Transcript The Use of Faceted Analytico-Synthetic Theory as Revealed

Website taxonomy
ASIST-AM, Austin TX
November 3-8, 2006
Kathryn La Barre
GSLIS/UIUC
1
Taxonomy?
 The science of categorization, or
classification, of things based on a
predetermined system.
webopedia: http://isp.webopedia.com/TERM/T/taxonomy.html
2
Linnean Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens
3
Taxonomy, [website] ?
In reference to Web sites and portals …
taxonomy is the way data is organized into
categories and subcategories.
webopedia:
http://isp.webopedia.com/TERM/T/taxonomy.html
4
Website taxonomy
Organization and access for web content:


Browsing
Navigation
5
Research Questions
 Prevalence of the use of facets as website organization and




access devices?
Commonalities in website use of facets?
Do faceted approaches to website access or organization
conform to or depart from more traditional applications of facet
analysis or faceted classification?
In what ways can the practices of Information Architects inform
or extend the theory underlying facet analysis or faceted
classification?
Can the theory of facet analysis be useful in improving
deployment of faceted access and organization devices on
websites?
6
FAST in Cyberspace 2000-present
 September 2001 - Peter Merholz






“Innovation in classification”
January 2002 - Travis Wilson FacetMap
March 2002 – Phil Murray KMConnection
April 2002 - Discussion on SIG/IA list
May 2002 – Peter Van Dijck XFML
July 2002 – Rosenfeld and Morville Information
Architecture for the World Wide Web. 2nd Ed.
December 2002 – Van Dijck/ Murray establish
Faceted Classification discussion list
7
Background - facets
From:
Practice (1925-1932)
To:
Dynamic Theory of Classification (1947-1961)
Based on:
Explicitly stated (1962-1986)
normative principles:
Canons
Postulates
Principles
8
Domain –
Information Architecture/Web
“Facets”:
main ingredient
cuisine
preparation
occasion
meal
dish
Open Directory Project - DMOZ directory categories http://dmoz.org
n=200 (stratified random sample of websites)
Arts
Movies, Television, Music...
Business (251,352)
Jobs, Real Estate, Investing...
Computers
Internet, Software, Hardware...
Games
Video Games, RPGs, Gambling...
Health
Fitness, Medicine, Alternative...
Home
Family, Consumers, Cooking...
Kids and Teens
Arts, School Time, Teen Life...
News
Media, Newspapers, Weather...
Recreation
Travel, Food, Outdoors,
Humor...
COMPONENTS
Reference (66,887)
Maps, Education, Libraries...
Regional
US, Canada, UK, Europe...
Science
Website
Biology, Psychology,
Physics...
Shopping (120,785)
Autos, Clothing, Gifts...
Society (275,687)
People, Religion, Issues...
World *
Adult*
Site map
navigation
Links
Sports
Browsing
Baseball, Soccer, Basketball...
Website search
Basic
Advanced
10
Interviewees (18)
[5] Software engineer/academic (IA-2) (KM-3)
[4] Systems analyst: (KM)
[3] UX (user experience) (IA)
[2] Product manager (IA)
[2] Software designer/engineer (IA/professional)
[1] Software designer/engineer (KM/academic)
[1] Software developer/engineer (IA)
11
Area:
Product / Use of facets
[8] Knowledge Management
[10] Information Architecture
[7] Websites:
[9] General applications
searching, browsing, management
[5] Database construction
(/2) Back-end database access
(/3) Database design
[2] Taxonomy creation
[2] Website construction and design
[4] Document access:
search, browse, classification
**N=18 (multiple areas and products for some interviewees)
Facet use: 24/200 sites
Total
/24
Basic
search
Browse
Navigation Advanced Integrated
only
search
**
25%
29% 42%
58%
66%
**1/3 of the sample websites
have integrated features.
13
Common facets in use:
who (personality),
what (matter),
where (space)
form
time
subject
author
14
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By Top 20 items facets
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Find it!| By Topic| By Audience| By 20 requested items| By Form| By Organization| By Location
DOL Home> Search/A to Z Index
((Letters of
alphabet link to
index areas))
((Search box:)) Enter KW phrase or ?
facets
A (site area links)
((BA))
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category
((I))
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Etc. on to Y (site area links)
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((search box
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within
these areas))
Provide links to resources on our Web site sorted:
By Audience, by Topic,
by Form, By Organization,
by Location, and by Top 20
Requested Items
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2a
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Speeches
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BY AUDIENCE
BY TOPIC
[Disability Resources] [Termination]
[Equal Employment Opportunity] [Training]
[Health Plans & Benefits] [Unemployment ins.]
[Hiring] [Wages]
[Leave Benefits] [Work hours]
[Other Benefits] [Worker’s Compensation]
[Retirement Plans, Ben. & Savings] [Safety]
[Statistics] [Youth and Labor]
Workers
Employers
Job Seekers/
Unemployed
Labor Unions
Researchers
Kids/Youth
Students
Educators
Women
Audience interest
BY ORGANIZATION
BY LOCATION
Office of the Secretary (OSEC)
Key Personnel
Office of the 21st Century Workforce (21CW)
((Then ordered by alphabetical arrangement)
Alphabetical
Principles of order within facet
Homeless & Service Providers to the Homeless
Nonprofits/ Nongovernmental Organizations
Faith-based and Community Organizations
Government
People with Disabilities
Veterans
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( )Keyword ( )Project title ( )Who ( )What ( )Where ( )Postcode ( )ADS record id
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search allows integrating:
1 terms
2 refs,
3resources
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facetsQuery (database) ((I))
geographical
((EMB))
Principles of order
within facet
alphabetical
3
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http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/search/map.cfm ))
Search by Resource
Map search
Other search
Historical connections:
 Facets help users locate and navigate
(Vickery 1950/2004)
 Experimentation over time with fundamental
categories
 Overwhelming interfaces: Cranfield studies
 Questions of universality
 Theory and Practice
Participant observations - summary
 Facet:


