Transcript A.P. Exam Review - Mt. Lebanon School District

A.P. Exam Review
Regular Review Day 1
Big Idea #1
The chemical elements are
fundamental building materials of
matter, and all matter can be
understood in terms of the
arrangements of atoms. These
atoms retain their identity in
chemical reactions.
Enduring Understanding A
All matter is made of atoms. There are a
limited number of types of atoms; these
are the elements.
Enduring Understanding B
The atoms of each element have unique
structures arising from interactions
between electrons and nuclei.
First instance of Coulombic Attaction
Enduring Understanding C
Elements display periodicity in their
properties when the elements are
organized according to increasing atomic
number.
Enduring Understanding D
Atoms are so small that they are difficult
to study directly; atomic models are
constructed to explain experimental data
on collections of atoms
Enduring Understanding E
Atoms are conserved in physical and
chemical processes.
Particle
mass
Wave
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
A.P. CHEM. CH. 7
Bohr Model
Wave-Mechanical
Model
l,n
It explained
Atom doesn’t collapse
DeBroglie
Bright-Line Spectra
H
Equations
Light
m = h/cl
l x n =c
Matter
P E= hn
E E= mc2
l = h/mv
Named: Quantum model
Duality of
matter
Wave **
Equation
Schroedinger
Characteristics
Discrete energy levels
Electron transitions
Equation: En=-2.178x10-18J(Z2/n2)
Flaw: Bohr didn’t know why
Heisenberg
Uncert.
Princ.
Observer
affects the
observed
Dx • Dmv ≥ h/4p
**
Y=
H
E
position
Wave function
Y
Defined: High prob.
region
orbital
Can be applied to atoms other
than hydrogen by finding:
Zeff = Zact - repulsive effects
Repulsions/ core
shielding
Can be found
by knowing I.E.
equation
I.E.=
1310 kJ
mole e-
Not as low as could
be in certain
instances due to: penetration
I.E.
E.A.
size
Relate to
Chart
Know the
trends of this
Z2eff
n2
Hydrogen like
orbitals
s
p
d
f
Representations
Rules for multielectronic atoms:
aufbau
Pauli
Hund’s
Mass Spectrometry
•A small sample is ionized
usually into cations. (ION
SOURCE)
•The ions are separated and
sorted by their mass and
charge. (MASS ANALYZER)
•The separated ions are
measured and results displayed
on a chart. (THE DETECTOR)
Mass Spectrum… a
vertical bar graph in which
each bar represents a specific
ion by mass and charge with
the length of each bar
representing the abundance
of the ion
boron
There are 100 particles of this
element with a mass of 11 amu
for every 23 with a mass of 10
amu.
51.5 % - mass of 90 amu
11.2 % - mass of 91 amu
17.1 % - mass of 92 amu
17.4 % - mass of 94 amu
2.8 % - mass of 96 amu
zirconium
B
C
A
E