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The bones of limbs
Include the upper and lower limbs.
The bones of upper limb
Include shoulder girdle and bones of
free upper limb.

Composition of the
upper limb
The shoulder girdle
Clavicle
 Scapula

Clavicle


medial (or sternal) end
lateral (or acromial) end: medial 2/3 is
convex
Scapula
1.two surfaces ：
anterior surface: subscapular fossa
dorsal surface: spine of scapula
acromion
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
2. three borders:(superior,lateral,medial)
superior border → coracoid process
3. three angles (the superior, inferior and
lateral )
lateral angle → glenoid cavity
inferior angle →the 7th rib
Bones of free upper limb
1.Arm:humerus
2.Forearm:radius and ulna
3.Hand: carpal bones, metacarpal bones
and phalanges
The humerus:a body (shaft) and two
ends (extremities)
The upper (proximal) end : head of humerus
lateral →greater tubercle
anterior →lesser tubercle
surgical neck
Body: deltoid tuberosity
sulcus for radial nerve
The lower end: lateral → capitulum
medial →trochlea
coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa
lateral and medial epicondyles
sulcus for ulnar nerve
The radius
The proximal end: a head, neck and
tuberosity
The shaft: interosseous border
The distal end: styloid process
The ulna
The proximal end: olecranon
coronoid process
trochlear notch
ulnar tuberosity
The shaft: interosseous border
The distal end: a head and
a styloid process
The bones of hand
include three parts: the carpal bones,
the metacarpal bones and phalanges
The carpal bones (or the bones of
the wrist)
The proximal row： scaphoid, lunate,
triquetral and
pisiform bones
The distal row :trapezium, trapezoid,
capitate and hamate bones
The metacarpal bones
a base, a shaft, and a head
3) The phalanges
14 in number , two for the thumb and
three for each of other digits.
Bones of lower limb
Include The pelvic girdle and the bones
of free lower limb.
The pelvic girdle-Hip bone
consists of three components:
ilium, pubis, and ischium.

Acetabulum and obturator foramen
The ilium
a body
a wing or ala :iliac crest → anterior
superior iliac spine ,
posterior superior
iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine ,
posterior inferior iliac spine, tubercle of
iliac crest
other structures: iliac fossa and
arcuate line
The ischium
a body :ischial tuberosity
a ramus:ischial spine ,
lesser sciatic notch
greater sciatic notch
The pubis
a body: iliopubic eminence
rami: inferior ramus
superior ramus : pecten pubis,
pubic tubercle
Pubis (int. view)
The Bones of Free Lower
Limb
Consist of femur, tibia, fibula,patella
and bones of foot .
The femur
The upper end: a head a neck, and two
trochanters
The shaft: linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity,
pectineal line
The lower end: medial condyle and
lateral condyle,
medial and lateral epicondyles
adductor tubercle
The patella
The tibia
The upper end: medial and
lateral condyles,
intercondylar eminence ,
tibial tuberosity,
The shaft: soleal line,
interosseous border
The lower end : medial malleolus,
fibular notch
The fibula
The upper end: a head and neck
The shaft: interosseous border
The lower end : lateral malleolus
The bones of the foot:
three parts: the tarsal bones, the
metatarsal bones and the phalanges
The tarsal bones
proximal row: talus, calcaneus,
navicular and cuboid
distal row: medial, intermedial and
lateral cuneiforms
The metatarsal bones
 The phalanges of foot
