Transcript Short Field Takeoff and Landing

Short Field Takeoff & Landing
Takeoff
• Objective - Knowledge of
elements
• Positive and accurate control of
aircraft with shortest ground
roll and steepest angle of climb
• Proper airspeeds VR, VX, and
VY
Takeoff
• Best angle of climb results in
greatest gain of altitude for a
given distance over the ground
• Speed deviations of +5/-0 can
reduce climb performance
significantly
Takeoff
• Climb above obstacle or 50 ft
AGL before accelerating to VY
by reducing pitch
Takeoff
• Knowledge of performance
charts
–Temperature
Pressure
–runway length
wind
–type of runway surface
–weight and condition of airplane
Takeoff
• Associated Condition
–Power
–Mixture
–Flap Setting
Takeoff
• Margin of Safety
–Remove fuel, people, or baggage
–Wait for different wind/or
temperature
–Find a more experienced pilot
–Move airplane to a safer takeoff
location
Takeoff
• Perform Maneuver
• Position flight controls and
flaps for the existing conditions
–Crosswind - full deflection of
ailerons
–Flaps set - verify visually
Takeoff
• Clear the area and position
aircraft for maximum available
takeoff area
–traffic pattern and runway clear
–Back taxi to very beginning of
runway
Takeoff
–ground reference points
• Advance throttle to takeoff
power, while holding the brakes
–Recheck mixture and propeller
high RPM
–Add takeoff power avoiding
engine surging, backfiring and
Takeoff
–overboost situations and release
brakes smoothly
–Monitor engine instruments for
malfunctions or indications of
insufficient power
–Listen for engine roughness or
power loss
Takeoff
–Abort if indications are not
normal
–Check airspeed indicator and call
out airspeeds
• Rotate at the recommended
speed
–
Takeoff
–Speed may vary with weight.
Check POH
–Rotation speed should be
approximately 5 KTS below the
lift off speed
Takeoff
–At VR smoothly apply back
elevator pressure to raise the
nose to the pitch attitude that will
produce the best angle-of-climb
airspeed VX
Takeoff
–Do not attempt to raise the nose
until VR because this will create
unnecessary drag
• Climb at the manufacturer’s
recommended airspeed and
configuration
Takeoff
–low airspeed pitch too high
–higher airspeed pitch is too low
–on airspeed at optimum speed
–Learn pitch attitude - nose in
relation to the horizon and
attitude indicator
Takeoff
–Maintain VX =5/-0 KTS
• After clearing the obstacle
accelerate to VY +5/-5
• Retract the landing gear and
flaps after a positive rate of
climb or as recommended
Takeoff
–Before retracting the gear, apply
the brakes to stop the rotation of
the wheels
–Retract as recommended by the
manufacturer
–Some recommend after a positive
rate of climb,
Takeoff
–some recommend after clearing
the obstacle
–Generally not good to be looking
in the cockpit until obstacle
clearance is assured
–In some airplanes, drag of gear is
insignificant
Takeoff
–Normally landing gear is
retracted prior to flap retraction
–Flaps normally retracted when
you are clear of the obstacle and
when VY is established
–Raise flaps in increments to
avoid sudden loss of lift and
settling of the airplane
Takeoff
–Make pitch adjustment during
gear and flap retraction to
maintain VY
• Maintain takeoff power to safe
maneuvering altitude, then set
climb power
Takeoff
–After establishing VY, retracting
gear and flaps maintain takeoff
power to 500 feet
–Reduce MP and RPM to climb
power
–Maintain VY until 1000 feet
transition to cruise climb
Takeoff
• Maintain directional control and
proper wind-drift correction
throughout the takeoff and
climb
Takeoff
–Common error is to become
preoccupied with the short field
takeoff and neglect crosswind
correction
• Complete the appropriate
checklists, both before takeoff
and climb
Common Takeoff Errors
• Failure to use the entire runway
• Improper positioning of the
flight controls and wing flaps
• Improper engine operation
during short field takeoff and
climb out
Common Takeoff Errors
• Inappropriate removal of hand
from throttle
• Poor directional control
• Improper use of brakes
Common Takeoff Errors
• Improper pitch attitude during
liftoff
