Transcript Biomemetics - NSEAFS National Planning Workshop 2002

Defense University Research
on
Nanotechnology
Dr. Clifford Lau
Office of Basic Research, DUSD
703-696-0431
[email protected]
or [email protected]
November 2002
1
Historical Perspective
DoD recognized the importance of nanotechnology
in the early 1980s when research sponsored by DoD
began to approach nanometer scale, although we
didn’t call it nanotechnology at the time.
1980
Microelectronics
Physics
Chemistry
Materials
Molecular biology
November 2002
1990
2000
Nanotechnology
(NNI)
2
DoD Focused Areas in NNI
November 2002
*
NANOELECTRONICS/NANOPHOTONICS/NANOMAGNETICS
Network Centric Warfare
Information Dominance
Uninhabited Combat Vehicles
Automation/Robotics for Reduced Manning
Effective training through virtual reality
Digital signal processing and LPI communications
*
NANOMATERIALS “BY DESIGN”
High Performance, Affordable Materials
Multifunction, Adaptive (Smart) Materials
Nanoengineered Functional Materials
Reduced Maintenance costs
*
BIONANOTECHNOLOGY - WARFIGHTER PROTECTION
Chemical/Biological Agent detection/destruction
Human Performance/Health Monitor/Prophylaxis
3
Enhanced warfighting capabilities
* Chem-bio warfare defense
Sensors with improved detection sensitivity and selectivity, decontamination
* Protective armors for the warrior
Strong, light-weight bullet-stopping armors
* Reduction in weight of warfighting equipment
Miniaturization of sensors, computers, comm devices, and power supplies
* High performance platforms and weapons
Greater stealth, higher strength light-weight materials and structures
* High performance information technology
Nanoelectronics for computers, memory, and information systems
* Energy and energetic materials
Energetic nano-particles for fast release explosives and slow release propellants
* Uninhabited vehicles, miniature satellites
Miniaturization to reduce payload, increased endurance and range
November 2002
4
DoD Investment on Nanotechnology
DoD
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
$70M
$123M
$180M
$201M
OSD
DARPA
Army
Navy
Air Force
November 2002
$ 28M
$101M
$ 23M
$ 31M
$ 18M
5
DoD Programs in Nanotechnology
• OSD
Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI), DEPSCoR, NDSEG
• DARPA
Bio-molecular microsystems, metamaterials, molecular electronics, spin electronics, quantum
information sciences, nanoscale mechanical arrays
• Army
Nanostructured polymers, quantum dots for IR sensing, nanoengineered clusters, nano-composites,
Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology (ISN)
• Navy
Nanoelectronics, nanowires and carbon nanotubes, nanostructured materials, ultrafine and thermal
barrier nanocoatings, nanobio-materials and processes, nanomagnetics and non-volatile memories,
IR transparent nanomaterials
• Air Force
Nanostructure devices, nanomaterials by design, nano-bio interfaces, polymer nanocomposites,
hybrid inorganic/organic nanomaterials, nanosensors for aerospace applications, nano-energetic
particles for explosives and propulsion
• SBIR
Nanotechnologies, quantum devices, bio-chem decontaminations
November 2002
6
DoD’s participation in the NNI
• In FY2001, as a part of the NNI, DUSD supported
nanotechnology as follows
- Graduate Fellowship under NDSEG ($5M)
- 45 graduate students to major in nanotech
- 3-years at average of $45K/year
- All over the country,e.g. MIT, GIT, UCB, etc.
