Transcript The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution
pp. 630-655
Greatly increased output of machine-made goods
Concept Questions
1. How did scientific advancements lead to the Industrial
Revolution?
2. What factors caused the Industrial Revolution?
3. How did the Industrial Revolution change the ways people
lived?
4. How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the establishment of
different economic systems, including free-enterprise,
communism, and socialism?
Prelude: The Population Explosion
• Famine
• War
• Disease
• Stricter
quarantine
measures
• The elimination
of the black rat
Further Reasons for Population
Growth
• Advances in medicine, such as inoculation against smallpox
• Improvements in sanitation promoted better public health
• An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and
epidemics, especially as transportation improved
The hand of a person infected with smallpox
The Beginnings of Industrialization
• Why England? – Natural Resources
– Water power and coal for machine fuel
– Iron ore to build machines, tools, buildings
– Rivers for inlands transportation
– Harbors for merchant ships
• Factors of Production
– Land, labor and capital (wealth)
• Inventions Spur Technological Advances
The Enclosure Movement
English gentry (landowners)
passed the Enclosure Acts,
prohibiting peasants’ access to
common lands, enclosed land
with fences or hedges
*improved farming efficiency
Experiments with new
agricultural methods
Small farmers forced to become
The enclosure division of the town of Thetford, tenant farmers or move to the
England around 1760
cities
Townshend’s Four-Field
System
Jethro Tull (1674–1741)
CROP ROTATION EXAMPLE
*different plants use different nutrients, allowing the
land to recover
Replaced wasteful broadcast method with wellspaced rows planted methodically
Selective Breeding
• Select animals with the best
characteristics
• Produce bigger breeds
• Lambs from 18 to 50 pounds
The Importance of Textiles
The Domestic or “Putting Out”
System (Cottage Industry)
The textile industry was the most
important in England
Most of the work was done in the
home
John Kay invented
the flying shuttle
The Spinning Jenny
The Water Frame
Hargreaves’s machine
Powering the spinning jenny:
• Horses, The water wheel
• Cotton bought from
America
• Seeds removed by hand
replaced by cotton gin
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
The Coming of the
Railroads:
The Steam Engine
• Thomas Newcomen
• The steam engine
James Watt’s
Steam Engine
Steam-Powered
Water Transport
In 1807, Robert Fulton
attached a steam engine to a
ship (“Clermont”) The steam
engine propelled the ship by
making its paddle wheel turn.
• Increased efficiency,
reduced fuel needed
• Financed by Matthew
Boulton
Trevithick’ Engine
The Liverpool and Manchester Railway
• In 1801, Richard Trevithick first attached a
steam engine to a wagon. Trevithick’s engine
was not successful for moving people, but he
had planted the idea of human train transport.
• The first widely-used steam train was the
Liverpool & Manchester Railway.
• The L&M incited a boom in railway building for
the next 20 years. By 1854, every moderatelysized town in England was connected by rail.
The Growth of the Railroads
Newbiggin Bridge
Opening of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway
Stephenson’s Rocket
Industrialization
• Growth of Industrial Cites
– Urbanization, city building & movement of people to cities
• Living Conditions – slums/disease
– No sanitary codes, plans, or building codes
– Lacked adequate housing, education, police
• Working Conditions
– 14 hour days/6 days a week
– Poorly lit, dirty, dangerous
– No programs/protection in case of injury
• Class Tensions
– Poor working class
– Newly formed middle class – comfortable standard of living
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wealthy factory owners, shippers, merchants
Social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers
Govt. employees, doctors, lawyers, managers – upper middle class
Factory overseers, toolmakers, printers – lower middle class
Labor Conditions
Laborers often worked in
dangerous and hazardous
conditions
The New Industrial Class Structure
The New
Middle Class
The New
Working Class
Tenements
Britain Takes
the Lead
Great Britain’s advantages:
• Plentiful iron and coal
• A navigable river system
• A strong commercial
infrastructure that provided
merchants with capital to invest
in new enterprises
• Colonies that supplied raw
materials and bought finished
goods
• A government that encouraged
improvements in transportation
and used its navy to protect
British trade
Industrialization
• Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
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Created jobs
Contributed to the nation’s wealth
Fostered technological progress/invention
Increased production
Raised standards of living
Healthier diets
Better housing
Cheaper clothing
Educational opportunities
• Working Class Benefits
– Took longer
– Higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions
Industrialization
• The Mills of Manchester (CASE STUDY)
– Unplanned city growth
– Pollution
– Poisoned river
Women: The Labor
Behind the Industry
Child Labor:
Unlimited Hours
“Scavengers” and “piecers”
Children as young as 6
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19th-century women at work
Malnourishment
Beatings
Runaways sent to
prison
Child Labor:
Movements to Regulate
• Factory owners
argued that child
labor was good for
the economy and
helped build
children's characters
• Factory Act of 1833:
limited child labor
and the number of
hours children could
work in textile mills
Industrialization Spreads
• Industrial Development in the U.S.
