Reform and Reaction to Industrialization

Aim: How did the Ottoman and Russian Empires, China, and Japan react to industrialization?

Ottoman Empire at the end of the 17

th

Century

Problems in the Ottoman Empire

• By the 1700s the Ottomans were behind Europe in technology • Central government was weakened, provinces independently operating • Ottomans were experiencing a decrease in trade Europeans bypassed them and traded directly with India and China • Ottomans had no involvement with Atlantic Ocean trade • European products poured into the Ottoman Empire and Europeans were given

capitulations

their own laws, not Ottomans’) (were subject to

Reforms in the Ottoman Empire

• Reforms began under Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) • Secondary Education improved • Build new roads • Telegraph lines • Postal service • Tanzimat Era (1839-1879) government used French legal system to reform its laws • Public trials and equality would supercede religious law Q: Why do you think there were some people opposed to reform in the Ottoman Empire? Who do you think would be among those opposed?

Google images

The “Eastern Question”

• Ottoman Empire was not viewed as a threat by European powers in the early 19 th century • European nations distrusted each other • Ottoman Empire was seen as worth preserving to maintain Europe’s balance of power • Britain and France helped Greeks fight against the Turks and then helped the Turks suppress revolts in Egypt against Muhammad Ali • When Russia annexed Ottoman territory in the 1850s, Britain and France helped the Turks against the Russians (Crimean War)

Q: What was the first new nation-state to win its freedom from the Ottoman Empire?

“Fair Greece! Sad relic of departed worth! Immortal, though no more; though fallen, great!”

-Lord Byron

Q: Why do you think Lord Byron volunteered as a soldier to help the Greeks fight for independence?

Reaction to Reform

• Religious conservatives opposed the reforms • Young Turks were pro-western • They strengthened the military (but it didn’t help in the long run) • They advocated universal suffrage, equality, and women’s rights • 1908- Young Turks (led by Enver Pasha) overthrew the Sultan and set up a parliamentary system of government • Carried out the Armenian Genocide in which more than a million Armenians were killed http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1908youngtur k.html

Armenian Genocide Fact Sheet

• http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/ facts/genocide.html

Reaction in the Ottoman Empire

• Muhammad Ali was controlling Egypt by the early 19 Canal Sudan th century • His son hired a French firm to build the Suez • This Canal became critical as it created a link between Europe and its empires in Asia and East Africa • Britain eventually bought up many French shares and all of Egypt’s. Britain really controlled the government and extended its influence to

Suez Canal

19 th century Suez Canal The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean Sea to the Gulf of Suez on the Red Sea 21 st century Suez Canal http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/suezcanal.htm

Reaction in China

• • Qing became increasingly ineffective • Taiping Rebellion (Hong Xiuquan) against Manchus (Manchus won) 1850-1864

Self Strengthening Movement Hundred Days of Reform

modernizing China and were aimed at • Supported by Emperor Guangxu • Opposed by Empress Dowager Cixi (imprisons Emperor)

Cixi: The Woman Behind the Throne

• http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history archaeology/da-cixi.html

China’s foreign troubles

• Boxer Rebellion- Empress Cixi supports Boxer movement that loses to foreigners (1900) • China forced to pay damages • Foreigners strengthen hold on China • China loses Opium War (1839) • Plots to overthrow the Qing (

Nationalists led

by Sun Yat Sen) want foreigners out, constitutional government, modernization and land reform

COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY

“…the President entertains the most friendly feelings toward Japan…With the Americans, as indeed with all Christian people, it is considered a sacred duty to receive with kindness, and to protect all, of whatever nation, who may be cast upon their shores…” July 7, 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry

Q: Compare the images of Commodore Matthew Perry. http://bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu/HST263/15.TokugawaDecline.ht

ml

Excerpts from President Fillmore’s letter

• We know that the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's government do not allow of foreign trade, except with the Chinese and the Dutch; but as the state of the world changes and new governments are formed, it seems to be wise, from time to time, to make new laws. There was a time when the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's government were first made. • About the same time America, which is sometimes called the New World, was first discovered and settled by the Europeans. For a long time there were but a few people, and they were poor. They have now become quite numerous; their commerce is very extensive; and they think that if your imperial majesty were so far to change the ancient laws as to allow a free trade between the two countries it would be extremely beneficial to both.