- Equipment for nanotechnology ($7.25M)
- One year only
- DURINT research program ($8.75M)
- $15M per year for 5 years
November 2002
7
FY01 DURINT Equipment Program
Institution
Arizona State University
State
AZ
Investigator
David K. Ferry
Title of Equipment Proposal
Electron-Beam Lithographic Equipment
Harvard University
MA
George Whitesides
Kansas State University
KS
HongXing Jiang
Lehigh University
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
PA
Martin P. Harmer
MA
Subra Suresh
MA
Terry Orlando
Pennsylvania State University
PA
A. Welford Castleman
Rice University
Stevens Institute of
Technology
University of California at
Santa Barbara
Univ. of Illinois at Urbana
Champaign
University of Arizona
University of Colorado
TX
Richard E. Smalley
NJ
Hong-Liang Cui
CA
Horia Metiu
IL
AZ
CO
Dana D. Dlott
Hyatt M. Gibbs
Josef Michl
Scanning Probe Microscope for Microstructure Analysis
III-Nitride Micro- and Nano-Structures and Devices - Growth, Fabrication,
and Characterization
A Focused-Ion Beam (FIB) Nano-Fabrication and Characterization
Facility
A Comprehensive Experimental Facility for Nano- and Meso-Scale
Mechanical Behavior of Nano-Structured Materials and Coatings
Very Low Temperature Measurement System for Quantum Computation
with Superconductors
Photoelectron Spectrometer and Cluster Source for the Production and
Analysis of Cluster Assembled Nanoscale Materials
Magnetic/RF Field Assisted Spinning of Carbon Single Walled Nanotube
Fibers
The Science and Technology of Computational Nano/Molecular
Electronics - Equipment Proposal
Catalysis by Nanostructure: Methane, Ethylene Oxide, and Propylene
Oxide Synthesis on Ag, Cu, or Au Nanoclusters
Ultrafast Vibrational Spectrometer for Engineered Nanometric Energetic
Materials
Nanotechnology Instrumentation
Equipment for Molecular Rotors
University of Michigan
MI
Stella Pang
University of Texas
TX
Brian A. Korgel
University of Virginia
Western Kentucky University
VA
KY
James Fitz-Gerald
Wei-Ping Pan
November 2002
Science and Technology of Nanostructures for Advanced Devices
Acquisition of an Electron Beam Lithography System for the Study of
Nanstructures Formed using Bioinspired Self-Assembly Processes
Acquisition of a High-Resolution Field Emission Electron Microscope for
Nanoscale Materials Research and Development
Acquisition of an x-Ray Diffractometer for Nanotechnology Research
8
FY01 DURINT Research Program
Investigator
Jos ef Michl
Prime Institution
Univers ity of Colorado
Mehm et Sarikaya
Univers ity of Was hington
State
DURINT Topic
CO Nanos cale Machines and Motors
Molecular Control of Nanoelectronic and
WA Nanom agnetic Structure Form ation
Michael R. Zachariah Univers ity of Minnes ota
MN
Hong-Liang Cui
Stevens Ins titute of Technology
NJ
Richard Sm alley
Rice Univers ity
TX
Characterization of Nanos cale Elem ents , Devices ,
and Sys tem s
Synthes is , Purification, and Functionalization of
Carbon Nanotubes
Stephen Chou
Princeton Univers ity
NJ
Nanos cale Electronics and Architectures
Randall M. Feens tra
Carnegie Mellon Univers ity
Mas s achus s etts Ins titute of
Technology
Univers ity of California at Santa
Barbara
Mas s achus s etts Ins titute of
Technology
State Univers ity of New York at
Buffalo
Mas s achus s etts Ins titute of
Technology
State Univers ity of New York at
Stony Brook
PA
Subra Sures h
Horia Metiu
Mary C. Boyce
Paras Pras ad
Terry Orlando
Jam es Lukens
Chad A. Mirkin
Arm y
Arm y
Arm y
Navy
Navy
MA
Nanoporous Sem iconductors - Matrices ,
Subs trated, and Tem plates
Deform ation, Fatigue, and Fracture of Interfacial
Materials
CA
Nanos tructures for Catalys is
Air Force
MA
Polym eric Nanocom pos ites
Air Force
NY
Polym eric Nanophotonics and Nanoelectronics
Air Force
MA
Quantum Com puting with Quantum Devices
Air Force
NY
Quantum Com puting with Quantum Devices
Molecular Recognition and Signal Trans duction in
Bio-Molecular Sys tem s
Synthes is and Modification of Nanos tructure
Surfaces
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Application in
Biotechnology
Anupam Madhukar
Northwes tern Univers ity
Univers ity of Southern
California
CA
George Whites ides
Harvard Univers ity
MA
November 2002
Nano-Energetic Sys tem s
Agency
Arm y
IL
Navy
Navy
Air Force
DARPA/Air
Force
DARPA/Air
Force
DARPA/Navy
9
The New Stochastic (Digital) Sensor
Non-Ensemble-Averaged Information at the Nanoscale
Prof. Hagen Bayley, Texas A&M University
The Nanomachine: -Hemolysin Channel
The Principle: Single Channel Ion Conductance
Genetically
Engineered
M++ site
Analytes + ion flow
Transiently
bound analyte
blocks ion flow
Lipid
bilayer
Open site
pA
Infinitely engineerable (e.g.
