech production -phonation in particular
• Separation (dissociation) of elements in
production
• Interaction of processes in normal speech
• Consequently, difficulty in diagnosis &
treatment
Visual displays of DT
speech
• Time waveform p. 327
• Fo trace (Fo plot) p.327
• Spectrograms (many e.g. Fig. 7,
p.325)
• Relative peak Intensity or stress
(Fig.8)
• VOT (voice onset time)
Terms and concepts to
know
• Dissociation
– Decorrelation between symptoms or processes;
used to support autonomous functions or modules
• Apraxia
– Motor disorder- an impairment of selecting, planning,
executing movements in normal fashion.
• CVA
– Cerebral vascular accident
• Crainiotomy
– Skull surgery
Dysarthria
– A speech disorder due to weak and
poorly coordinated speech muscles.
Speech may be slow and imprecise. It
is basically symptom of many problems
including cerebral palsy, various
degenerative diseases, poisons, and
strokes.
Summary- apparent Broca's
aphasia with speech apraxia
• Verb shifted right, stressed syllables
only
• Abnormal fundamental frequency
(Fo)
• DT could whisper and use
electrolarynx without error
Causal factors in patient's
apraxia
• Lesion
• Efforts to compensate
• Interaction among components
Various diagnostic
procedures used
• Brain scan
• Various language tests (p.317)
including the BDAE
• Assessment of specific speech
deficits (below)
Phonation
• Larynx - glottis, supraglottal,
subglottal
– Electrolarynx and its function
• Whispering
Stroke
• Infarct (tissue death due to restricted
circulation)
• TIA- transient ischemic attack:
Apraxia (p.332)
Aphasia (Broca's, lesion)
Prosodics
• Fundamental frequency, F0 pattern
Specific deficits
• Phonation
• Articulation --phonological analysis
of errors p.321
• Syntax
• Dissociation of phonology and
articulation
Keys to diagnosis
• Whispering, writing, and use of
electrolarynx
H.E. 's TIA (transient
ischemia attack)
• Symptoms- depend on brain region
with blockage
• Evaluation - MRI, carotid arteries,
heart, clinical exam
• Cause -- generally uncertain
• Treatment
• Prognosis
Left temporal damage
Speech with electrolarynx
Writing sample
Treatment effect
Time-pressure wave
showing disruptive effects
on encoding thoughts
The spy fled from Greece
“Baseball player”
Conversation transcript
Rating scale profile from
BDAE
Writing sample of DT (awords, b- sentences)
How does phonation work?
Evolve?
QuickTime™ and a
Component Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Schulz, G. M., Varga, M., Jeffires, K., Ludlow, C. L., &
Braun, A. R. (2005).
Functional neuroanatomy of human vocalization: An
H215O PET study. Cerebral Cortex, 15(12), 1835-1849.
• Thus, when voiced speech (oral
articulatory movements plus vocalization)
is contrasted with whispered speech (oral
articulatory movements alone) the
differences should selectively reflect the
demands associated with vocalization. We
hypothesized that these would include
activation of the midline visceromotor
circuit — the set of regions that comprise
the species specific call system in lower
mammals — as well as neocortical motor
areas.
Schulz 2
• We also hypothesized that functional
connections between these systems
would be observed only the during
voiced speech condition, suggesting
a neural substrate for neocortical
modulation of the midline circuit
during human phonation.
Schulz 3
• our results suggest that human
vocalization is not exclusively
regulated by neocortical or
visceromotor mechanisms, but by a
combination of both.
Schulz 4
• The greater degree of voluntary
control that humans have over
phonation can be explained by
neocortical regulation of these
visceromotor structures.
• (See Keith Hayes video bits- Vicki
and voluntary vocalization?)
Vicki learns to talk!
• Keith Hayes and
his wife spent lots
of time teaching
Vicki.
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Voluntary vocal control in
chimps?
• Chimps unlike
some dogs and all
children have little
or no voluntary
control over their
vocal tracts.
QuickTime™ and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Voluntary control in 17
month old Kate
• She’s certainly
vocalizing
something!
QuickTime™ and a
H.263 decom pressor
are needed to see this picture.
Schulz 5
• Finally, there are areas in the temporal
lobe and cerebellum that are coactivated
and functionally coupled to both
visceromotor and neocortical systems
during voiced speech production.
• These regions may support vocal selfmonitoring, providing crucial information
for regulation of the motor areas, i.e.
complex on-line adjustments of pitch and
airflow that depend upon perception of
one's vocal output.