Transcript TOPIC - eLisa UGM

Medical Terminology
The Basic Structure and
Analysis of Medical Terms
By
E. Suryadi
Madarina Julia
ONCOLOGY: Cervix Sarcoma
Sarcoma of the cervix therapy
Sarcomas of the cervix show a variable and generally
poor response to radiotherapy. If possible therefore,
surgical removal is indicated if the disease is localized to
the pelvis. This may vary from simple hysterectomy to
total pelvic exenteration. Chemotherapy has not proved
effective in these tumor
The signs and symptoms of recurrent malignant disease
are:
1. Positive cytologic examination
2. Palpable tumor in pelvis or abdomen
3. Ulceration of cervix or vagina
4. Unilateral lower extremity edema
5. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
(Adopted from: Gordon Reeves & Ian
Todel. 1996: Lecture Notes on
Immunology.pp: 258)
1. Abnormal proliferation of the cells of the
immune system takes many forms, e.g.
leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma,
macroglobulinemia and heavy chain diseases.
Cryoglobuminemia and amyloidosis are also
associated with the abnormal production of
proteins involved in the immune respons.
2. The monoclonal gammopathies are caused by
the uncontrolled proliferation of a single clone of
plasma cells (in myelomatosis) or B Lymphoblasts
(in macroglobulinemia).
In macroglobulinemia the excess production of
pentameric IgM is associated with hyperviscosity
and cryoglobulinemia.
In myeloma the monoclonal immunoglobuline can
be of class IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM, or monomeric
IgM.
Decalcification, hypercalcemia and bone pain is
mediated by cytokine release initiated by the
abnormal plasma cells and agents that inhibit IL-6
are under investigation for treatment of
myelomatosis.
Medical Terminology
Our sessions :
 The structure and analysis of medical
terms
 Roots, prefix and suffix in medical terms
 The basic of medical terminology
 Two practical sessions
History
a vocabulary from ancient Greek
and Latin
Ancient doctors, e.g. Hippocrates:
epilepsy, dysentery, asthma, diarrhea
New advances in medical science
– new terms derived from
everyday vocabulary,
e.g. cyt – kytos (hollow container)-cell
Why do we need to learn
medical terminology ?
To speak and to write exactly
Health professional around the world use
medical vocabulary to speak and to write
exactly
International language
How do we learn medical
terminology?
like learning other languages:
memorize the vocabulary!!
logical language:
 most terms can be broken down
into its basic component parts and
understood
 “basic word structure”
Medical Terminology
The basic of medical
terminology
Basic Word Structure
PANCYTOPENIA
PREFIX
COMBINING
WORD VOWEL
ROOT
SUFFIX
COMBINING FORM
Medical Terminology
Commonly Used
Roots, Prefix and Suffix
WORD ROOT
FOUNDATION OF THE
WORD
GASTER
=GASTROS
ROOT
(stomach)
PREFIX
WORD BEGINNING
EPIGASTRIC
PREFIX
(above)
SUFFIX
WORD ENDING
GASTRITIS
SUFFIX
(inflammation)
COMPOUND WORD
TWO OR MORE WORD ROOTS
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
GASTROENTERITIS
WORD ROOTS
LEUKOCYTE
LEUKOCYTOSIS
LEUKOCYTOPENIA
SUFFIX or COMPOUND
SUFFIX FORM
Correlate an understanding of a
word with basic anatomy,
physiology, and disease process of
the human body
PANCYTOPENIA
PAN : all
CYT : cell
PENIA : deficiency
DEFICIENCY OF ALL CELLS
(deficiency of all types of
blood cells)
LEUKEMIA
LEUK (root): white
EM (root): blood
IA (suffix): state (noun)
