Transcript Document

FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS
for
Lancashire County Council.
Presented by
Mike Turner
ECA Fire and Security Sector
AGENDA
• UNDERSTANDING OF:
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Changes to BS5839 pt 1 :2002
Cable grades and requirements
Detection selection
Detector coverage
Differences between Non addressable and Addressable
EN54 / BS5839 2002
False alarm management
Mains fire Alarms
Warning for people with impaired hearing and sight
Certification for:
– Design, Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance
Change to BS 5839 PT 1: 2002
CATEGORIES
• Categories previously known as Types
• Designer alone can not select Categories
• Risk Assessment
End user
building Control / Fire Officer
Designer
Insurance
CATEGORIES M and L1 to L4
(Previously known as Types)
Cat
Activation method
Alarm devices
M
MCP
Throughout
L4
MCP + AFD on escape routes only
Throughout
L3
MCP + AFD on escape routes AFD in rooms
opening onto*
Throughout
L2
MCP + AFD as L3
+ specified areas
Throughout
L1
MCP + AFD throughout
Throughout
AFD on escape routes should be optical smoke detection or CO mix
CATEGORY L5 –Fire safety engineering
Cat
Activation method
Alarm devices
L5
AFD where specified
Throughout
L5/M
AFD where specified + MCP
Throughout
• For category L5, the person or organisation doing
the risk assessment takes on the legal
responsibility
• This requires serious design ability, risk
assessment procedures, knowledge of fire safety
engineering, professional indemnity insurance
CATEGORIES P1 and P2
Cat
Activation method
Alarm devices
P1
AFD throughout
Where required
P1/M AFD throughout + M
Throughout
P2
Where required
AFD where specified
P2/M AFD where specified + M
Throughout
COMMUNICATIONS WITH
THE FIRE SERVICE
• Designer to ascertain if automatic comms required
• For Cat P, Communications recommended unless
continuously occupied
• BS 5979 for ARC
• Communication unit to be protected by AFD
• Communication cables routed through:
– Areas of low fire risk; OR
– Areas protected by AFD or extinguishing; OR
– Using fire resistant cables
SITING THE
Control and Indicating Equipment
• Consult user / fire authorities
• Near entrance – repeaters may be required at other
entrances – consultation
• Adequate light – normal and emergency
• Low ambient noise – fault buzzer
• Low fire hazard
• AFD – unless continually occupied or negligible fire
hazard
• Accessible for servicing if necessary.
VARIATIONS from BS 5839-1
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Variations were previously deviations
Not an excuse for ignoring non-compliances to BS 5839-1
Most jobs will not need variations
Variations apply to intentional and appropriate aspects,
following a risk assessment
• Features found by installer not known to designer should
be documented for action / agreement
• All variations to be agreed with interested parties
– owner/user/client/insurer/fire authority
MCP ZONES - LANDINGS
• MCP in
accommodation
zone, not in
stairway zone, at
that level (in main
area or on landing)
Z4
Z5
Zone 3
Z3
Zone 2
Z2
Zone 1
Z1
EITHER
PREFERABLE
OR
MANUAL CALL POINTS
• BS EN 54-11, single action, RED
• Breaking frangible element operates switch
• All the call points must be similar
– do not mix hammer and thumb push types
• Use plastic element (not glass) in food prep
areas if requested (consultation)
• If necessary, use drip proof, waterproof or
hazardous area types
• Some shops do not have public call points
SITING manual call points
Up to 90m
Escape route
Landing
Stairway
Exit
1.4m
Final exit to open air