M++
av
Site)
msec
Hagan Bayley (TAMU)
November 2002
analytebound site
Analyte Signature
Analyte Concentration
Issues Under Investigation
 Display options (supported
bilayers, nanotubular membranes)
 Interrogation (microwave, optical)
 Multi-valent oligosaccharide
receptors
 Commercialization
 Fluidics (M/NEMS)
av
Performance
 digital, information-rich output
 real chemical time, reagentless,
 self-calibrating
 large dynamic range, no signal loss
 large analyte universe
M,++ organics, proteins, DNA, (viruses)
Cd
Zn
Co
Cd
Zn
Ternary M++ Mixture
Cd
Co
10
Cluster Engineered Materials
Prof. G.C. Schatz, Northwestern University
MURI, year started: 1997
Nanoparticle-based
DNA Sensors
Web URL: www.chem.nwu.edu/~muri
Anthrax
Detection
Biological DNA
OBJECTIVES
• Develop new approaches for making
nanoparticles
• Develop DoD applications for nanoclusters
A-A-C-T-T-G-C-G-C-T-A-A-T-G-G-C-G-A
X-T-T-G-A-A-C-G-C-G
A-T-T-A-C-C-G-C-T
A-A-C-T-T-G-C-G-C-T-A-A-T-G-G-C-G-A
X-T-T-G-A-A-C-G-C-G
A-T-T-A-C-C-G-C-T
-X
RELEVANCE
•
•
•
•
-X
Biological DNA
Nanoparticle-based Protein Sensors
DNA sensing
Protein detection
Infrared, visible and Raman spectroscopy
Optical materials, Eye/sensor detection
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
DNA/Protein detection
• Ultrasensitive
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
November 2002
Specific
Label-Free
General
Small
Fast
Low-Cost
Simple
• Detection of one femtomole of anthrax with single
base mismatch selectivity.
• Zeptomole/nanoparticle sensitivity to streptavidin
using a sensor with <100 nm dimensions.
• Technology transfer to industry and Army
Optical materials
• Designer nanoparticles for infrared and visible
detection, nanooptics, eye/sensor protection
•Technology transfer to ARL and NRL
11
MURI: Photocatalytically Active Nanoscale Scavengers
and Sensors for CW and Biological Agents
Prof. John Yates, University of Pittsburgh
GOAL – Develop a multilayer film structure to
simultaneously sense and destroy chemical and
biological warfare agents.
DELIVERABLES –
•Polymer-anchored enzyme and antibody
scavengers and sensors for CB agents
•Visible-light activated doped-TiO2
nanoparticles with non-photoreactive porous
polymer support catalyzing the destruction of
both chemical and biological agents
Schematic Multilayer Scavenger and Sensor
Device
CHALLENGES –
1. Integration of both chemical and
biological agent sensors and CB catalysts
for their destruction into stable
multifunctional films or coatings
2. Efficient photocatalysis in the visible
spectrum
3. Integration of the multifunction films into
November
2002
working
devices.
•Extremely active CaO and MgO and MgO-Cl2
nanoparticle material for the degradation of
CB agents, supported in polymer films.
PRIOR WORK –
•University of Pittsburgh research on TiO2
photocatalysts and polymer anchored
enzymes and sensors.
•Kansas State University work on active
nanoparticle oxide adsorbents.
•Texas A&M University work on antibodybased scavengers.
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REACTIVE METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES
FOR SOLDIER PROTECTION
Research Objective: Synthesis, characterization, and application of reactive metal oxide nanoparticles for
protection against chemical and biological warfare agents and ballistic protection
Transitions: ARO program supports Professor Ken Klabunde at Kansas State University collaborating with
ECBC Next Generation Sorbent Decontamination Program(FY09), Domestic Preparedness Office at SBCCOM,
Reactive Protective Skin Cream program at USAMRICD, PM for Nonstockpile Chemical Demilitarization, Ballistic
protection programs at Natick Soldier Center.
R&D Partners: ARL-ARO/ECBC/NSC/USAMRICD/Universities/Industry
New Solutions for Decontamination and Protection of the Soldier
in a Chemical and Biological Warfare Environment
—Surface area
MgO
Commercially Available
30m2
Reactive Nanoparticles
500m2
•High Surface Area with increased
reactivity
Payoff: Highly effective enhanced reactivity for the
degradation of chemical and biological agents with reduced materiel burden. Enhanced
Ballistic Protection for the soldier.
November 2002
13
Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies
Prof. Edwin Thomas, MIT
Molecular Scale Control
University Affiliated Research Center
• Investment in Soldier Protection
• Industry partnership/participation
• Accelerate transition of Research Products
Supramolecular
Self-Assembly
Goals
• Enhance Objective Force Warrior survivability
• Leverage breakthroughs in nanoscience &
nanomanufacturing
Nano-Scale Devices
Investment Areas
• Nanofibres for Lighter Materials
• Active/reactive Ballistic Protection (solve
energy dissipation problem)
• Environmental Protection
• Directed Energy Protection
• Micro-Climate Conditioning
• Signature Management
• Chem/Bio Detection and Protection
• Biomonitoring/Triage
• Exoskeleton Components
• Forward Counter Mine
November 2002
Mesoscopic
Integration
14
Melt Processed Polymer/Clay
Nanocomposites for
Biodegradable and Recyclable
Packaging
Environmental Quality (EQ)Program
November 2002
6.1
Jo Ann Ratto – Project Officer
U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center
508-233-5315
Fax 508-233-5363
Email [email protected]
15
Melt Processable Polymer Clay
Nanocomposites (EQ Program)
 Objective
Develop environmentally friendly
packaging from nanocomposites to
improve the military packaging and
reduce waste.