User-driven and should reflect user needs [14]
Integral to construction of: CV, taxonomies,
metadata
 Serious interface issues:



Expose information
Support browsing and discovery
Quickly become complex
 Best practices or standards needed
28
Future
 Change over time (sample sites)
 Usability
 OPACs
 Principles for practice

Theory


Definition, universality, mutual exclusivity
Practice

Implementation, unstructured data, guidelines
Project site:
http://leep.lis.uiuc.edu/publish/klabarre/overview.html
Supporting documents
What is a facet?
User-driven and should reflect user needs [14]
A dimension, attribute, characteristic, category or property [n=13]
Integral to construction of:
 controlled vocabularies
 taxonomies
[n=11]
 metadata
Assist in browsing [10]
May [9] or may not [9] be:
orthogonal or mutually exclusive.
Represent points of view [8]
Capture all meanings of a concept [5]
Allow for groupings of values [4]
32
What constitutes a
Faceted Classification?
facets are part of search or navigation [9]
facets visible to users at all times
search results are displayed using facets
a null or empty set is never returned as a result display
Few [3] noted independence of FA/ FC from interface/ presentation / display
“One of the things we are still trying to understand here is how to move
rapidly to take faceted interfaces and begin to use them not just for
retrieval purposes, but for managing an entire class of information”
FC = set of rules to govern:

decisions about how a site is designed

which terms should be chosen for the controlled vocabulary

how the search functionality works
“I think we use faceted classification, and everybody understands it more
or less, but nobody has really formulated it for us in a way we can
understand. The practice we have needs to be theorized a bit and
formalized”
33
User focus
 User focus inherent in facets//facet analysis [14].
“Do a lot of user research to determine what kinds of content people
are looking for and the ways in which they search.”
 Facets can be drawn from user tasks, queries (transaction logs) from
domain knowledge such as may be found in publications, list posts or
blogs [11]. Similar to Vickery’s (1960-1966) recommendations
“Facets and their display are completely dependent on the target
population, their needs and interests,”
34
Interface design
(**usability testing needed)
 Facets expose information
“Faceted search provides some knowledge that is hidden
behind the search results…it gives insight into the data.”
 Facets or FC blur distinctions between structured, unstructured
and semi-structured information by allowing a
“multidimensional view” or a multidimensional way to
navigate through heterogeneous data.
“We’ve got to figure out conventions to prevent FC from dominating
the user interface” (Interviewee 16, 2006).
 FC provides the ability to support browsing, exploration, and
discovery. Helps users ask questions. Gives choices without
requiring expert knowledge of interface or information them to
know a lot about the interface or the information
“[W]ith FC you have this big front door where you can go
through and do everything … there are a million side doors.
It lets you slice and dice things any way you want”
35
Disputes/concerns
NEED: a set of best practices or standards for
faceted interface implementation. “I have the
feeling that there is something I don’t yet
know that can make this [FC] work better”
HOW:


to choose facets?
to set up a faceted classification?
Is FC notational structure still useful?
What if data is unstructured?
36
Theoretical issues:
Canon of mutual exclusivity:
Necessary? [9] or Unnecessary? [9]
Fundamental categories/ universal categories:
“I can’t imagine the classical facets being useful in identifying your own
facets and then applying them to your own system. That’s just not the
way things are.”
“I think it is just silly to have a universal way of organizing the world.”
CONFIRMATION(?)
Noted: synchronous occurrence of fundamental categories in
other applications and implementations whether automatically
extracted from data in some way or created by human indexers
37
Definition
Faceted theory
analytico-synthetic theory
Most inclusive terminology (Broughton/CRG tradition)
/ indicates the existence of guiding principles
/ incorporates:
 Facet Analysis: technique
Entity analyzed into facets
(characteristics-things, concepts-ideas)
 Faceted Classification: structure
Consists of schedules for basic classes with predetermined facets for all entities.
 Analytico-Synthetic Classification
Five step process: from facet analysis to notation.
High level categories
Ranganathan
Shera/Egan
Prieto-Diaz
Aitchison
Aristotle
>Personality
>Matter
>Energy
>Space
>Time
>Product
>Agent
>Tools
>Act
>Object of
action
>Space
>Time
>Function
>Objects
>Medium
>System-type
>Functional
area
>Setting
>Entities, things,
objects
>Kinds or types/
systems and
assemblies
>Actions and
activities
>Applications and
purposes
>Space, place,
location and
environment
>Time
>Substance
>Quality
>Quantity
>Relation
>Place
>Time
>Position
>State
>Action
>Affection
Facet
Facet:



A generic term used to denote any component of a compound
subject, <including> ranked forms, terms and numbers
(Ranganathan, 1967, p. 88).
A general manifestation of a subject (Ranganathan, 1962, p. 82).
Groups of terms derived by taking each term and defining it, per
genus et differentiam, with respect for its parent class (Vickery, 1960,
p. 12).
Facet analytical approach: Proper and rigorous practice of facet analysis
by observing the rules of logical division. (Broughton, 2001, p. 67;
Mills, 2004, p. 268).
(1)
(2)
(3)
one characteristic of division is applied at a time [conceptual analysis]
division steps should be logical and proximate
division should be exhaustive (Mills, 2004, pp. 551).
Facets continued
Supports the notion that information can be assigned to multiple
dimensions and may have individual attributes not intrinsic to
the information.
 Small components of larger entities/units.
 Properties
 Attributes
 Characteristics
 Slots
 Relations
 Functions
 Concepts
Buildings
43
Facet analysis
“Fundamental concepts are analyzed and
grouped together as facets”
Hunter, E. (2002) Classification made simple. Ashgate
Building Facets








Location
Composition
Purpose
Date/Period constructed
Performance
Style
Associated persons
ETC. . .
44
Primer from Vickery (1960, 1966).
Vickery (1960, 1966), outlined seven basic steps in the creation of an FC and this process shows the interplay of
FA and FC:
(1) Define the subject field: This is accomplished by first asking, “what entities are of interest to the user group,
what aspects of those entities are of interest.” (Vickery, 1966, p.11) (FA)
(2) Formulate facets: Vickery recommends examination of a representative range of material that directly
expresses the interests of the user group: reports, papers, comprehensive texts, glossaries, subject
heading lists etc. This provides a list of candidate terms to use. (FA)


Sort these terms into homogeneous groups known as facets.
Each group is derived by “taking each term and defining it with respect to the terms that are the center of
interest in the classification.” (Vickery, 1966, p.45).
(3) Structure each facet: Each facet is amplified and structured. It is helpful at this stage to construct a
hierarchical order for the terms collected within each facet. Even if no well-developed hierarchy results,
the procedure helps to coalesce synonyms, eliminate terms that are collated with the wrong facet, and to
indicate gaps in the system. (FA/ preliminary construction FC)
(4) Create scope notes. These notes will define terms that are unclear and provide instructions to users and
indexers as to the meaning and use of each facet. (FC)
(5) Arrangements of facets: decide how the facets are to be arranged among themselves. This will depend on
the use: For post-coordinate use (as a thesaurus), arrange in categories. For a pre-coordinate system
like a catalog, more thought must be given to the sequence of facets in the schedule and placing them in
citation order. The order chosen should be that which is thought to be of must use to the person using
the system. (FA/FC)
(6) Create notation. Vickery devotes ten pages to the construction of notation, or call numbers for materials in a
system classified using FC. This topic has been omitted from this primer, as none of the individuals or
websites examined in the present study use any obvious notational devices. (FA/FC)
(7) Fitting a notation: This is the final result of FA, in addition to a schedule of terms and one of the ways in which
the full sequence of structured facets may be displayed (by sorting according to notation – see
suggestions for thesaurus in step 5 for alternate arrangements). This arrangement should display the
structure of the subject field helpfully. (FA/FC)
Guiding Principles
Postulates:


Five fundamental categories: PMEST
Three planes of work: Idea Verbal Notational
Canons:




Parsimony
Symmetry
5 laws of LS (Books are for use) (Books are for all) (Every book its reader) (Save
the time of the reader) (A library is a growing organism).
Others:










Consistent sequence
Currency
Enumeration
Context
Reticence
Relativity
Mnemonics
Viewpoint
Classics
Distinctiveness
FAST in Cyberspace
 Epicurious http://www.epicurious.com
 Wine.com http://www.wine.com
 Siderean software http://www.siderean.com/
 Endeca software http://endeca.com/
 Adiuri systems http://www.adiuri.com/
Illustration of faceted and hierarchical website structures:
Rosenfeld, L. & Morville, P. (2002). Information architecture for the World Wide Web. Cambridge,
MA: O’Reill. P. 205.
Peter Van Dijck’s Guide to Ease (blog) Comments on the Bliss Classification
Association – Bibliographic Classification Guide.
10 October, 2002.
http://www.poorbuthappy.com/ease/archives/001603.html
“The standard categories recognized in ‘classical; facet analysis are:
Thing – kind – part – property – material – process – operation –
patient – product – by product – agent – space – time.” <BCA
website>
Why do these people try to specify what facets are useful? Surely if I
want to classify my content using a facet called “How impressed I
was with this content when I first saw it” then that is a perfectly
valid facet? This underlying assumption that there are ‘generic’ or
‘correct’ ways of categorizing the world is just, well, wrong. The world
doesn’t have an ‘inherent’ classification that we just have to discover.
All classification gets its meaning from the people using it, not from
the objects being classified.
Travis Wilson (creator of FacetMap): Thread: Special vs. General Schemes:
Date: Wed, 12 Mar 2003 09:14:11 +0000
http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.infodesign.facetedclassification/170/match=facet
At the other extreme, the universal qualities espoused by
Ranganathan and others just don't apply to many resources that
deserve classification. The "space" facet only works in the context of
resources that have physical incarnations in a spatial location;
perhaps this is obvious, but it confirms that there is indeed a context -one that many data-based resources don't share.
In the end, the whole idea of a set of general facets as a "framework
for facets typical of each discipline" simply limits the number of
disciplines that can use FC (to those that fit within the framework).
Ranganathan was really not concerned with disciplines outside of
biology. I don't think that kind of limitation is appropriate for faceted
classification in general, and I hope we don't impose it.
Planes of work
 Idea: The work of FA takes place in the Idea plane,
where an entity is analyzed into component parts
 Verbal: FA continues here as further sorting and
transformation of the selected categories/facets or
terms occur.
 Notational: work of FC -- translating selected terms
into notation.
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Integrated (SOC24)
Background – Traditional FAST
Application
Example
Purpose
Special subject schemes
(CRG)
English Electric Scheme (1958)
British Catalogue of Music (1960)
Classification of Enterprise
Activities (1966)
From practice to theory
(Richmond, 1988)
Cranfield Tests
Faceted Scheme for Aeronautics
(Cleverdon, 1962)
American Meteorological Society
(Freeman and Atherton, 1969)
FAST in early IR system
testing
Audacious
Test of UDC as mechanized
searching language (Atherton and
Freeman, 1967, 1968)
FAST in computerized
indexing and retrieval
Thesaurofacet
Classification and controlled
vocabulary for sci/tech
(Aitchison, Gomersall and Ireland,
1969)
PRECIS
PREserved Content Index System
(Austin, 1974)
Postulate-based Permuted Term
POPSI
Indexing (Bhattacharyya, 1979)
“
Generation of subject indexing
terms and semantic relations
Resources cited:
7
6
5
FC discussion list (2002) http://www.poorbuthappy.com/fcd/
Hearst’s publications, various,http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hearst/
Ranganathan, Prolegomena (1967)
4
4
(2002) Information Architecture for the World Wide Web (2002)
ASIST SIG/IA (2000) list, http://www.info-arch.org/lists/sigia-l/index.php
3
Steve Pollitt View-Based Systems, publications, various
http://www.view-based-systems.com/background.asp
Svenonius (2000). Intellectual Foundation of Information Organization.
AIFIA.org (2002). (now IAI) http://iainstitute.org/
Facetmap.com (2002) http://facetmap.com/Google
3
3
2
2
2
Ranganathan, Colon Classification (6th and 7th ed.)
Classification Research Group (various publications in 1960s,
England)
Endeca implementation of:
FACETS
Sample in comparative tables
Sites per
Category
Integrated sites within
category
[I] sites with facets (F)
within category
(A)
(B)
(C)
#
#
%
#
%
%
REF
28
14%
8/28
28.6% 2/8
25%
SOC
50
25%
10/50
20%
6/10
60%
SHOP 57
28.5% 24/57
42%
10/24
41.6%
BUS
65
32.5% 23/65
35%
6/23
26.1%
Totals
n=200
n=65/200 32.5% n=24/65 36.9%
/200 12%