Transcript Water Management

CASS-Nottingham
Environmental Infrastructure
Workshop, 22 – 24 June, 2005
Water Stress in China:
Shortage and Pollution
CHEN Ying
Research Centre for Sustainable Development (RCSD)
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)
Content
 Natural Endowment of Water Resources
 Increasing Demand for Water Resources
Driven by Industrialization and Urbanization
 Unsustainable Water Utilization
 Overall Objectives of Water Management
 Potential Options to Promote Sustainable
Development by Improving Water
Management
1. Natural Endowment of Water
Resources
m3
45900
50000
40000
Total volume: 2.8Trillion m3
Per capita: 2200 m3
29100
30000
19000
20000
¼ of world
average
level
9600
10000
2200
0
China
US
AUS
RUS
BRA
1.2 Uneven Distribution of Rainfall
Dry/Wet Regions
Annual rainfall
1.3 Frequent Occurrence of Natural
Disasters
 Drought
 Main natural disaster in northern China
 Even in southern China, some regions may be
suffered from drought in the driest months
Hainan Province
Hunan Province
 Flood
In most areas, precipitation of
the four wettest months take up
about 70% of the annual total,
often resulting in flooding.
2005-6-11
1999
2001
1.4 Severe Soil Erosion
 Soil Erosion takes place
in an area of 3.56million
km2, about 37% of the
total land area in China
 Annual quantity of soil
eroded reaches 5 billion
tons.
Upstream of Yellow River
across Hexi Corridor
2.1 Water Use Pattern
63.1
8
Agr.
Ind.
117.7
Res.
343.3
(64%)
Total: 532 billion m3 Water Use in 2003
Eco.
2. Increasing Demand for Water
Resources Driven by Industrialization
and Urbanization
 During 1952-2002:
 GDP increased 40 times, GDP per capita up 17
times;
 Water use increased 4.3 times, water use per
capita 1.3 times higher;
 Water demand projections for 2020:
Agr.%
Ind. %
Res. %
Eco. %
Scenario I:
595.5 b. m3
54.6
26.4
15.1
3.9
Scenario II:
663.5 b. m3
60.3
22.6
13.6
3.5
3. Unsustainable Water Utilization
 Low efficiency of water use
Agricultural irrigation: water use coefficiency is only 0.4-0.5 in China comparing
to 0.7-0.8 in developed countries;
Industry: 24.1 m3 water /1000 RMB industrial
production, about 5-10 times that in developed
countries; water consumption per ton steel
produced 4-6 times higher than developed
countries
3. Unsustainable Water Utilization
 Water pollution
4.6%
27.9%
Grade I
20.9%
Grade II
Grade III
Grade IV
8.7%
16.3%
21.6%
Grade V
inferior Grade V
Water quality monitoring for 7 rivers in 2004
3. Unsustainable Water Utilization
 Waste of water
 Leakage of water supply pipes can be 5-10%,
some up to 15-17%;
 Over-extracted underground water
 Cones of depressions
 Dry wells
 Seawater intrusions
 Land subsidence
4. Overall Objectives of Water
Management
 To guarantee access to safety
drinking water for human health;
 Water supply under threats in urban
area;
 360 million people in rural area lack of
safety drinking water, 190 million
people suffer from drinking water
harmful to their health;
4. Overall Objectives of Water
Management
 To mitigate disasters of drought and flood
 To guarantee food security;
 To promote economic development;
 To protect ecological environment;
 Yellow River going dry
5. Potential Options to Promote
Sustainable Development by Improving
Water Management
 Water transfer?
 Waste water treatment?
 Water saving?
5.1 South-to-North Water
Transfer Project
 Three routes (east, middle and
west) connecting four major rivers
to form a new pattern of water
resource allocation (4 latitudinal
and 3 longitudinal);
 44.8 billion m3 by 2050, equivalent
to the annual usable quantity of
water resources of Yellow River;
 13.4 billion m3 for Phase I to relieve
water shortage in Beijing, Tianjin
and cities in eastern Shandong
Province;
 High costs lead to high price
5.2 Waste Water Treatment
 Among water pollution control projects of main river
basins in the tenth “Five-year-plan”, only 32% finished,
28% under construction and 40% not started;
 Some newly built waste water treatment facilities rarely
operate;
Invested 79 million, Upstream of
Three Gorges
Wei River
5.2 Waste Water Treatment
 Despite some
successful pilot
projects, the use of
treated water from
wastewater
treatment plant has
been very limited;
Some Key Elements of Efficient
Water Management System
 Public awareness
 Legislation
 Technology
 Economic incentives
 Integrated management
Water Pricing System Reform
 Beijing planned to introduce progressive
water prices but finally delayed to
implement;
Public Hearing
Integrated management
 Coordinating interests between
 Agricultural irrigation, industrial and
residential uses;
 Upstream and downstream;
 Surface and underground water
 Water quantity and water quality
 Seven “River Commissions”, as bureaus of
the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR)
were sep up to take this responsibility.
Email: [email protected]