• Failure to establish and
maintain proper climb
configuration and airspeed
• Drift during climb out
Short Field Landing
• Exhibit knowledge of the
elements related to a short field
approach and landing
–Short landing area or over an
obstacle that limits the available
landing area
Short Field Landing
–Precise, positive control of your
airplane’s rate of descent and
airspeed to produce an approach that
will clear obstacle, result in little or
no float, and stop in the shortest
possible distance
–Think ahead. Don’t land where you
cannot takeoff
Short Field Landing
• Consider the wind conditions,
landing surface and obstructions
–Height of obstructions dictate
how steep the approach will have
to be
Short Field Landing
–Surface may affect the breaking
distance
–Headwind may shorten the distance
–Know POH landing speed
–Know landing distance
–Pump brakes to insure you have
brake pressure
Short Field Landing
• Select the most suitable
touchdown point
–Select an aim point that will
allow you to clear obstacles and
touch down with the greatest
amount of runway available
Short Field Landing
–Descent angle will be steeper than a
normal approach. Aim point will be
closer to the obstacle
–Aim point will be short of the
touchdown point
–Select a go around point, normally
before descending below barriers
Landing Comparison
Temperature 15OC Pressure S.L.
Ground roll
Over 50 foot
Obstacle
C172
540
1280
Sundowner
703
1484
Bonanza
800
1300
Short Field Landing
• Establish the recommended
approach and landing
configuration and adjust power
and pitch as required
Short Field Landing
–After landing gear and flaps are
extended adjust power and pitch
to give you the proper descent
angle and airspeed
–Coordinated combination of
pitch and power adjustments are
required
Short Field Landing
–Approach must be stabilized
–Avoid excessively slow airspeed
–Avoid low slow approaches
–Final approach from 3/4 to 1
mile from 500 feet
Short Field Landing
• Maintain a stabilized approach
at the recommended airspeed or
1.3 VSO with a gust factor of
+5/-5
Short Field Landing
–Maintain glide path and airspeed
–Airspeed based on landing
weight
–Reduce power while rounding
out
Short Field Landing
–After landing gear and flaps are
extended adjust power and pitch
to give you the proper descent
angle and airspeed
Short Field Landing
–Coordinated combination of
pitch and power adjustments are
required Approach must be
stabilized
–Excess airspeed will cause
floating and cause you to miss
your touchdown spot
Short Field Landing
• Make smooth, timely and
correct control applications
during the round out and
touchdown Remain aware of
the possibility of wind shear
and/or wake turbulence
Short Field Landing
• Touch down at or within 100 feet
of the specified point, little or no
float or drift with
• the longitudinal axis aligned with
and over the center of the landing
surface
Short Field Landing
–Round out to avoid flying into
the ground or ballooning and
stalling
–During round out reduce the
throttle to idle
–Touch down within 100 feet of
the specified point
Short Field Landing
• Maintain crosswind correction
and directional control
throughout the approach and
landing Apply brakes to stop in
the shortest distance
Short Field Landing
–Once main gear are solidly on
the ground begin braking while
maintaining full back elevator
pressure
–Keep weight off nose gear
Short Field Landing
–Some aircraft benefit from
retracting flaps but could cause
you to misidentify a control and
lead to a gear up landing
Short Field Landing
• Complete the appropriate
checklists
–BCGUMPS
–Check brakes
–After Landing checklist
Common Errors
• Improper use of landing
performance data and
limitations
• Failure to establish approach
landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper
sequence
Common Errors
• Failure to maintain a stabilized
approach
• Improper technique in use of
power, wing flaps and trim
Common Errors
• Improper removal of hand from
throttle
• Improper technique during
round out and touchdown
Common Errors
• Poor directional control after
touchdown
• Improper use of brakes