Transcript Document

Introduction
Recent events raised the issue of safety and
emergency preparedness for all people in
the country. These events included those,
which are naturally occurring, such as
earthquake or floods. They also included
industry-related events that cause serious
damage to the environment and loss of the
life and property.
Hazardous Substances:
Substances having dangerous
properties which are hazardous to
human health, or which adversely
affect the environment,
such as: contagious, toxic,
explosive
CLASS 1 (EXPLOSIVE)
Liable to detonation under appropriate circumstances
such as fire or shock. Usually stable if not involved in
fire or not moved. Do not handle unless trained and
equipped.
Division 1.1 - Mass Explosion Hazard,
Division 1.2 - Explosion Hazard with Fragmentation,
Division 1.3 - Radiant Heat and/or violent burning Hazard, no blast
Hazard,
Division 1.4 - Small Hazard of Ignition or Initiation during Transport,
Division 1.5 - Mass Explosion Hazard but very insensitive,
Division 1.6 - Extremely intsensitive with no mass explosion hazard.
CLASS 2 (FLAMMABLE, NONFLAMMABLE, POISON GAS)
CLASS 2, DIVISION 2.1 (FLAMMABLE GAS)
Compressed gasses which are flammable. May also be toxic or corrosive. Vapours may travel
considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back to the source. Many of these gasses are
heavier than air and will tend to spread close to ground level. Examples: Propane, Butane and welding
gasses such as Acetylene.
CLASS 2, DIVISION 2.2 (NON-FLAMMABLE GAS)
Compressed gasses which are not flammable. May also be corrosive or toxic. These gasses may suffocate
by oxygen displacement. While not flammable, some of these gasses may support and even accelerate a
fire. High-pressure containers can rocket or throw shrapnel if exposed to fire or ruptured. Examples:
Anhydrous Ammonia, Compressed Air, Nitrogen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide.
CLASS 2, DIVISION 2.3 (POISON GAS)
Extremely toxic compressed gas or high vapour pressure liquid. Even low level exposure to vapour or
fumes may result in serious injury or death. May be flammable and/or corrosive as well. Examples:
Chlorine, Hydrocyaniac Acid, Phosgene, Ethylene Oxide.
CLASS 3 (FLAMMABLE and
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS)
One of the most common hazardous materials classifications
including gasoline, some alcohol, paints, thinners, etc. May be toxic
and corrosive as well. Flammable liquids evolve vapours which will
generally ignite readily when exposed to an ignition source. Some
of these vapours may be harmful. Combustible liquids will burn but
require some effort to ignite. They do not meet the criteria for any
other hazard class (except Class 9) and range from paint thinners to
heating oils. They are not regulated in shipping containers of 110
(417 liters) gallons or less.
CLASS 4 (FLAMMABLE SOLIDS)
This class includes materials which are FLAMMABLE SOLIDS (Division 4.1),
SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL and PYROPHORIC LIQUIDS
(Division 4.2), and DANGEROUS WHEN WET (Division 4.3).
These materials are liable through friction, contact with air, water or by self heating, to ignite
and burn with great intensity or produce flammable gasses. Many are toxic if taken internally
such as through contaminated food, contaminated cigarettes, or water. Usually highly reactive
and if involved in a fire may burst their containers. Examples: Phosphorus, Sodium Metal,
Calcium Carbide.
CLASS 5 (OXIDISERS
AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES)
Very reactive with wood, oils, fuels,
paper, or any organic material, to generate heat, ignite or explode. Will promote and
accelerate fires to the point of possible explosion. Will react with skin and clothing. Usually
does not present a vapour hazard unless reacting or involved in a fire. May decompose
explosively upon heating or contamination. Examples: Hydrogen Peroxide, Potassium
Permanganate, Ammonium Perchlorate, Dry Chlorine for swimming pools, Some fertilisers.
CLASS 6 (POISONOUS
MATERIAL)
Toxic liquids or solids.
Not highly flammable, but may be mixed in oil
carriers. Not severely corrosive. Primarily toxic by
skin contact or ingestion. May be toxic by inhalation
of vapours or dust if dust is airborne or material is
on fire. May be extremely poisonous and if
exposure occurs death may result very quickly.
Examples: Arsenic, Sodium Cyanide, Strychnine and
many pesticides.
CLASS 7 (RADIOACTIVE)
Emits harmful radiation which cannot be detected
without specialised instruments. High level
materials are packed in such strong packages that
leakage in a very low possibility. Medical materials
are often shipped in small lead vessels. Low level
wastes include debris contaminated with small
amount of radioactive material. These included such
items as clothing, paper, tools, etc. Do not handle
these materials or handle broken packages.
CLASS 8 (CORROSIVE)
Acids or bases which may be in liquid or solid form.
they will attack a variety of metals and will produce
severe damage to skin or other tissues on contact.
May react with other materials such as water to
evolve heat and gasses. In a violent reaction, acids
or bases may produce a large volume of corrosive
vapours which may spread a considerable distance.
Examples: Hydrochloric Acid, Sulphuric Acid, and
Caustic Soda.
CLASS 9 (Miscellaneous
Hazardous Materials)
Materials which do not fit
another hazard class such
as those which have an
anaesthetic, noxious, or other similar property which
could affect a flight crew: or hazardous substances or
hazardous wastes which do not meet the definition of
another hazard class or division. Examples:
Acetaldehyde Ammonia, PCB’s Sodium Chromate.
Air pollution
Landscape
disturbance
Ozone-depleting and
greenhouse gases
Exposure to
toxic chemicals
Habitat degradation
Waste dumping
Nuisances: noise,
lighting/transport
Industry
Spills
Risks
Marine pollution
Water pollution
Soil contamination
Groundwater contamination
1999 Mont Blanc Tunnel,
Truckload of edible oil caught fire:
39 died
1998 Nigeria
Explosion at a leaking fuel pipeline:
625 died
Repeated in
the
meantime 2
times!!
Disasters do occur!
Earthquake
Transport
accident
Landslide
Emissions from
nuclear power
plants
Explosion
Flooding
Toxic
Release
Threatening