– War of 1812 blocked international trade, forced
U.S. to develop independent industries
– Began with textile industry despite British
attempts at secrecy
– New inventions
– railroads
– Corporations – monopolies (share profits, but not responsible for debts)
• Standard Oil (Rockefeller)
• Carnegie Steel (Carnegie)
The Telegraph
Samuel F.B. Morse
Electricity
Thomas Edison
Additional Contributions
• Marie Curie – scientist who studied radioactivity
– Discovered radium and polonium
– Won a Nobel Pride
• Louis Pasteur
– Believed disease came from germs so he promoted washing hands and
medical instruments
– Used heat to kill germs in liquid (pasteurization)
• Queen Victoria
– Doubled the size of Britain
– Favored social reforms
– Supported charitable programs to improve the lives of
the poor
Industrialization Spreads
• Industrialization Reaches Continental Europe
– Belgium led with secrets from British carpenter
– Germany – imported equipment & people
• Railroad, developed as a military power
– Developed in some countries, but not in all
• Worldwide Impact of Industrialization
– Widened gap between industrialized/non-industrialized
countries
– Rise of colonies to provide raw materials and a market for
manufactured goods
France
• Couldn’t keep
up with British
industrialization
• French
Revolution and
resulting
political chaos
hindered
economic
development
Social Mobility
French
Industrialization
after 1848
Government investment
• Public spending
• Telegraph
This illustration of a “typical apartment”
appeared in a Parisian newspaper in
1845
A. Braun, Rue de Rivoli, 1855 or after
Age of Reforms
• Laissez faire – free trade, no govt. regulation
• Characteristics include: ownership of property, profit,
and economic freedom.
• Capitalism – invest in business to make a profit
• Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations
• Economic liberty guarantees progress
• Free enterprise systems – would help everyone
• Supply and demand
Rise of Socialism
• Utilitarianism – ideas, institutions and actions should be judged on
usefulness
– Pushed for reforms in legal, prison and education systems
– Jeremy Bentham – govt. should promote the greatest good for the greatest
number of people
– John Stuart Mills – questioned unregulated capitalism, more equal division of
profits
• Utopian Ideas - Robert Owen
– Working conditions prompted him to build a mill with:
• Low rent houses, free schooling, no children under 10
• Inspired other communities
Rise of Socialism
• Socialism
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Public ownership (govt.)
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Govt. planning of the economy, abolish poverty & promote equality
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did not advocate for a violent revolution or uprising of the worker class
They believed capitalism created a gap between the rich and poor
Workers INITIALLY supported socialism because of the interest in
reforming poor factory conditions and low wages
• Marxism – Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels
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The Communist Manifesto (1848) – extreme socialism = pure communism
Marx’s ideas became the basis for communism
Haves vs. have-nots, Working men of all countries, unite
NO class society with a shared goal
NO private property, NO social classes, NO profit, cooperation would
replace competition, no economic freedom
– Inspired: Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Castro
Unionization and Legislative Reform
• Unions – spoke for workers in a particular trade
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Collective bargaining, strike
Skilled workers, lower middle class
Threat to govt., social order and stability
Outlawed (Combination Acts of 1799, 1800)
Tolerated right to strike/picket peacefully
• Reform Laws
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Factory Act of 1833 (limits on child labor)
Mines Act of 1842 (no women/children underground)
Ten Hours Act of 1847 (women/children workday hours limited)
National Child Labor Committee (U.S.) – progressive reformers with
hopes to end child labor
Women and other reforms
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Higher wages than working at home
1/3 of what men made
Jane Addams – settlement houses
International Council for Women
• Reforms spread to:
– Prison – emphasize restoring prisoners to useful
lives
– Education – free public school for all
Cultural Impact: Literature
Charles Dickens
(1812–1870)
Depiction of a scene from Oliver Twist
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Hard Times
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Great Expectations
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A Christmas Carol