Transcript Consumer Activism and PSP

NEPAL
WASH Sector Assessment
December 2, 2011
Andreas Knapp on behalf of
Independent Consultant Team
1
Contents of Presentation
Background
Policy assessment
Institutional assessment
Financial assessment
Sanitation and hygiene
Reform options
Investment priorities
Proposed Immediate next steps for
discussion
2
Background – Why this assessment (1)
 fragmented
sector
institutions with
overlapping
responsibilities
 a project focus
with a range of
project
implementation
modalities
3
Background – Why this assessment (2)
 lack of coherent results framework to
assess sector performance and
equitable targeting of resources
 insufficient, uncoordinated and
unpredictable sector financial flows
from central to local levels
 inadequate information and inaccurate
analysis of current service levels
 a tremendous growth of non-state
actors, supported by diverse off-budget
funding streams
4
Policy assessment
Successful sector reforms comprise three stages:
• Setting policy through political statements,
strategies and the like;
• Creating instrumentation (laws, regulations,
capable institutions, hardware, software,
trained staff to implement policies; and
• Implementing policies in a consistent
manner, with strong political support.
Assessment: NEPAL WASH policies are
satisfactory but the instrumentation and
consistent implementation have been missing
5
Policy assessment
Key policies of the Government include:
• District Development Committee (DDC) is
the prime agency for local planning with
input from Village Development Committees;
• DDCs will implement, coordinate and
monitor rural water supply and sanitation;
• Water User and Sanitation Committees
(WUSC) will operate the rural WSS systems;
• Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
(DWSS) will gradually phase out its direct
implementation of rural WSS schemes.
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Institutional assessment
The Institutional environment:
• Multiple organizations implementing WSS
systems with competing modalities
• Duplication of effort and waste of resources
Operations & Maintenance:
• receiving less than building new systems
• uneconomic sector development since 45% of
existing systems require major repairs,
rehabilitation or reconstruction.
• Adequate annual maintenance can maintain
system capacity at 20% the cost of new
construction.
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Reinvestment every few years
Functionality
100%
0%
Regular investments
Functional
ity
100%
<5
years
0%
> 15 years
Institutional assessment
The Institutional environment: District level
• Expected convergence of efforts by multiple
agencies has not happened
• District WASH plans are not prepared
• DWASHCC marginally functional
• Resource allocation disaggregated and no
evidence for proper targeting
• No unity of command
9
Institutional assessment
The Institutional Processes:
• Information flows must improve, and
collected data must be analyzed and used
• Inter-organizational coordination and
collaboration need become better
• Different modalities use different practices.
10
Institutional assessment
Comparison of Modalities: Cost effectiveness
Modality
Per capita cost, US$
• Fund Board
37
• DWSS Rural
42
• DoLIDAR Rural
54
• DWSS Urban
61
Caveat: Cost comparisons are not statistically significant
given varying geographic and hydraulic conditions, cost
calculation methodologies, cohorts of schemes, and size
of communities
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Institutional assessment
Comparison of Modalities: Functionality
Modality
• Fund Board
• DWSS Rural
• DoLIDAR Rural
• DWSS Urban
Functionality of schemes
97%-100%, self-reported
but is likely much lower
Uncertain
High, self-reported
Uncertain
The consultants question the self-reported numbers by
Fund Board. NMIP reports that 45% of existing systems
require major repairs, rehabilitation, or reconstruction.
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Institutional assessment
• Identification and activation of mechanisms to
strengthen the implementing agencies at the
District level: DWASHCC
• Enhancing the Capacity of the DWASHCC in
planning, implementing, and Monitoring &
Evaluation
• The District (or their regional successors in a
future federal state) should have primacy
• The Finnish rural WSS projects have
implemented the District-based policy in 9 out
of Nepal’s 75 districts with primacy given to
communities and districts.