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob54.html

TOWNSEND HARRIS (1857)

• . . It appears that the English think the Japanese . . are fond of opium, and they want to bring it here also. If a man use opium once he cannot stop it, and it becomes a life-long habit to use opium; hence the English want to introduce it into Japan. The President of the United States thinks that for the Japanese opium is more dangerous than war. The expense of a war could be paid in time; but the expense of opium, when once the habit is formed, will only increase with time. The President wishes the Japanese to be very prudent about the introduction of opium, and if a treaty is made, he wishes that opium may be strictly prohibited. If American merchants should bring opium to Japan, the Japanese authorities may burn it or do what they please with it. . . . • Comments by U.S. consul Harris interview with Bakufu Grand Councillor Hotta Masayoshi Dec. 12, 1857 Q: How did Townsend Harris convince the Japanese to make a commercial treaty with the United States?

Reaction in Japan

• Meiji Restoration- 16 year old emperor replaces the overthrown Tokugawa regime with Emperor Mutsuhito (AKA Meiji=“Enlightened One”) • Capital named Tokyo • New industrial class develops as samurai decline in power

Emperor Meiji at Age 27

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/meiji.htm

New businesses emerge in Japan

• Zaibatsu- Industrial businesses in Japan • Government support of industrialization • Invested in coal mines, textile mills, shipyards, cement factories • Involved in banking, manufacturing, real estate • Mitsubishi- began as a steamship company

The History of Mitsubishi

FROM TO http://www.mitsubishi.com/e/history/index.html

Industrialization in Japan

• First railroad in Japan 1872 • Coal production increased from half a million tons to 21 million tons • State-funded companies built thousands of factories • Sold traditional products such as silk • Modeled their army after Germany, navy based on British model

• Q: What problems do you think Japan experienced as a result of industrialization?

Was the adoption of Western ways good or bad for Japan?

• http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcus e/classes/2c/2c06/lectures/06L11ChinaJa pan.htm

Japan becomes aggressive!

• 1894- Sino-Japanese War, China gave Korea independence • Japan began to take over Korea • Also moved into Manchuria (northeastern province of China rich in iron and coal) • This prompted the Russo-Japanese War • Japan won; their navy sank 38 out of the 40 ships Russia had in their Far Eastern Fleet

Q: HOW WAS THE JAPANESE RESPONSE TO WESTERN IMPERIALISM IN THE 19 TH CENTURY DIFFERENT FROM THE CHINESE?

The Western Influence

In Japan

In the Meiji period Japanese cabinet makers made , for a short period also furniture for the export to the West in a Western style but with traditional Japanese and Chinese style carvings.

G. YOKOUCHI Many watercolors during the Meiji and Taisho were Done in a Western technique. Western art teachers Taught in Japan, including English Watercolorist Charles Wirgman.

painting on silk Meiji period - late 19th century

Eastern influences in Western Art

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/exot/h d_exot.htm

Vincent Van Gogh

• http://www3.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/inde x.jsp?page=3713&lang=en

Another Interesting Reaction

• England • Luddites (led by Ned Ludd) • Opposed to new machinery and worsening working conditions • 1812- Breaking factory frames became punishable by death • Movement broke up Q: The term Luddite is still used. What do you think it means in today’s times?

http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/Baker_00/baker_1800_soc/baker_br_rb_p4/luddites.htm

Russia, 1462-1914, expansion in Europe

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://go-passport.grolier.com/map%3Fid%3Dmh00111%26pid%3Dgo&imgrefurl=http://go passport.grolier.com/atlas%3Fid%3Dmh00111%26tn%3D/atlas/printerfriendly.html&usg=__KLiZuC2QGspggDfIULaKqtzD2U8=&h=400&w=624&sz=3 0&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=bWj7vKsZkeqtJM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=136&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drussia%2Bmap%2Bexpansion%26um%3D1%26hl%3 Den

Reforms in Russia

• Russia had expanded greatly • Technologically was still behind rest of Europe • Push to modernize helped free the serfs (1861) by Alexander II • Zemstvos (district assemblies) elected representatives but subordinate to Czar • Construction of Tran-Siberian railroad (1891-1913) • Work hours reduced to 11 ½ hours a day • Unions and strikes were not allowed • Russian influence in Central Asia threatened British interests in India (Kipling called the rivalry “The Great Game”) http://www.transsib-russia.com/transsib_history.php

Russian Anger

• Russia’s loss of the Crimean War was humiliating; showed weakness of czar and Russian technology • Anti-government protest by intelligentsia (students and intellectuals) • Russians dismayed by defeat in Russo Japanese War 1904 • January 1905- Bloody Sunday http://europeanhistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsit e.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=europeanhistory&zu=http %3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F%7Ehis_ncp%2 F1905BS.html

Read press accounts about Bloody Sunday

COMPARATIVE ESSAY

Analyze and compare the approaches and resistance to political and economic reform in the 19 th century of TWO of the following: China Japan Ottoman Empire Russia