15mm
projection
SITING manual call points
Stairway
Paint
booth
Travel
distance
up to 45m
45m
30m
ALARM warning devices
125dBA
• Large qty of low power, not
small qty high power
• 65dBA generally, or 5dBA
above ambient noise (30s)
• 75dBA to awake at bed head
• 120dBA max
• 500 TO 1000Hz
• 20 to 30dBA loss at doors
30dBA
20dBA
95dBA
85dBA
ALARMS
• 65dBA is the general
recommendation
• 2 or 3dBA is not noticeable
to the human ear
• May be relaxed to 60dBA:
– stairways, offices up 60sq m,
limited points
• Similar sounds, i.e. not
mixing bells/sounders
65dBA
CORE
AREA,
IGNORE
0.5m
BORDER
ROOM
VISUAL ALARMS
• Visual alarms if ambient noise
more than 90dBA, or ear
protection is worn
• Readily visible, different from
other visual indicators
• 30 to 100 flashes per minute
• Preferably red light flash
• Attracts attention, but not
glare, min 2.1m Height and no
closer than 150mm to ceiling
150mm min
2.1m
min
height
FIRE ALARMS DEVICES
Stairs,
60dBA
Meeting rooms,
60dBA
Bedrooms, 75dBA
Stairs,
60dBA
general quiet offices,
greater than 60sq m area,
65dBA
Press shop,
95dBA noise,
65dBA + VISUAL
External audio/visual for Category P
Machine shop, 78dBA
noise,
83dBA
Limited area 60dBA min
Cable grades and requirements
WIRING: fire resistance
• All cables for critical signal paths and mains supply should be
fire resistant for 30 minuets
• (Fire shock and water spray resistant tests)
• Specification for cable performance Clause 26.2.d
• GRADES OF FIRE RESISTANT CABLE
• Most premises – Standard grade, BS 7629
– soft skinned (modified plastic cable)
• Higher risk – Enhanced grade, MI or equivalent
– 30m high, long evacuation or 4 stage evacuation
– or as required by risk assessment
– LCC stipulate MICC for all Installations
WIRING: requirements
• Mechanical protection – Below 2m
– MI or steel wire armoured self protected
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1sq mm minimum
Segregation from other services for EMC
Same colour cable throughout – red preferred
Integrity not compromised by fixings or joints
– joints minimised
– junction boxes labelled “fire alarm”
Detector selection
TYPES OF FIRE DETECTOR
• Heat
– Point, fixed, rate of rise
– Linear heat sensing
cable
• Smoke
– Point, ionisation, optical
– Linear optical beam
– Aspirating, sampling
points – holes in pipe
– Video, image processing
• Combustion gas, CO
– Incomplete combustion,
not smoke detection
• Flame
– Infra-red
– Ultra-violet
• Multi-sensor
– e.g. heat and optical
smoke
EXAMPLE
DETECTOR
CHOICES
Category
Heat pt. fixed
Heat pt. RoR
Heat linear
Optical point
Escape
routes
L1
O
O
O
P
L3-4
O
O
O
P
Rooms
Prot life
opening where fire
onto
starts
L3
P
P
P
L1
P
P
Ionisation point
P
P
Optical beam
P
P
P
P
P
CO
mix
mix
Aspirating
Flame
P
P
Liquid
fuel
store
P
P
P
P
P
CHOICE OF FIRE DETECTION
• Speed – To suit fire hazard
– min false alarms
• Heat – alcohol fire - good
immunity to false alarms,
easy maintenance, RoR
most sensitive
• Ionisation smoke – small
invisible particles
• Opt smoke – visible smoke,
escape routes
• Multi-sensor fire detector
• Flame – specialist e.g. atria,
range see manf. data
T deg C
fixed heat det thresholds
80
70
60
RoR
fixed
Angle of
view
20m
Base area of flame
30m
0.1sq m
Flame
detector
Example
range data
40m
0.2sq m
0.4sq m
ASPIRATING SMOKE DETECTION
...it actively draws a continuous air sample through a
sampling pipe network
Sampling Pipes
End
Cap
Sampling
Pipes
Atmosfire
Air Samples
CHOICE OF FIRE DETECTION
• Opt beam – large
areas, high level
Tx
Optical beam
Tx/Rx
reflector
• Aspirating –
aesthetics, high
level, vert pipes