EMIA (compound-suffix form):
state of blood
“white blood”
malignancy of white blood cells
The origin of
a medical term
Greek noun or adjective
Greek verb
Latin noun or adjective
Latin verb
 Influence how it was used in
modern medical term
Greek nouns and adjectives (1)
Root of a noun or an adjective
is found by dropping the
ending (os, on, e, s, ys)
nephros – nephritis
neuron – neuritis
leukos – leukemia
tachys – tachypnea
glykys -- glycemia
Greek nouns and adjectives
(2)
… when a suffix begins with a
consonant attached to a root
ends with a consonant, a
combining vowel is needed
leukocyte
neurogenic
nephroblast
so…drop the combining
vowel before a suffix
beginning with a vowel
GASTRIC, and not GASTROIC
LEUKEMIA, and not
LEUKOEMIA
but… retain the combining
vowel between two roots
in a word
GASTROENTERITIS
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
Greek nouns and adjectives (3)
Some words may come in two
combining forms:
derma, dermatos hypodermic,
dermatology
soma, somatos
macrosomia,
somatotroph
haima, haimatos
hemoglobin,
hematology
stoma, stomatos
tracheostomy,
stomatitis
Greek Verbs
gignesthai gen(e)
- gen
pathogenesis
hematogen
lyein
ly(s)-
hemolysis
tome
tom-
cholecystotomy
graphein
graph-
cardiograph
rhein
rhe-
diarrhea,
leukorrhea
Latin Nouns
Combining form of a noun is found
by dropping the ending (a, um)
fistula – fistulectomy
vagina – vaginoplasty
lympha – lymphogen
ileum – ileostomy
cerebrum – cerebrovascular
palatum – palatorrhaphy
Tissue
Tissues may have different
terms in normal and diseased
states
 NORMAL: LATIN WORD
 DISEASED/ ABNORMAL:
GREEK WORD
normal and abnormal
TESTIS
UTERUS
VAGINA
OVARIUM
TUBA
NASUS
ORIS
HEPAR
orch/o
metr/o
colp/o
orchitis
endometritis
colpitis
vaginitis
oophor/o
Oophoritis
salphynx
salphyngitis
rhin/o
rhinitis
stomat/onep Stomatitis
hepat/o
hepatitis
normal and abnormal
REN
COR
PULMO
nephr/o
cardi/o
pneum/o
CORNEA
AURIS
CEREBRUM
kerat/o
ot/o
encephal/o
nephritis
carditis
pneumonitis
pneumonia
keratitis
otitis
encephalitis
Tissue
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Fascia adiposa
LIP/O
: FAT
– Lipolysis
– Lipogenesis
– Lipodystrophy
– lipoma
Tissue
OSSEUS/OS
Os femur, os radius, os
pallatum, medulla
osseum
OSTE/O : BONE
– Osteogenesis imperfecta
– Osteoblast
– Osteomyelitis
Tissue
NERVUS
Nernus ischiadicus, n. axillaris
NEUR/O
: NERVE
– neuralgia
– neuropathy
– neuritis
Tissue
MUSCULUS
Musculus pectoralis major, m.
rectus abdominis
MY/O
MYS/O: MUSCLE
– myopathy
– myositis
– Myoglobin
– Myofibra
– Myocardium
– Myometrium
Tissue
CARTILAGO
Cartilago thyreoidea, cartilago
septi nasi
CHONDR/O : CARTILAGE
– chondrodysplasia
– Achondroplasia
– Osteogenesis enchondralis
– Chondrogenesis
Tissue
CUTIS
CUTANE/0
Intracutane, subcutane
DERMIS
DERMAT/O : SKIN
– dermatitis
– leukoderma
– epidermis
– dermatology
Tissue
VASA
VASCUL/O
vascularisation, avascular
ANGI/O : BLOOD VESSEL
– angiopathy/ vasculopathy
– angiography
– Angiogram
– angioma
– Vasculitis
Tissue
SANGUIS; SANGUINIS
HEM/O =HAIMA
EM
HEMAT/O: BLOOD
– hematology
– hematopoiesis
– anemia
– cholesterolemia
– hemoglobin
Color= chrom
LEUK/O : ALBUS : WHITE
ALBINO,
CORPUS ALBICAN
LINEA ALBA
LEUKOCYTE
LEUKOCYTURIA
LEUKOCYTOSIS
LEUKEMIA
LEUKODERMA
LEUKODYSTROPHY
LEUKOPLAKIA
LEUKORRHEA
FLUOR ALBUS
Color =
chrom
MELAN/O : FUSCUS :
BLACK
MELANOCYTE
MELANOBLAST
MELANOMA
MELANURIA
MELANIN
MELENA
Color
ERYTHR/O : RUBRO :
RED
CORPUS RUBRUM
NUCLEUS RUBER
ERYTHROBLAST