Live
Health of people
Environment
Property
Storm /
hurricane
Fire
Oil spill
Forestfire
Tailings dam failure
Company Fireworks
• Consciously running a high risk
• Illegal operations? (media reports)
(storage volumes, nature of products stored and
handled)
• Unsafe practices
• No risk communication (community,
local government)
• Typical risks were not taken into
account : Fire, water, flashes
• Inadequately insured
Community:
 Completely unaware of the
hazardous installation;
 Unprepared;
 Many lost everything;
 Trauma, health damages, loss of
family members and neighbours, loss
of property.
Local Government:
 Authorised operation
(handling of explosives next to residential areas)
 Safety standards??
 Lack of control
 Information policy inadequate
Legal Framework:
Law 4/94
ILO Convension
Agemda 21, chapter 19
Appell Program
From the result and the
consequence of an analysis
of major disasters in the
past
EEIRMS Strategy for:Preparedness
Efficient Emergency Response Planning
Risk Reduction
Mitigation
Disaster Prevention
Project AIM:
The Promotion of a Sound Management
System to:
Create and/ or increase public awareness of
possible hazards within a community;
Stimulate the development of co-operative plans to
respond to any emergency that might occur;
Encourage prevention of accident.
Risk
Management
Hazard
Identification
Risk
Communication
Toxic
Assessment
Exposure- dose
Assessment
Risk
Assessment
Risk
Charachterization
Egyptian
Environmental
Integrated Risk
Management
System
Industry
SYSTEM
PROCESS
Community
Local Government
Risk Assessment
Procedure:
• Inventory (Listing of objects)
• Identification of hazards
• Evaluation
• Classification
• Ranking
Risk Assessment
Object Operation
2
1
Object Operation
Hazard
Risk
type
3
Hazard
(quantity)
Threatened
Consequences
object
6
5
4
Risk- Threatened Consetype
object quences
Risk Assessment
Seriousness
7 8
L E
9
10
P
S
Probability
11
Priority
12
7 Life
9 Property
8 Environment
10 Speed
Comments 13
Risk Assessment
Seriousness
7 8
L E
9
10
P
S
To lifes
Probability
11
Priority
12
7 Life
9 Property
8 Environment
10 Speed
Comments 13
Risk Assessment
Seriousness
7 8
L E
9
10
P
S
7 Life
8 Environment
Probability
11
Priority
12
9 Property
Environment 10
Speed
Comments 13
Classification
Consequences for the environment:
 Class 1 = unimportant
no contamination, localised effects
 Class 2 = limited
simple contamination, localised effects
 Class 3 = serious
simple contamination, widespread effects
 Class 4 = very serious
heavy contamination
 Class 5 = catastrophic
very heavy contamination, widespread effects
Risk Assessment
Seriousness
7 8
L E
9
10
P
S
Probability
11
Priority
12
Priority
7 Life
9 Property
8 Environment
10 Speed
Comments 13
Classification
Ranking:
•
Estimate the probability ofan accident to occur
•
Weigh up the various consequence classes,
arriving at a classification of each hazard
•
Classify the threatsin the order:
- people,
- environment,
- property
•
Give the risk object an overall class based on the
risk matrix
Classification
Consequences for property
 Class 1 = unimportant
< 0.5 Million US$
 Class 2 = limited
0,5 - 1 Million US$
 Class 3 = serious
1 - 5 Million US$
 Class 4 = very serious
5 - 20 Million US$
 Class 5 = catastrophic
> 20 Million US$
Risk Assessment
Seriousness
7 8
L E
9
10
P
S
Probability
11
Priority
12
7 Life
9 Property
8 Environment
10 Speed
Speed
Comments 13
Classification
Speed of development
 Class 1 = easy and clear warning,
localised effects, no damage
 Class 2
 Class 3 = Medium speed, spreading,
some damage
 Class 4
 Class 5 = No warning, not recognisable
until the effects are fully
developed / immediate effects
(explosion)
Risk Assessment
A
Very probable 5
B
C
D
E
Probability
More than once a year
Once in 1 - 10years
Quite probable
Once per 10 to 100
years
4
3
Once per 100 to
1000 years
2
Improbable
1
Less than once per
1000 years
Consequences
Unimportant Limited Serious Very serious
Catastrophic
Filling station
Storage tanks
Storage of LPG cylinders
Enschede, 13 May 2000
STATISTICS
 18 people killed
 947 injured
 2 missing
Destruction:
• Entire factory
• 400 houses
• More than 1000
damaged
Risk Assessment
1
Object
Fireworks
factory
2
Operation
Storage and
handling of
explosives
3
4
Hazard Risk(quantity) type
Up to
100 tons
5
Threatened
object
Explosion • 600 people
• 1 400 houses
• Entire
factory
6
Consequences
Catastrophic
Risk Assessment
Seriousness
7 8
L E
D
B
9
E
Probability
10
P
S
D
11
Priority
Comments 13
12
D
1
7 Life
9 Property
8 Environment
10 Speed
Very critical, or
unacceptable
Risk Assessment
A
Very probable 5
B
C
D
E
Probability
More than once a year
Once in 1 - 10years
Quite probable
Once per 10 to 100
years
4
3
Once per 100 to
1000 years
2
Improbable
1
Less than once per
1000 years
Consequences
Unimportant Limited Serious Very serious
Catastrophic
Disasters:
General observations
 The negative impact is unacceptably high and
could have been limited, if...
 Hardly anybody had ever expected, that such
an incident could occurre at all;
 Accidents and disasters could have been
prevented;
 People are too often unaware of risk
exposure, left alone and helpless; people
suffer- unnecessarily !!!!
There are changes...