X Sampling
points (holes)
Aspirating
detector
Rx
Detector coverage
SITING DETECTORS
• Vertical structures:
• Enclosed stairways
L1,L2,L3,L4,P1,P2
– Top of stairway
– Each main landing
• Flue-like structures
Lifts, Risers etc
L1,L2,L3,P1
– Top
– Within 1.5m of opening
e.g.lift shaft
SITING DETECTORS - VOIDS
• Voids, smoke or heat to
suit risk
• If appropriate to
Category,L1,L2,L3,P1
• all voids
more than 800mm deep
• Floor or ceiling voids
• Consider for smaller voids
if risk assessment justifies
• Lantern lights (sky lights)
more than 800mm deep
800mm or
more
Less than
800mm
Data and
power cables
800mm
or more
COVERAGE for point detectors
• Spacings specified in BS 5839 part 1 (2002)
• Any point in a room to a detector should be
less than:
– 7.5m for smoke detectors
– 5.3m for heat detectors
• Escape route up to 2m wide
– Smoke detectors up to 15m apart, 7.5m to end
• Corridor up to 2m wide – (Category P only)
– Heat detectors up to 10.6m apart, 5.3m to end
SMOKE DETECTOR: spacing
CORRIDOR 5m WIDE
detectors on centre line
OPEN AREA
7.5m
7.5m
5m
14.1m
Up to 2m wide corridor
5.3m
10.6m
area
10.6 x 10.6
= 112sq m
7.5m
15m
7.5m
HEAT DETECTOR: spacing
CORRIDOR 5m WIDE
detectors on centre line
OPEN AREA
5.3m
5.3m
5m
9.4m
3.8m
7.5m
area
7.5 x 7.5
= 56sq m
Up to 2m wide corridor
5.3m
10.6m
5.3m
DETECTION IN ROOMS
L3 escape route
Wall mounting 150mm to
300mm below ceiling
150
300
Wall
mounted
Ceiling
mounted
L3.
L1 to L3.
Above
door only
Green = o / k
Red = not allowed.
DETECTORS: partitions and walls
ceiling
more than
300mm
ignore
500mm
minimum if = wall
less than
300mm = wall
ceiling
500mm
minimum
clear space
500mm
minimum
from wall
wall
floor
Differences between Non addressable
and
Analogue Addressable.
TECHNOLOGY : non-addressable
RADIAL SOUNDER
WIRING
(FIRE
RESISTANT)
Single fault limit
2000sq m
Z1
Nonaddressable
panel (P)
Z2
Z3
Ancillary (door
retainer)
RADIAL
CIRCUIT
WIRING IN
FIRE
RESISTANT
CABLE
TECHNOLOGY: Addressable or Analogue addressable
Max. loop area
10,000sq.m
All loop wiring
in fire resistant
cable
1
2
3
Addressable
or
Analogue
addressable
panel
5
6
I/F
I/F
7
8
17
18
Ancillary
4
I/F
19
9
16
10
15
14
11
12
I/F
13
TECHNOLOGY : states
Detector
output
Analogue addressable
Non-addressable
Alarm
Pre-alarm
Normal
Fault
Fire
Normal state
state
time
Panel indication
Detector indication
Panel indication
Detector indication
TECHNOLOGY : comparisons
Analogue addressable
Non-addressable
day/night sensitivity --------------- NO ------------------------------------------ YES
Disablement ----------------------- by zones ------------------------ individual detectors,
only
zones or areas
•Location--------------–single fire
ZONES
1 2 3 4
ZONE 1, ADDRESS 33
ROOM 127, FLOOR 1
ZONE 2, ADDRESS 60
–multiple fires
different zones
ROOM 227, FLOOR 2
scroll
–multiple fires
same zone
ZONE 1, ADDRESS 33
ROOM 127, FLOOR 1
scroll
TECHNOLOGY : features
• Cost
– non-addressable is lower cost for smaller systems
• Faults, e.g. detector removed
– Addressable or analogue addressable, the address is identified
– Non-addressable, identified to radial circuits (zone 0nly)
• Faulty detector or incorrect type of device
– A-A identifies address - not in non-addressable
• Wiring fault
– Non-addressable, radial circuit
– Addressable identifies between devices if sequential
• Servicing
– Contamination can be displayed on A-A panel
STANDARDS
Some legislation updates…
• BS5839 PT 1 :1988
• WILL BE WITHDRAWN ON 15 JULY 2003
• ALLSERVICING, DESIGNS AND
INSTALLATIONS WILL BE TO THE NEW
BS 5839PT 1:2002 FROM 15/7/2003.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Voice alarm