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Institutional assessment
Agency shares in WASH funds flow*
Period
TYIP
Actual
2010-11
Agency
2011-12
2012-13
Estimated Allocation
DWSS
64%
59%
78%
FUND
BOARD
19%
19%
5%
NWSC
3%
3%
2%
TOWN
DEVELOPM
ENT FUND
4%
5%
6%
MLD
10%
14%
9%
100%
100%
100%
Source :DWSS, MPPW, GoN;
*the funds flow does not include Melamchi, Kathmandu valley and Bagamati
Civilisation Integrated Development Committee related funds.
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Financial assessment
• The share of foreign aid was 54% in 2008/09.
• Concessionary loans were 92% of foreign
financing
• Many other donors support the sector, but
their assistance is not reflected in the
government red book. Water Aid estimates
their financing for 2008/09 as Rs. 716,000
million (14% of total sector financing)
Assessment: There is a need to make reporting
uniform and monitor the off-budget
financing.
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Sanitation and Hygiene
Wealth Quintile Analysis (NDHS-2006)
Poorest
100
100
2nd
100
3rd
100
4th
100
80
80
80
80
80
60
60
60
60
60
40
40
40
40
40
Richest
57
20
0
20
20
20
20
9
0
0
0
0
1995
2008
1995
2008 1995
2008 1995
2008 1995
2008
Open defecation
Open defecation
Open defecation
Open defecation
Open defecation
Unimproved facilities Unimproved facilities Unimproved facilities Unimproved facilities Unimproved facilities
Improved facilities
Improved facilities
Improved facilities
Improved facilities
Improved facilities
Reform Options - Institutional
The National Water Supply and
Sanitation Coordination Committee
(NWSSCC) with appropriate authority and
chaired by the Minister of MPPW
All the implementation activities should be
centered on the district. The DCC with
support of the DWASHCC should be the
main planning and implementation body –
Primacy of the District and all schemes
to be part of the D-WASH plan
Reform Options - institutional
All the relevant technical capacity for
implementation support at the district level
should be available at the WSSDO (future
WASH office at District level)
The Local Development officer (LDO)
should be the single point authority to
coordinate all the planning, implementation,
and monitoring activity in the WASH sector
with the technical support of the WSSDO.
Reform Options - financial
All the water sector funds to be
transferred based on the DWASH plan to
the DDF directly from MoF.
Establishment of a (Maintenance and)
Rehabilitation Fund but link annual
customer contributions to the revalued fixed
assets of each WUSC (2% of fixed assets)
Establishment of a WASH financial
database at District and National level
Reform Options: Sanitation and
Hygiene
Develop SWAP out of Master Plan –
multi sectoral effort
Develop simplified guidelines for
Sanitation and hygiene planning at
district – VDC and Municipal levels
LDO to take the lead for the multi
sectoral H&S program(health, educ…)
Firm up government allocations for
implementation of district, VDC and
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Municipal sanitation action plans
Proposed priority Programs
1. The National Hygiene and Sanitation
Program as a top priority, multi-sectoral
effort and to be financed as a Sector Wide
Approach Program (SWAP) – 120 Mill USD
2. The National Functionality Program to
provide both convenience and health
benefits – 180 Mill USD
3. The National Water Quality Program is
being prepared by DWSS – 10 Mill USD.
Suggested follow up Action
MPPW to take the lead with coordinated
support from Development partners to
formulate a coherent National results
framework and WASH program document
in line with proposed National Priority
Program components and NPPR 2011
recommendations
More in depths work on comparative
analysis of implementation and financing
modalities and system functionality to
inform future harmonized program
Suggested follow up Action
Accelerate implementation of the H&S
master plan – establish all institutional
mechanisms foreseen in the master plan
Establish NWSCC with SEIU as a
secretariat to oversee the reform process
Provide harmonized technical assistance
to Districts (DWSS lead role) and revitalize
D-WASH CC to prepare and implement DWASH plans
Implement Joint Sector
Review recommendations…