Citizens have the right to know,
 if hazardous materials present a threat,
 if they could be exposed to an avalanche or a

landslide,
if ….

Citizens need to understand the possible impact

Citizens need to be informed about emergency plans
and actions required in case of an emergency, and to
have the capability for self protection

Citizens should know, understand and practise
the local emergency response plan
There is an increase in
 “Right-to-know” regulations world-wide - in
particular in connection with environment and
safety
 Demand for information generated by public
concern about exposures to hazards
 Information by the media on health, safety and
environmental issues
 Mistrust in risk management
 Public demand to participate in all phases of risk
assessment and risk management as a full partner
Risk communication
From:
 RIGHT TO KNOW
to:
 HUMAN RIGHT
Effective Risk Communication
• Must be two-way
All concerns and perceptions have to be taken
serious
• Builds on mutual trust
• Needs a basis of common values
• Creates the potential for new developments in
a community
The community potentially exposed
to risks in case of emergencies:
Natural and technological disasters!
(Natural and technological disasters!)
•
•
•
•
Must have the right to know the risks
Needs to understand the possible impact
Needs to have the capability for self protection
Should know, understand, and practice the local
emergency response plan
• Needs to be adequately informed and guided
during and after disasters
Awareness and preparedness for emergencies should
not be restricted to officials and emergency responders
Risk Communication
… an interactive process of
exchange of information and
opinion among individuals, groups,
and institutions ...
Effective Risk Communication
 Sharing information and responsibility
 Building mutual trust
 Developing a common ground
 Discussing together how an accident could
occur, how it can be prevented, measures
for mitigation
 Clear information how people can get
affected, without hiding or evading subjects
 The parties should be open minded and
willing to learn and teach
Barriers to Risk Communication