systems
BS 5839-8
Alarms
BS EN 54-3
Heat det
BS EN 545
Smoke det
BS EN 54-7
Interface
CIE
BS EN 54-2
MCP
BS EN 5411
Optical beam det
BS 5839-5
pr EN 54-12
Linear heat
det draft
BS 5839-7
POWER SUPPLY
BS EN 54-4
Flame det
BS EN 54-10
False Alarm Management
FALSE ALARM MANAGEMENT
• Consultation with all parties
• Appoint a responsible person - RP
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Supervise painting, decorating, hot work
Record and compensate for any change of use
Keep fire alarm logbook up to date
Agree an acceptable rate of false alarms (e.g. less
than 1 false alarm per 100 detectors per annum)
• Ensure service and maintenance carried out
• If no effort to limit – system is not compliant
CATEGORIES OF FALSE ALARM
• False alarm categories:
• Equipment false alarms
– Faults in equipment
• Unwanted alarms (equipment works
perfectly)
– Fire-like phenomena, e.g. smoking, burning toast,
hot work, building work
• Malicious false alarms
• False alarms with good intent
CAUSES OF FALSE ALARMS
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fumes
steam
tobacco smoke;
dust
insects
aerosol spray
high air velocities
hot work
bonfires
• incense
• candles
• electromagnetic
interference
• high humidity
• water ingress
• temperature changes
• accidental damage
FALSE ALARMS (SEC35.2.6)
• Systems with 50 or more devices require a 1 week
soak test (defined by the Designer and built into the
Tender).
• If it False Alarm’s then identify the Alarm, rectify it and
start the 1 week soak test again ------• Until successful the system should not be regarded
as an operational means of giving warning of a fire in
the building. During this soak all MAC’S should bear
an indication that it is not to be used. When all clear
carry out the final hand over.
Mains fire Alarms and the Law
MAINTENANCE and the LAW
• Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations require a
system of maintenance
• Systems with no battery backup are not legal
– Competent Person should advise users to replace urgently
• Failure to keep the fire detection and alarms in good
working order is a criminal offence
• Arranging a suitable system of maintenance is so
easy to do, that neglecting to do it is blatant flouting
of the law.
The HEALTH & SAFETY
(SAFETY SIGNS & SIGNALS) REGULATIONS (1996)
• Require that fire alarm warning systems must be
provided with a guaranteed emergency supply in
the event of a power cut, unless the hazard has
been eliminated.
• This means that systems not having a standby
power supply (battery back up) are no longer
legal.
• This is also a law, failure to comply being an
offence.
MAINTENANCE - Non Routine Attention
• Special inspection on appointment of new
service company
• Attendance available 24/7 within 8h
• Tests following modifications
• Action to address unacceptable false alarms
• Tests following long periods of disconnection
Fire Alarms Warnings
BS5839 PT 1 :2002 (sec18.1&2)
• If people are moving freely around the building
then visual indication preferably RED should be
installed in all necessary places, and associated
toilets.
• Caution consider photosensitive epileptics when
using strobes.
• If they are sleeping in the building then tactile
devices may be required. For example placed
under a pillow wired into the fire alarm circuit.
• Other options may be vibrating pagers.
CERTIFICATION
DOCUMENTATION AND CERTIFICATION
• Documentation
• Installation Certificate
• Commissioning certificate
• Acceptance Certificate
• Verification certificate (optional)
• Maintenance Certificate
End of presentation.