Transcript Slide 1
Improving air quality in Europe EU ambient air quality legislation present and future
Brussels, 30 March 2009
Clean Air and Transport Unit
Part of Air and Climate Change Directorate
Implementation of Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution Air quality directives Fuel quality Transport Vehicle emission standards Climate change (CO2 in cars, aviation) VOC emissions from paints, petrol storage Noise Directive, Strategy on Urban Environment
Contents
How EU air quality legislation works The situation of the air quality in EUROPE Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution New air quality directive Emissions from vehicles Air Quality and Climate Change links
How EU air quality legislation works Immission (concentration) Emissions
2 nd Framework Directive 1 St Daughter Daughter
National emissions ceilings Stationary sources Mobile Sources
3 rd Daughter IPPC 4 th Daughter Exchange Information LCP’s Incineration Non-road VOC’s Fuels Quality Road
How EU air quality legislation works
How EU air quality legislation works
Transport emissions of air pollutants for EEA 31 (acidifying substances, ozone precursors and particulates), 1990-2005
Is all this sufficient?
……Unfortunately not
The
situation
of the air quality in EUROPE
Percentage of urban population resident in areas for days per year with
PM10
concentration exceeding daily limit value, EEA member countries, 1996-2006
The
situation
of the air quality in EUROPE
36th highest 24-hour mean
PM10
concentration observed at urban background stations, EEA member countries, 1997-2006
The situation of the air quality in EUROPE
Percentage of population exposed to
NO 2
areas, EEA member countries, 1996-2006 annual concentrations in urban
The situation of the air quality in EUROPE
Annual mean
NO 2
concentration observed at urban background stations, EEA member countries, 1996-2005
The situation of the air quality in EUROPE Percentage of urban population resident in areas where pollutant concentrations are higher than selected limit/target values, EEA member countries, 1996-2006
The situation of the air quality in EUROPE Annual Questionnaire 461 – First Findings Percentage of zones in exceedance 2006-2007
60 50 48 47 41 40 29 30 20 16 10 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 O 3-V O 3-H PM1 0-d N O 2-y PM1 0-y N O x-y N O 2-h SO 2-d SO 2-1 h Be nz Le ad SO 2-W SO 2-yr 0 CO 0 2006 2007
The situation of the air quality in EUROPE HOT SPOTS
New findings support that the adverse health effects due to air pollution (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, etc) close to major roads are larger than those of general pollution in the urban area
.
ENTEC developed a study for the Commission 9% EU population live closer than 200m from a major road (3 mil Veh/y) 45.000.000 of inhabitant involved 25% EU population live closer than 500m from a major road Hot spots affect more people than we thought Compliance with the LV in the hot spots is becoming a priority http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/hot_spots.htm
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution
2002: 6th Environmental Action Programme
‘achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on and risks to human health and the environment’; (Art 7.1. of 6th EAP)
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution The objectives of the Strategy
Compared with the situation in 2000, the Strategy sets specific long-term objectives (for 2020): 47% reduction in loss of life expectancy as a result of exposure to particulate matter; 10 % reduction in acute mortalities from exposure to ozone; reduction in excess acid deposition of 74% in forest areas and 39% on freshwater surface; 43% reduction in areas or ecosystems exposed to eutrophication
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution
To achieve these objectives:
SO 2 emissions -82% NOx emissions -60%, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) -51% ammonia -27% and primary PM2.5
air) -59% (particles emitted directly into the compared with the year 2000.
