Transcript Give Me Liberty! An American History Ch02

Norton Media Library
Chapter 2
American
Beginnings,
1607–1650
Eric Foner
I.
Jamestown
II. The Coming of the English
A. English Colonists
1.
2.
Sustained immigration was vital for the settlement’s survival
Between 1607 and 1700, a little over half-a-million persons left
England
a.
b.
They settled in Ireland, the West Indies, and North America
The majority in North America were young, single men from the
bottom rungs of English society
B. Indentured Servants
1.
2.
Two-thirds of English settlers came to North America as
indentured servants
Indentured servants did not enjoy any liberties while under
contract
II. The Coming of the English
(con’t)
C.
Land and Liberty
1.
D.
Land was the basis of liberty
Englishmen and Indians
1.
2.
3.
The English were chiefly interested in displacing the Indians and
settling on their land
Most colonial authorities in practice recognized Indians’ title to
land based on occupancy
The seventeenth century was marked by recurrent warfare
between colonists and Indians
a.
Wars gave the English a heightened sense of superiority
II. The Coming of the English
(con’t)
E. Changes in Indian Life
1. English goods were eagerly integrated into Indian life
2. Over time, those European goods changed Indian
farming, hunting, and cooking practices
a.
Exchanges with Europeans stimulated warfare among
Indian tribes
3. As the English sought to reshape Indian society and
culture, their practices only undermined traditional
Indian society
III. Settling the Chesapeake
A. The Jamestown Colony
1.
2.
3.
Settlement and survival were questionable in the colony’s early
history because of high death rates, frequent changes in
leadership, inadequate supplies from England, and placing gold
before farming
By 1616, about 80 percent of the immigrants who had arrived in
the first decade were dead
John Smith began to get the colony on its feet and new policies
were adopted in 1618 so that the colony could survive:
a.
b.
c.
headright system
a charter of grants and liberties
slavery; the first slaves arrived in 1619
III. Settling the Chesapeake
(con’t)
B. Powhatan’s World
1.
2.
Powhatan, the leader of thirty tribes near Jamestown, eagerly traded
with the English
English-Indian relations were mostly peaceful initially
a.
Pocahontas married John Rolfe in 1614, symbolizing Anglo-Indian
harmony
C. The Uprising of 1622
1.
Once the English decided on a permanent colony instead of merely a
trading post, conflict was inevitable
a.
2.
3.
Opechancanough led an attack on Virginia’s settlers in 1622
The English forced the Indians to recognize their subordination to the
government at Jamestown and moved them onto reservations
The Virginia Company surrendered its charter to the crown in 1624
III. Settling the Chesapeake
(con’t)
D. A Tobacco Colony
1. Tobacco was Virginia’s “gold” and its production
reached 30 million pounds by the 1680s
2. The expansion of tobacco led to an increased demand
for field labor
E. Women and the Family
1. Virginian societies lacked a stable family life
2. Social conditions opened the door to roles women
rarely assumed in England
III. Settling the Chesapeake
(con’t)
F.
The Maryland Experiment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Maryland was established in 1632 as a proprietary colony under
Cecilius Calvert
Calvert imagined Maryland as a feudal domain, but one that
would act as a place of refuge for persecuted Catholics
Although Maryland had a high death rate, it seemed to have
offered servants greater opportunity for land ownership than
Virginia
Religious and political battles emerged and Maryland was on the
verge of total anarchy in the 1640s
In 1649, the Act Concerning Religion was adopted, a milestone
in the history of religious freedom in colonial America
IV. Origins of American Slavery
A. Englishmen and Africans
1.
2.
3.
The spread of tobacco led settlers to turn to slavery, which offered
many advantages over indentured servants
In the early to mid seventeenth century, the concepts of race and
racism had not fully developed
Africans were seen as alien in their color, religion, and social
practices
B. Slavery in History
1.
2.
Although slavery has a long history, slavery in the North America
was markedly different
Slavery developed slowly in the New World because slaves were
expensive and their death rate was high in the seventeenth century
IV. Origins of American Slavery
(con’t)
C. Slavery and the Law
1.
The line between slavery and freedom was more permeable in
the seventeenth century than it would later become
a.
b.
2.
3.
4.
Some free blacks were allowed to sue and testify in court
Anthony Johnson arrived as a slave but became a slave-owning
plantation owner
It was not until the 1660s that the laws of Virginia and Maryland
explicitly referred to slavery
A Virginia law of 1662 provided that in the case of a child who
had one free and one enslaved parent, the status of the offspring
followed that of the mother
In 1667 the Virginia House of Burgesses decreed that religious
conversion did not release a slave from bondage
IV. Origins of American Slavery
(con’t)
D.
A Slave Society
1.
2.
A number of factors made slave labor very attractive to English
settlers by the end of the seventeenth century, and slavery began
to supplant indentured servitude between 1680 and 1700
By the early eighteenth century, Virginia had transformed from
a society with slaves to a slave society
a.