ERYTHROCYTE
ERYTHROCLAST
ERYTHEMATOUS
ERYSIPELAS
ERYTHREMIA
ERYTHRODERMA
Color
CYAN/O: BLUE
CYANOTIC
CYANOSIS
CYANOPHIL
CYANOPSIA
CYANOLABE
glaucos : bluish green
Griseus : bluish grey
Color
CHLOR/O:CHLOASMA :
GREEN
CHLOROMA
CHLOROPHYL
CHLOROPSIA
CHLOROLABE
COLOR
GRISEUS = POLIOS =
PHAIOS =GREY
Substantia grisea
Poliomyelitis
Color
XANTH/O: FLAVUS:
LUTEUS: YELLOW
CORPUS LUTEUM
XANTHOCHROMIC
XANTHOCHROMIA
XANTHELASMA
XANTHOMA
XANTHOPSIA
Body activities
Audio = acouo = to
hear
Opsia = opia = blepo =
to see
Phagien = to eat
Dipsa = to drink
Phrasis = to speech
Laleo = to talk
Gradior = to walk
Halo = pneu = to
breathe
Oureo = to urinate
Ergo = to work
Sedeo =sella = to sit
Osme = bromo =to
smell
Mnena = memory
Palpo = to touch
Kineo= moveo = to
move
Gustatus = geuma = to
taste
Hypnos = somnus =
sopor= to sleep
Glutio = to swallow
Defaecatio= chezo = to
defaecate
Qualitative Measurement
Major= magnus
= mega = great
Minor = parvus
= small
Breve = short
Longus = long
Durum = hard
Mollis = soft
Bradys = tardus =
slow
Tachys = celer =
fast
Poly = multi = many
Oligos = few = rare
Asthenia = weak
prefix – Location
retr/o
supra/super
/ultra
epi
par/a
peri
end/o –
ento - en
eso
intra
infra/ sub
extra
ect/o
exo
ec
prefix – Location
mes/o
Circum/peri
Ante = before
Meta = behind
Trans = beyond, to the other side
Inter = between, among
Dia = complete = through
Per = through, over
Ana = upon, upwards
Cata = downward
prefix – Location
examples:
ectopic pregnancy
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
encephalitis
endometrium vs. parametrium
endotoxin vs. exotoxin
Periosteum, pericardium
Circumoral, circumductio
retroperitoneal
suprarenal, etc.
prefix - number
A/AN
NULLI
WITHOUT
LACKING
DEFICIENT
ANEMIA
APLASTIC ANEMIA
ANALGESIA
NULLIPARA
½
prefix - number
hemi
HALF
semi
PARTIAL
HEMIPARESIS
HEMIPLEGIA
HEMIHYPERTROPHY
SEMICOMATOSE
prefix - number
uni - mono
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
MONOPARESIS
MONONUCLEAR CELLS
UNICELLULAR
UNILATERAL
st
1
prefix - number
primi
PRIMIPARA, PRIMIPAROUS
PRIMIGRAVIDA
PRIMITIVE
PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS
prefix - number
BI - DI(PLO)
BICUSPID VALVE
BICEPS
BIFURCATIO
DIPLOCOCCUS
DIPLOID
prefix - number
• MULTI – MANY :
 MULTIPARA, MULTINUCLEAR
GIANT CELLS, MULTIGRAVIDA
• 3 - TRI :
 TRICUSPIDALIS, TRI IN DIE
• 4 - TETRA :
 TETRAPARESES, TETRAPLEGIA
• 5 - PENTA : PENTAMER
negative sense
ANTI (ANT):
CONTRA =
AGAINST, OPPOSED
• ANTIBIOTIC
• ANTIHISTAMINE
• ANTITOXIN
MAL = BAD
Malnutrition, malaria
A, AN = ABSENCE OF SOMETHING,
DEFICIENT
Anaerobe, anemia, anhidrosis
negative sense
dys :
difficult, painful, abnormal
DYSMENORRHEA
DYSPEPSIA
DYSTROPHY
(DUCHENNE MUSCULODYSTROPHY)
DYSURIA
hyper and hypo
hyper : beyond normal, excessive, over
hypo: under, deficient, below normal
HYPOGLYCEMIA
HYPERGLYCEMIA
HYPOTHYROIDISM HYPERTHYROIDISM
HYPOTENSI
HYPERTENSI
HYPODERMIC
tachy and brady
tachy: rapid, fast
brady: slow
tachycardia
tachypnea
bradycardia
bradypnea
suffix – noun
a, ia, y, sia, sis,
asia, asis, esis,
ema, ism, us:
dyspnea, rhinorrhea
anemia, osteomalacia
hypertrophy
ectasia
arteriosclerosis
state,
condition
•
•
•
•
•
•
nephrolithiasis
erythema
hyperchromasia
diuresis
synergism
hydrocephalus
suffix – noun
itis
oma,
ma
oophoritis
endometritis
colitis ulcerosa
hepatitis
carditis
inflammation
tumor, disease
fibroadenoma
adenocarcinoma
glioma
edema
lymphoma
Suffix
NOUN - ADJECTIVE
