Measures of Respiration in Trained Singers Versus Normal Speakers
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Transcript Measures of Respiration in Trained Singers Versus Normal Speakers
Hope Lorenz
Introduction
Three Physiological Systems Required for Voice
Production
Respiratory
Phonatory
Resonation
Voice Evaluation Includes Measures of…
Vital Capacity
Maximum Phonation Time
Previous Research
Normative Values
Vital Capacity
Males – 4180 to 4800cc
Females – 3010 to 3500 cc
Maximum Phonation Time
Males – 24.6 to 31.6 seconds
Females – 20.9 to 24.6 seconds
Ptacek, et al. (1966), Awan (2001), Rau and Beckett (1984), and
Shanks and Mast (1977
Previous Research Continued…
Factors Which Influence Vital Capacity and Maximum
Phonation Time
The best method for eliciting maximum phonation time
is the combination of verbal instructions with a full
model of the task (Soman, 1997).
Measures of vital capacity and maximum phonation
time do not fall within normal ranges for individuals
who smoke (Awan & Alphonso, 2007)
Increased age is associated with decreased performance
in vital capacity and maximum phonation time (Awan,
2006)
Height most strongly predicts measures of vital capacity
(Parma et al., 1996)
Previous Research Continued…
Impact of Vocal Training
Singers have slightly higher measures of vital capacity
than wind instrumentalists and normal speakers
(Schorr-Lesnick, Teirstein, Brown, & Miller, 1985)
A retrospective study compared vital capacity and
maximum phonation time of trained singers with
normative data and found no significant difference
between the two (Carroll et al., 1996)
Purpose
Singers are trained to effectively use respiration for
phonation
Suggests singers may be able to sustain phonation for
longer than normal speakers
Limitations of previous studies
Retrospective
Impact of smoking
Impact of height
Research Questions
Is there a difference in vital capacity in trained singers
versus normal speakers?
Is there a difference in maximum phonation time in
trained singers versus normal speakers?
Participants
Trained Singers
Normal Speakers
18-23 years old
10 vocal majors
At least 1 year formal vocal
19 to 22 years old
6 CDS majors, 2 elementary
training at collegiate level
Exercised average of 2.4 times
per week
2 Freshman, 2 Sophomores, 3
Juniors, 3 Seniors
No history of smoking
In good health
Average Height = 64.40
inches
education majors, 1 English
major, 1 marketing major
No previous vocal training
Exercised average of 3.4 times
per week
6 Seniors, 4 Sophomores
No history of smoking
In good health
Average Height = 64.40
inches
Measurements
Vital Capacity
Measured with a Spiropet dry spirometer
Standing with good posture, blow air into handheld
device
Repeatable measures within 10%
Maximum Phonation Time
Measured using the Visipitch IV
Standing with good posture, continue to phonate /a/ as
long as possible
Repeatable measures within 10%
Correlation Between Maximum
Phonation Time and Vital Capacity
5000
4000
Vital
Capacity
(in cc)
3000
2000
1000
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Maximum Phonation Time (in seconds)
The correlation between maximum phonation time and vital
capacity was r = .24; p = .29; indicating the two measures were not
significantly correlated.
30
Maximum Phonation Results
No significant
difference in
maximum
phonation time
between groups
Both groups
lower than past
norms
Maximum Phonation Time Norms
Females – 20.9 to 24.6 seconds
Ptacek, et al. (1966), Awan (2001), Rau and Beckett
(1984), and Shanks and Mast (1977)
Vital Capacity Results
Vital capacity
significantly
higher in
normal
speakers; p = .02
Trained singers
lower than past
norms
Normal
Speakers within
past norms
Normative Values
Vital Capacity
4000
3500
3000
2500
Singers
2000
Control
1500
NormLow
NormHigh
1000
500
0
Vital Capacity
Females – 3010 to 3500cc
Ptacek, et al. (1966), Awan (2001), Rau and Beckett (1984), and Shanks and Mast (1977)
Discussion of Unexpected Results
Why was vital capacity significantly lower for trained
singers than the control group?
Why was maximum phonation time lower for singers
than controls (although not significantly) and why
were both groups lower than past norms?
What factors may have influenced these results?
Influence of Major
Vital Capacity
Maximum Phonation
Time
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
20
15
10
5
0
CDS
Majors
Other
Normals
Vocal
Majors
CDS
Majors
Other
Normals
Communication Disorders and Sciences Majors:
Understanding of task possibly skewed results
Vocal
Majors
Influence of Exercise Each Week
Maximum Phonation
Time
Vital Capacity
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1 to 2
3 to 4
0
5+
1 to 2
3 to 4
Times/Week
Trained Singers
Normal Speakers
0
3
0
1-2
1
3
3-4
4
4
5+
2
3
5+
Influence of Years of Vocal Training
Vital Capacity
Maximum Phonation
Time
3000
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
One
Two
Three
Four
One
Two
Three
Four
Discussion
Clinical Implications
Large range of normal
Possible contributing factors:
Profession/Education
Years of vocal training
Exercise
Future Research
Factors which influence measures
Amount of vocal training