Transcript Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion

Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Motivation and Emotion
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Motivation
 Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, and direct or
terminate actions
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
A Model of Motivational Activities
• Model of how motivated activities work
• Need: Internal deficiency; causes
• Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger,
thirst); activates a…
• Response: Action or series of actions designed to
attain a…
• Goal: Target of motivated behavior
• Incentive Value: Goal’s appeal beyond its ability to fill a
need
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Types of Motives
• Primary Motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on
biological needs we must meet to survive
• Stimulus Motive: Innate needs for stimulation and
information
• Secondary Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and
goals
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Hunger: Big Mac Attack?
• Homeostasis: Body equilibrium; balance
• Influences on hunger
• Obesity
– Internal
• Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): Substance in brain that
terminates eating
• Hypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates many aspects of
motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and sexual
behavior
– External
• External stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or elicit eating;
these cues may cause you to eat even if you are stuffed
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Figure 9.3
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9.3 Location of the hypothalamus in the human brain.
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Behavioral Dieting
• Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating
habits and not on temporary self-starvation
• Some keys
– Start with a complete physical
– Exercise
– Be committed to weight loss
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Chapter 9
Behavioral Dieting (cont'd)
• Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep a chart
of daily progress.
• Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned habits that
tell you to always clean your plate.
• Avoid snacks.
• Reward yourself if you change eating habits and punish
yourself if you do not.
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Chapter 9
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa
• Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that
seems to have psychological origins
– Control issues seem to be involved
– Very difficult to effectively treat
– Affects adolescent females overwhelmingly
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Figure 9.6
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9.6 Women with abnormal eating habits were asked to rate their body shape on a
scale similar to the one you see here. As a group, they chose ideal
figure is much thinner than what they thought their current weights were. (Most women say they
want to be thinner than they currently are, but to a lesser degree than women with eating
problems.) Notice that women with eating problems chose an ideal weight that was even thinner
than what they thought men prefer. This is not typical of most women. Only women with eating
problems wanted to be thinner than what they thought men find attractive
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa
(Binge-Purge Syndrome)
• Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced
vomiting and/or taking laxatives
– Difficult to treat
– Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa
– Affects females overwhelmingly
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and
Bulimia Nervosa
• Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of
becoming fat; they think they are fat when the opposite is
true!
• Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight; anorectics
with perfect control.
• Anorectics will often be put on a “weight-gain” diet to
restore weight.
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Chapter 9
Thirst and Pain
• Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from fluids
surrounding the cells of the body
• Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out of cells
because of increased concentration of salts and minerals
outside the cell
– Best satisfied by drinking water
• Pain Avoidance: An episodic drive
– Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place or
is about to occur
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Stimulus Drives - Arousal
• Reflect needs for information, exploration, manipulation,
and sensory input
• Sensation Seeking/ Inverted U: Trait of people who
prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on
“Eco-Challenge” and “Fear Factor”)
• Yerkes-Dodson Law: If a task is simple, it is best for
arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal
provide for the best performance
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Figure 9.11
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9.11 (a) The general relationship between arousal and efficiency can be described by
an inverted U curve. The optimal level of arousal or motivation is higher for a simple task (b) than
for a complex task (c).
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Learned Motives
• Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular
society or culture
• Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet some
internal standard of excellence
• Need for Power: Desire to have impact or control over
others
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Chapter 9
Abraham Maslow and Needs
• Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s ordering of needs
based on presumed strength or potency; some needs
are more powerful than others and thus will influence
your behavior to a greater degree
• Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in Maslow’s
hierarchy
– Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher
needs
• Growth Needs: Higher-level needs associated with selfactualization
• Meta-Needs: Needs associated with impulses for selfactualization
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Figure 9.14
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9.14 Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must
be satisfied before growth motives are fully expressed. Desires for selfactualization are reflected
in various metaneeds (see text).
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Types of Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not
from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of
a task
• Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards,
obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Emotions
• State characterized by physiological arousal and
changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture,
and subjective feelings
• Physiological Changes: Include heart rate, blood
pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary
bodily responses
• Emotional Expression: Outward signs of what a
person is feeling
• Emotional Feelings: Private emotional
experience
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Chapter 9
Plutchik’s First Four Primary Emotions
• Most basic emotions are:
– Fear
– Surprise
– Sadness
– Disgust
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Plutchik’s Last Four Primary Emotions (cont'd)
–
–
–
–
Anger
Anticipation
Joy
Acceptance
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Figure 9.15
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9.15 Primary and mixed emotions. In Robert Plutchik’s model, there are eight primary
emotions, as listed in the inner areas. Adjacent emotions may combine to give the emotions
listed around the perimeter. Mixtures involving more widely separated emotions are also
possible. For example, fear plus anticipation produces anxiety.
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
Brain and Emotion
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural system that
connects brain with internal organs and glands
• Sympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that activates body for
emergency action
• Parasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that quiets body
and conserves energy
– Parasympathetic Rebound: Overreaction to intense
emotion
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Chapter 9
Lie Detectors
• Polygraph: Device that records heart rate, blood
pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR);
lie detector
• GSR: Measures sweating
• Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, emotional questions in a
polygraph test
• Relevant Questions: Questions to which only someone
guilty should react by becoming anxious or emotional
• Control Questions: Questions that almost always
provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. “Have you ever
taken any office supplies?”)
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Chapter 9
Body Language (Kinesics)
• Study of communication through body movement,
posture, gestures, and facial expressions
• Facial Blends: Mix of two or more basic expressions
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Chapter 9
Three Types of Facial Expressions
• Pleasantness-Unpleasantness: Degree to which a
person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure
• Attention-Rejection: Degree of attention given to a
person or object
• Activation: Degree of arousal a person is experiencing
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Chapter 9
Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings follow bodily
arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.
• Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain) causes
emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur at the
same time.
• Schachter’s Cognitive Theory: Emotions occur when a
label is applied to general physical arousal.
• Attribution: Mental process of assigning causes to
events; attributing arousal to a certain source.
• Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from facial
expressions and help define what emotion someone
feels.
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Figure 9.21
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9.21 Theories of emotion.
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 9
A Modern View of Emotion
• Emotional Appraisal: Evaluating personal meaning of a
stimulus
• Emotional Intelligence: Combination of skills, including
empathy, self-control, self-awareness, sensitivity to
feelings of others, persistence, and self-motivation
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Figure 9.23
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FIGURE 9.23 A contemporary model of emotion.