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution
2000 Strategy in 2020
Changes in loss of life expectancy in the EU in 2000 and in the interim objective in 2020
New air quality directive
DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe • • • •
Main Contents:
most of existing legislation be merged into a single directive (except for the fourth daughter directive) New air quality objectives for possibility for time extensions PM2.5
(fine particles) of three years (PM10) or up to five years (NO 2 , benzene) possibility to discount natural sources of pollution and resuspension attributable to winter sanding-salting of roads when assessing compliance against limit values
EU AQ Directive - How does it work
‘ambient air’ shall mean outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding workplaces as defined by Directive 89/654/EEC ‘pollutant’ shall mean any substance present in ambient air and likely to have harmful effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole ‘level’ shall mean the concentration of a pollutant in ambient air ‘assessment’ shall mean any method used to measure, calculate, predict or estimate levels; ‘limit value’ shall mean a level fixed on the basis of scientific knowledge, with the aim of avoiding, preventing or reducing harmful effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole, to be attained within a given period and not to be exceeded once attained;
EU AQ Directive - How does it work
Assessment (monitor, model, estimate) throughout the territory
Minimum requirements (# stations...) vs. proper understanding
Inform public, Commission & Member States Develop air quality plan where necessary
good understanding, abatement measures
Implementation
Planning and fast timing essential: some measures take several years to implement
Legal sanctions after limits in force
Commission vs. Member State before ECJ
Limit values
Pollutant
Fine articles (PM2.5)
Concentratio n
25 µg/m3***
Averaging period
1 year
Legal nature
Target value enters into force 1.1.2010
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2015
Permitted exceedences each year
n/a Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) PM10 Lead (Pb) 350 µg/m3 125 µg/m3 200 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 0.5 µg/m3 Carbon monoxide (CO) 10 mg/m3 Benzene Ozone 5 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 1 hour 24 hours 1 hour 1 year 24 hours 1 year 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010* Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005** Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005** Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 (or 1.1.2010 in the immediate vicinity of specific, notified industrial sources; and a 1.0 µg/m3 limit value applies from 1.1.2005 to 31.12.2009) Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005
Maximum daily 8 hour mean 1 year Maximum daily 8 hour mean Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010** Target value enters into force 1.1.2010
24 3 18 n/a 35 n/a n/a n/a n/a 25 days averaged over 3 years
Limit values
NO 2 ANNUAL LIMIT VALUE
60 40 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42
2010
20
Zoning
‘ zone ’ shall mean part of the territory of a Member State, as delimited by that Member State for the purposes of air quality assessment and management; ‘ agglomeration ’ shall mean a zone that is a conurbation with a population in excess of 250 000 inhabitants
Assessment
Assessment criteria
Member States shall assess ambient air quality with respect to the pollutants referred to in Article 5 in all their zones and agglomerations In all zones and agglomerations where the level of pollutants referred to in exceeds the upper assessment threshold established for those pollutants, fixed measurements shall be used to assess the ambient air quality. Fixed measurements may be supplemented by modelling and/or indicative measurements to provide adequate information on the spatial distribution of the ambient air quality.
In all zones and agglomerations where the level of pollutants referred to in is below the upper assessment threshold established for those pollutants, a combination of fixed measurements and modelling techniques and/or indicative measurements may be used to assess the ambient air quality.
In all zones and agglomerations where the level of pollutants is below the lower assessment threshold , modelling techniques or objective-estimation techniques or both shall be sufficient for the assessment of the ambient air quality.
Limit values
NO 2 ANNUAL LIMIT VALUE
60 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40
2010 Upper assessment threshold 32
m
g/m3 Lower assessment threshold 26
m
g/m3
20
Assessment
Sampling points
1. The location of sampling points for the measurement of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter (PM10, PM2,5), lead, benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient air shall be determined using the criteria listed in Annex III.
2. In each zone or agglomeration where fixed measurements are the sole source of information for assessing air quality, the number of sampling points for each relevant pollutant shall not be less than the minimum number of sampling points specified in Section A of Annex V.
Assessment
Reference measurement methods
1.
Member States shall apply the reference measurement methods and criteria specified in Section A and Section C of Annex VI.
2. Other measurement methods may be used subject to the conditions set out in Section B of Annex VI. Demonstration of equivalence
Information
Member States shall ensure that the public as well as appropriate organisations such as environmental organisations and other organisation are informed, adequately and in good time, of the following: (a) ambient air quality in accordance with Annex XVI; (b) any postponement decisions pursuant to Article 22(1); (c) any exemptions pursuant to Article 22(2); (d) air quality plans as provided for in Article 22(1) and Article 23 and programmes referred to in Article 17(2).
The information shall be made available free of charge by means of any easily accessible Member States shall make available to the public annual reports for all pollutants covered by this Directive
Reporting
Member States shall ensure that information on ambient air quality is made available to the Commission within the required timescale as determined by the implementing measures referred to in Article 28(2).
information shall be made available to the Commission no later than nine months after the end of each year and shall include: a) the list and delimitation of zones and agglomerations established b) the list of zones and agglomerations in which the levels of one or more pollutants are higher than the limit values plus the margin of tolerance where applicable or higher than target values or critical levels; Ad Hoc questionnaire are provided to report this kind of information
Air Quality Plan
Where, in given zones or agglomerations, the levels of pollutants in ambient air exceed any limit value or target value, plus any relevant margin of tolerance in each case, Member States shall ensure that air quality plans are established for those zones and agglomerations in order to achieve the related limit value or target value.
In the event of exceedances of those limit values for which the attainment deadline is already expired, the air quality plans shall set out appropriate measures, so that the exceedance period can be kept as short as possible .
Air quality plan shall be communicated to the Commission without delay, but no later than two years after the end of the year the first exceedance was observed.