E.
In 1705, the House of Burgesses enacted strict slave codes
Notions of Freedom
1.
2.
From the start of American slavery, blacks ran away and desired
freedom
Settlers were well aware that the desire for freedom could ignite
the slaves to rebel
V. The New England Way
A. The Rise of Puritanism
1.
Puritanism emerged from the Protestant Reformation in England
a.
2.
Puritans considered religious belief a complex and demanding
matter, urging believers to seek the truth by reading the Bible
and listening to sermons
a.
3.
4.
Puritans believed that the Church of England retained too many
elements of Catholicism
Puritans followed the teachings of John Calvin
Many Puritans immigrated to the New World in hopes of
establishing a Bible Commonwealth that would eventually
influence England
Puritans were governed by a “moral liberty”
V. The New England Way
(con’t)
B. The Pilgrims at Plymouth
1. Pilgrims sailed in 1620 to Cape Cod aboard
the Mayflower
a. Adult men signed the Mayflower Compact before
going ashore
2. Squanto provided valuable help to the
Pilgrims and the first Thanksgiving was
celebrated in 1621
V. The New England Way
(con’t)
C. The Great Migration
1.
2.
The Massachusetts Bay Company was charted in
1629 by London merchants wanting to further the
Puritan cause and to turn a profit from trade with the
Indians
New England settlement was very different
compared to the Chesapeake colonies
a.
b.
c.
d.
New England had a more equal balance of men and women
New England enjoyed a longer life expectancy
New England had more families
New England enjoyed a healthier climate
V. The New England Way
(con’t)
D. The Puritan Family
1.
2.
3.
Puritans reproduced the family structure of England
with men at the head of the household
Women were allowed full church membership and
divorce was legal, but a woman was expected to obey
her husband fully
Puritans believed that a woman achieved genuine
freedom by fulfilling her prescribed social role and
embracing subjection to her husband’s authority
V. The New England Way
(con’t)
E. Government and Society in Massachusetts
1.
Massachusetts was organized into self-governing
towns
a.
b.
2.
3.
Each town had a Congregational church and a school
To train an educated ministry, Harvard College was
established in 1636
The freemen of Massachusetts elected their governor
Church government was decentralized
a.
b.
Full church membership was required to vote in colonywide elections
Church and colonial government were intricately linked
V. The New England Way
(con’t)
F. Puritan Liberties
1. Puritans defined liberties by social rank,
producing a rigid hierarchical society justified
by God’s will
2. The Body of Liberties affirmed the rights of
free speech and assembly and equal
protection for all
VI. New England Divided
A. Roger Williams
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A young Puritan minister, Williams preached that any citizen
ought to be free to practice whatever form of religion he chose
Williams believed that it was essential to separate church and
state
Williams was banished from Massachusetts in 1636 and he
established Rhode Island
Rhode Island was truly a beacon of religious freedom and
democratic government
Other former members of Massachusetts included New Haven
and Hartford, which joined to become the colony of Connecticut
in 1662
VI. New England Divided (con’t)
B. The Trials of Anne Hutchinson
1.
2.
Hutchinson was a well-educated, articulate woman
who charged that nearly all the ministers in
Massachusetts were guilt of faulty preaching
Hutchinson was placed on trial in 1637 for sedition
a.
b.
3.
On trial she spoke of divine revelations
She and her followers were banished
As seen with Williams and Hutchinson, Puritan New
England was a place of religious persecution
a.
b.
Quakers were hanged in Massachusetts
Religious tolerance violated “moral liberty”
VI. New England Divided (con’t)
C. Puritans and Indians
1.
2.
Colonial leaders had differing opinions about the
English right to claim Indian land
To New England’s leaders, the Indians represented
both savagery and temptation
a.
b.
3.
The Connecticut General court set a penalty for anyone
who chose to live with the Indians
No real attempt to convert the Indians was made by the
Puritans in the first two decades
Colonists warred against the Pequots in 1637,
exterminating the tribe
VII.
The New England
Economy
A. Merchants
1. Most migrants were textile craftsmen and
farmers
2. Fishing and timber were exported, but the
economy centered on family farms
3. Per capita wealth was equally distributed
compared to the Chesapeake
4. A powerful merchant class rose up, which
occasionally clashed with the church
VII.
The New England
Economy (con’t)
B. The Half-Way Covenant
1. By 1650, the church had to deal with the third
generation of the Great Migration
2. In 1662, the Half-Way Covenant was a
compromise for the grandchildren of the
Great Migration, granting half-way
membership into the church
European Settlement
in the Chesapeake,
ca. 1650
European Settlement
in New England,
ca. 1640
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This concludes the Norton Media Library
Slide Set for Chapter 2
Give Me Liberty!
An American History
by
Eric Foner
W. W. Norton & Company
Independent and Employee-Owned