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
cyanosis
anemia
nervus
sclerosis
stenosis
paralysis
cyanotic
anemic
nervous
sclerotic
stenotic
paralytic
SUFFIXES
-ALGIA =
PAIN
-CELE =
HERNIA
-CENTESIS = SURGICAL PUNCTURE TO REMOTE
A FLUID
-PENIA =
DECREASE
-DYNIA = PAIN
-LYSIS =
DESTRUCTION = BREAKDOWN
-MALACIA = SOFTENING
-OPSY =
TO VIEW
-POIESIS = FORMATION
-PLASIA = DEVELOPMENT
SUFFIXES
-OSIS = ABNORMAL CONDITION
-PATHY = DISEASE
-PEXY = FIXATION
-STASIS = STOPPING. CONTROLING
-SCOPE = INSTRUMENT FOR
EXAMINATION
-PTOSIS = DROPPING
What are we going to discuss in this
session?
ABREVIATIONS IN MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY
SINGULAR-PLURAL
CLINICAL TERMS/ PHRASES
etc.
Abbreviations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Measurements
Chemical
Diagnoses
Procedures
Health Professions
Charting
Abbreviations
Measurements
g or gm
mcg
tsp
kcal
mMol/L
g/dL
mg%
BMI
gram
microgram
teaspoon
calorie
mMol per liter
gram per deciliter
miligram percent
body mass index
Abbreviations
Chemical
O2 (oxygen)
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
NaCl (sodium chloride)
RL (Ringer Lactate)
K (potassium, kalium)
Abbreviations
Diagnoses
CP (cerebral palsy)
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome)
ALL (acute lymphoblastic
leukemia)
CVA (cerebrovascular accident)
CVD (cardiovascular disease)
DHF (Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever)
Abbreviations
Procedures (1)
radiology
IVP: intravenous pyelography
ECG: electrocardiography
USG: ultrasonography
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
CT-SCAN (CAT-SCAN): computerized
axial tomography scanning
Abbreviations
Procedures (2)
laboratory
2 hr pp (2 hour post prandial
blood glucose)
LDH (lactic dehydrogenase)
CK (creatine kinase)
LFT (liver function test)
RFT (renal function test)
Abbreviations
Health professions
 MD (medical doctor)
 ENT (ear, nose, throat)
 OB (obstetry)
 GYN (gynecology)
Abbreviations
Charting
 ex/ exam (examination)
 Dx (diagnosis)
 Tx (treatment)
 Rx (prescribe)
 BP (blood pressure)
 iv (intravenous)
 OS (oculus sinister, left eye)
 tid (tri in die, thrice a day)
Rules for commonly forming
plurals
ending
change to
is
um
us
a
ex/ix
es
a
i
ae
ices
Examples of plurals
is to es
SINGULAR
PLURAL
anastomosis
metastasis
epiphysis
prosthesis
anastomoses
metastases
epiphyses
prostheses
Examples of plurals
um to a
SINGULAR
PLURAL
bacterium
diverticulum
ovum
bacteria
diverticula
ova
Examples of plurals
us to i
SINGULAR
calculus
bronchus
bronchiolus
nucleus
PLURAL
calculi
bronchi
bronchioli
nuclei
Examples of plurals
a to ae
SINGULAR
vertebra
bursa
bulla
PLURAL
vertebrae
bursae
bullae
Examples of plurals
ix or ex to ices
SINGULAR
PLURAL
apex
varix
apices
varices
Clinical Terms/
Phrases
anamnesis: history of
symptoms
examination: physical
examination of signs
diagnosis
therapy/ treatment
prognosis
diagnosis/diseases (1)
related to organ system/ tissue
inflammation: rhinopharyngitis, cystitis
tumor/ cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma,
osteosarcoma, melanoma maligna,
neurofibromatosis
condition: mitral stenosis, arteriosclerosis,
nephrolithiasis, dysenteri, hemothorax
syndrome: nephrotic syndrome,
hepatorenal syndrome, AIDS
diagnosis/diseases (2)
related to the causing factors
organism:
– Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
– Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)
– Chikungunya Fever