Disagreement about terms

Technical terms versus emotional
perceptions


Complexity of information

Lack of legal framework

Liability (legal constraints)
Lack of trust, credibility, and empowerment
PREVENTION IS INCLUDED
• Emergency management, chemical hazards,
accident prevention and environmental
protection are all related to quality of life do not separate
• Participation in understanding risks,
development of programs to reduce risks
and prevention of accidents allows direct
action to improve quality of life
SHARED RESPONSIBILITY

Success requires sharing responsibility
for the outcome

Requires shared information

Use of the information requires education
and experience


Agreement on terms and process

Honesty and openness
Assumes open minds, willingness to learn
and teach
Building community awareness (1)
 Develop a communication plan before an
accident occurs - communication must be
established before an emergency
 Define the community and the employees
concerned with risk communication involve
those who can be effected
 Define local community contacts:
Government, community and civic
organisations, environmental groups, fire
officials, civic leaders, schools, clubs, local
media, business and professional
organisations, employees, etc.-
Building community awareness (2)
 Provide a description of operations, hazard
information, emergency plan, safety training
programmes
 Select an appropriate method of
communication and a common language
 Avoid technical/engineering terms. Explain
the risks with descriptions that can be
understood by the general public
 Prepare appropriate communication lines
before an accident occurs
OUTCOMES

At first it can be frightening

Accidents do happen - risk communication
and plays an key role in mitigation

Increases community cooperation

All parties have a better understanding of
prevention and response
Means and ways of Risk Communication
Information could be spread by:
fact sheets,
small group meetings,
advertisements,
 slide presentation,
 warning signs,
 brochures,
 employees publication
speeches










community newsletters,
pictures,
plant tours,
educational activities,
internet,
direct mails,
community open
houses
Media!
Computer-Aided Management
of Emergency Operations
What is CAMEO?
CAMEO is a computer software primarily
used:
 For chemical emergency planning;
 For chemical response; and
 For regulatory compliance (e.g., SARA
Title III (EPCRA), OPA, RCRA)
CAMEO Components
The overall CAMEO system is a suite of three
separate, integrated software applications:
CAMEO
Computer Aided Management of
Emergency Operations
MARPLOT
Mapping Applications for
Response and Planning of Local
Operational Tasks
ALOHA
Areal Locations of Hazardous
Atmospheres
CAMEO was developed for:
• LEPCs
• Emergency responders
• Emergency planners
• Chemical facilities
Major Uses of CAMEO
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
For Emergency
For Emergency
For Support ofFor Managing
Planning
Responses
LEPC
Facility
Chemical
Inventory
Data
CAMEO Chemical
Information Module
CAMEO Chemical Information Module
 Contains Two Databases in Module
 CAMEO’s Chemical Database
 Response Information Data Sheets (RIDS)
 Establishes Links between the Databases
CAMEO Companions, Modules, and
Menus
• Companion Applications
CAMEO
MARPLOT
ALOHA
• Twelve Information Modules in CAMEO
• Menus
• Site Plan Viewer
CAMEO
has an extensive database with specific
emergency response information for over
4,000 chemicals.
Limitations
• Expand and update the chemical database
• Simplify and broaden the importing and
exporting of data
MARPLOT
General-purpose mapping application of objects
and Census data
Links objects on maps to data in CAMEO and
other programs
ALOHA
ALOHA is an air dispersion model used to
evaluate hazardous chemical release scenarios
ALOHA can work with CAMEO information and
MARPLOT mapping
CAMEO Modules
• Chemical
Information
Facilities
• Storage Locations
• Chemicals in
Inventory/Tra
nsit
• Screenings & Scenarios
• Toxic Release
Inventory
• Incidents
• Contacts
• Special Locations
• Resources
• Routes
• Census Data
Module Relationship
Toxic Release
Inventory
Chemicals in
Inventory/Transit
Chemical
Information
Storage
Locations
Screening &
Scenarios
Facilities
Routes
Incidents
Special
Locations
Contacts
Census Data
Resources
Menus
•
•
•
•
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•
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