New Contents - Time extension
Postponement of attainment deadline
3 years for PM10 (mid 2011) 5 years for NO2 and Benzene (2015)
Conditions to obtain postponement
•all appropriate measures have been taken at national, regional and local level to achieve compliance by the initial attainment date, i.e. 2005 or 2010 •compliance will be achieved with the limit values by the new deadline, i.e. May 2011 for PM10 and 1 January 2015 at the latest for NO2 or benzene •all notifications must be accompanied by an Air Quality Plan •For PM10 there should be causality between exceedances and the occurrence of one or more of the following factors: Site specific dispersion characteristics, Adverse climatic conditions, Transboundary contributions
Limit value
limit value plus margin of tolerance shall not be exceeded
New Contents - Time extension
NO 2 ANNUAL LIMIT VALUE TIME EXTENSION EXERCISE
60 40
Time Extension
60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42
2010 2015
20 60 40 LV TE-LV
New Contents - PM2.5
Standards for reducing concentrations of fine particles PM2.5
Concentration cap (limit value 2015 - target value 2010)
Concentration cap of 25µg/m3 annual average to apply everywhere.
Exposure reduction target
Target to reduce national average measured urban background concentration by a variable percentage fixed in annex XIV between 2010 and 2020
Exposure concentration obligation:
AEI 20 µg/m3 by 2015
Exposure concentration target:
AEI 25 µg/m3 by 2010
New Contents - PM 2.5
Average exposure indicator
The AEI expressed in μg/m3 shall be based upon measurements in urban background locations in zones and agglomerations throughout the territory of a Member State.
It should be assessed as a three-calendar year running annual mean, The AEI for the reference year 2010 shall be the mean concentration of the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 for the 2015 shall be the mean concentration of the years 2013 2014 2015 Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurement to assess compliance with the PM2,5 exposure reduction target for the protection of human health One sampling point per million inhabitants summed over agglomerations and additional urban areas in excess of 100 000 inhabitants shall be operated for this purpose.
New Contents - PM 2.5
Measurements at rural background
measurements shall be made, at rural background locations sources of air pollution away from significant one sampling point shall be installed every 100,000 km2 each Member State shall set up at least one measuring station or may, by agreement with adjoining Member States, set up one or several common measuring stations , covering the relevant neighbouring zones, to achieve the necessary spatial resolution; Measurement of PM2,5 must include at least the total mass concentration and concentrations of appropriate compounds to characterise its chemical composition. At least the list of chemical species given below shall be included.
SO42 –, Na+, NH4+ Ca2+ NO3-, K+ Cl– Mg2+, organic carbon, elemental carbon
New Contents Natural sources
Discount natural sources re-suspension attributable to winter sanding-salting of roads
The new AQD give the possibilities to discount natural sources episodes (intrusion of Sahara dust) or sea spray… like natural dust Member States shall provide information on concentrations and sources and the evidence demonstrating that the exceedances are attributable to natural sources.
It’s also possible to designate the zones in which the limit values for the PM10 are exceeded due to re-suspension of particulate following winter-sanding or salting of road .
Member states shall provide the necessary evidence that the exceedances are due to re-suspended particulates and that reasonable measure have been taken to lower the concentrations.
Emissions limits from vehicles
Following the CAFE programme the Thematic Strategy on air pollution promoted new Euro 5 and Euro 6 standards and stricter standard for heavy duty vehicles Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 (Euro 5 and Euro 6) Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Euro VI) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information 2007/0295 (COD) 21.12.2007
Emissions limits from vehicles
Main environmental effect of the new legislation Light Duty vehicles Euro 5
diesel PM down to 5 mg/km
Euro 5 “1/2"
in implementing legislation PM number standard 6 x 10^11 per km from 1 September 2011
Euro 6
diesel NO x down to 80 mg/km from 2014
Heavy duty vehicles Euro VI
NO x 400 mg/kWh (equivalent to US 2010 - more or less, differences in test procedures) PM 10 mg/kWh http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/automotive/pagesbackground/pollutant_emission/presentation_to_council_14_01_2008.pdf
emissions from light-duty vehicle
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Light-duty vehicle emission standards: Diesel
PM NOx NOx+HC 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
emissions from light-duty vehicle
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Light-duty vehicle emission standards: Petrol
NOx+HC NOx HC NMHC
emissions from heavy-duty vehicle
emissions from heavy-duty vehicle
Air - Climate Change links Several linkages between climate change and air pollution
CO
2
-21%
from the baseline of kyoto treaty
SO
2
-32 % NO
x
-12 % PM -7 %.
IIASA 2006
Air - Climate Change links
SECTOR
Energy Production Industry Transport
MINIMAL APPROACH NO TRADE OFF
Biomass replacing coal Combustion process Fuel quality CO2 Capture and storage Relocation Fuel quality Fuel switch: diesel to biofuel Traffic management Fuel reformulation Households Improved stoves
MAXIMAL APPROACH MAXIMAL SYNERGY
Wind Hydro and solar energy Nuclear Energy Combustion technology Fuel switch Energy conservation Material efficiency Reduction of transport need Fuel cell Fuel switch to CNG or LPG Hybrid electric cars Vehicle maintenance and scrappage Energy conservation
IIASA 2006