Oxygen Transmission Rate
(cm3/m2/mil/day)
Pure EVOH vs. EVOH Nanocomposite
(100 rpm) Oxygen Transmission Rate
 Justification
Reduce solid waste requirement
0.9
0.8
0.7
EVOH 1
EVOH 2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Neat EVOH
 Accomplishments
 Milestones and Funding
FY
01
Blown film extrusion of
PCL/clay, PP/clay, PET/clay
and EVOH/clay
Optimize processing, fully
characterize and compare to
military specification
Target MRE, injection molding,
biodegradation studies
complete
Scale-up, prototypes,
replacement items
Total ($K)
November 2002
FY
02
FY
03
FY
04
x
 Investigated screw configuration on the
interaction of clay/polymer
x
x
220
 Produced nanocomposites with improved
thermal properties with no loss in mechanical,
biodegradable, and barrier properties.
 Produced blown films of PCL/clay and
EVOH/clay with improved properties.
x
220
EVOH/Clay
200
Transition to SERDP
3 publications – 11 invited talks
195
16
Nanotechnology for Optimization of
Barrier Properties
U.S. Army – Combat Feeding Program
6.2
 OBJECTIVE
To develop a high barrier, non-foil material for incorporation into existing and future combat ration
packaging systems to enhance shelf life and survivability.
 TECHNICAL APPROACH:
 Material compounding will be conducted to determine
feasibility of incorporating nano-sized fillers into
commercially available materials.
 Processing trials will be conducted to determine
feasibility of utilizing existing processing methods.
 Processing parameters will be optimized to enhance
orientation of nanocomposite fillers such that gas
diffusion will be minimized.
 Films will be evaluated for physical and barrier
properties.
Nanoclay Composite Barrier Film
zz
 BENEFIT
The novel material technology will:




Increase shelf life
Enhance package survivability
Ensure ration safety
Enhance producibility
 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
 Nano-clays successfully incorporated into polymers
 Nanocomposite films successfully processed
November 2002
Montmorillonite Clay
Mica Type Silicate
 0.5-2 micron Long
 1 nanometer Thick
 Swell Platelets
 Intercalate Polymer
17
REDUCTION OF SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATED
WITH MILITARY RATIONS AND PACKAGING
PROJECT NUMBER PP-1270
6.2
Funded FYO2-04
Dr. Jo Ann Ratto
U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center
November 2002
18
Technical Objective and Approach
Objective:
To produce/replace Army packaging items with nanocomposites.
Incorporate clay nanoparticles into biodegradable and recyclable
thermoplastic polymers to decrease solid waste and to improve
heat deflection temperatures, mechanical and barrier properties.
Approach:
Melt process polymer/clay nanocomposites by incorporating
small amounts of organically modified montmorillonite clay (1 –
5% by weight) with biodegradable/recyclable polymers and
characterize the thermal, mechanical and barrier properties.
19
November 2002
19
Nanocomposites
OBJECTIVES
• Develop high barrier, non-foil material
• Eliminate pinholes, flex cracking problems
• Improve barrier properties
• Enhance package survivability
• Enhance shelf life
• Enhance producibility
November 2002
20
MRE Pouch Material
Polyolefin
Aluminum Foil
Inner Layer
Polyamide
Outer Layer
November 2002
Polyester
21
MRE Performance Requirements
• MRE pouch is currently made from a
multilayered film consisting of polyolefin
(PP), foil, polyamide (PA), and polyester
(PET)
• Oxygen Transmission Rate – 0.06 cc/m2/24 hrs
• Water Vapor Transmission Rate – 0.01 gr/m2/24 hrs
• With stand pouch abuse 32-160C
• Our Approach – Use 1-2 recyclable and/or biodegradable polymers
with nanoclays to at least meet the specifications
November 2002
22
Nanocomposites
Commodity Polymers +
2-8 wt.% of layered silicate
reinforcements
•
•
•
•
•
•
November 2002
NANOCOMPOSITES
Enhanced Heat Distortion Temperature
Enhanced Barrier Properties
Enhanced Physical Properties
Low Processing Cost
Single-step Processing
Light-weight
23
TECHNICAL APPROACH
Develop Non-Retortable Mono-layer
Packaging Structures for MRE Components
Scale up from lab scale twin screw extruder to industrial
scale equipment (co-extruder, twin screw extruder)
Characterize the structures
Down-select films
Fabricate prototype structure
Performance testing
Transition technology
November 2002
24
Develop Non-Retortable Mono-layer
Packaging Structures for MRE Components
Twin screw extruder
Blown film die
November 2002
Nanocomposite Blown
Film
25