– Diphteria (C. diphteriae)
– Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)
toxin:
– tetanus (tetanin – C. tetani)
– botulism (botulinum – C. botulinum)
diagnosis/diseases (3)
named after the person who found it
signs:
– Turner syndrome
– Biot respiration
– Spleen Schuffner 1-8
disease:
– Duchenne muscular dystrophy
– Becker muscular dystrophy
– Hashimoto disease
– Grave’s disease
– Neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen
therapy/ treatment
Causative/ Curative: address the cause
of the disease – aimed at curing the
disease
Symptomatic/Palliative: address the
symptoms of the disease – aimed at
making the patients feel better
Ex juvantivus: a try out
surgical procedures
tomy (to cut): pyloromyotomi, osteotomi
stomy (to make an opening):
tracheostomy, nephrostomy, ileostomy
ectomy (resection= to cut out):
nephrectomy, splenectomy, gastrectomy
rraphy (to sew): herniorrhaphy,
palatorraphy
incision vs. excision
prognosis
dubia ad malam
dubia ad bonam
five years survival rate of 80%
fatality rate
remission rate
cure rate
other terms
acute vs. chronic
degree of consciousness: compos
mentis, lethargy, stupor, sopor,
soporocomatous, coma
shock
headache/ cephalgia: tension
headache, cluster headache, migraine,
vertigo
Aware of spelling and pronunciation problem
 pronounced alike – different spelling
 may give wrong diagnosis
CYSTITIS vs. CYTOSIS
ILEUM vs. ILIUM
HEPATOMA vs. HEMATOMA
Aware of spelling and pronunciation problem
similar pronunciation
URETER vs. URETHRA
ureteritis
urethritis
diminutive suffix (1)
culus
–venter – ventriculus, ventricle
–vasa – vasculus
–vesica – vesiculus, vesicle
olus
–arteria – arteriole
–alveus -- alveolus
diminutive suffix (2)
ulus
–calcis – calculus
–globus – globulus, globule
illa
–fibril -fibrilla
ellum
–cerebrum - cerebellum
How do we analyze a medical terms?
break it down into its component
part
find the meaning of every part
Read the meaning from the suffix
back to the first part of the word
PANCYTOPENIA
PAN (prefix): all
CYT (root): cell
PENIA (suffix-form): deficiency
DEFICIENCY OF ALL CELLS
(deficiency of all types of blood cells)
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
ELECTR (root): electricity
CARDI (root): heart
GRAM (suffix): record
The record of the electricity of the
heart
GASTROENTERITIS
GASTR (root): stomach
ENTER (root): intestines
ITIS (suffix): inflammation
Inflammation of the stomach and
intestines
Read the meaning of
medical terms from the
suffix back to the first
part of the word
PANCYTOPENIA
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
GASTROENTERITIS
ASYNERGY
A (prefix): without
SYN (prefix): together
ERG (root): working
Y (suffix): noun-suffix
without synergy
without working together
OSTEOSARCOMA
OSTEO (combining form): bone
SARCOMA (suffix-form): tumor
of the tissue
– SARC (root): tissue
– OMA (suffix): tumor
tumor of bone tissue
lymphosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma,
etc.
RETROPERITONEAL
RETRO (prefix): behind
PERITONEUM (root–peritonaion):
to stretch over
AL (suffix): adjectival suffix
behind the peritoneum
Peritoneum is a serous sac that lines the
abdominal cavity
Further Readings
Chabner DE. The Language of
Medicine. W.B. Saunders
Company, 1981
Dunmore CW, Fleischer RM.
Medical Terminology. Exercises
in Etymology, 2nd ed. F.A Davis
Company, 1985
Dennerll JT. Medical
Terminology. A Programmed
Text, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1988