Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS –

Funded by: European Commission – DG Research (2010 – 2015) Nicola Pirrone (*) Alessandra Fino and Marco Strincone

CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research Rome, Italy (*) GMOS Coordinator

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

Mercury Transformations in Atmosphere & at the air/water/snow/soil Interfaces

h

v

Hg(0) Hg(0) Long-range transport Local Soil Emission/ Biomass burning Hg(0) deposition h

v

Hg p Wet/Dry Deposition Hg(II) h

v

Industry Hg(II) Reduction

(II) Soil and vegetation

BrCl + h

v

Br 2 + h

v

 Br/Cl  2Br Br/Cl + O 3  BrO/ClO + Hg BrO/ClO + O 0  BrOH/ClOH + Hg 0 2Br/2Cl + Hg 0   H HgBr 2 2 Br/Cl + HgO Br/HCl + HgO /HgCl 2 Cl 2 /Br 2 Hg(0) h

v

h

v

Surface microbes fish food web Hg(II)/ aerosols

(III) Sea Ice/ snow

XHgCH 3 zooplankton

(I) Water/lakes/Ocean CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

Global Mercury Emissions

Natural 5118 Volcanoes 90 Forest fires 672 Forest & agriculture 1674 Anthropogenic 2320 Oceans 2682

Global Emission (2008): 7438 Mg yr

-1 Source: Pirrone et al. ACP, 2010 CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

Why Anthropogenic Emissions Shall Be Regulated

-

Emissions from Natural Sources/Processes cannot be regulated/controlled whereas the Anthropogenic ones can be.

-

Depending on the latitude and time of the year, Natural sources release mostly Hg(0), whereas Anthropogenic sources may release all Hg species in % that depends on the source type;

-

With the exception of Volcanoes, natural sources are primarily diffuse/areal sources whereas primarily point sources



anthropogenic sources are different impact areas;

-

Emissions from natural sources/processes are strongly dependent on meteorological conditions (time of the year) and latitudes whereas Emissions from anthropogenic sources are not; …….

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

Trends and Global Hg-background Concentrations

Chemical analysis of lake sediments, ice cores and peat deposits from both hemispheres indicates about a threefold increase of mercury deposition since pre industrial times

• •

In the Northern Hemisphere



1.5 to 1.7 ng m -3 In the Southern Hemisphere



1.1 to 1.3 ng m -3

Key Sources:

Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H., and Dommergue, A. (2010)

Worldwide atmospheric mercury measurements: a review and synthesis of spatial and temporal trends

. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 8245-8265.

Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X., Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E. and Seigneur C. (2007)

A Synthesis of Progress and Uncertainties in Attributing the Sources of Mercury in Deposition. Ambio,

Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.19-32.

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

What is needed to Policy

  

A Global Mercury Observation System able to provide continuous information on mercury concentrations and fluxes in and between the atmospheric, marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.

Validated regional and global scale atmospheric and marine models as well as socio-economic models An International Observatory with the mandate to provide support to Policy Makers in the implementation of strategies and best practices to:



Reduce the use of mercury for many industrial and commercial applications and practices;



Promote a safe storage of excess mercury at country or regional level;



Support the implementation and future verification of the LBI (or Treaty or Convention) at regional and continental scales;



Run scenario analysis of different reduction strategies in order to meet the requirements of international legislation on mercury pollution control and monitoring.

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS Goal

To establish a

Global Observation System for Mercury

able to provide ambient concentrations and deposition fluxes of mercury species around the world, by combining observations from permanent ground based stations, and from oceanographic and tropospheric measurement campaigns.

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS Overarching Objectives

 To validate regional and global scale

systems atmospheric mercury modelling

able to predict the temporal variations and spatial distributions of ambient concentrations of atmospheric mercury, and Hg fluxes to and from terrestrial and aquatic receptors.

 To evaluate and identify

source-receptor relationships

at country scale and their temporal trends for current and projected scenarios of mercury emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources.

 To develop

interoperable tools

to allow the sharing of observational and models output data produced by GMOS, for the purposes of research and policy development and implementation as well as at enabling societal benefits of Earth observations, including advances in scientific understanding in the nine Societal Benefit Areas (SBA) established in GEOSS.

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

Innovative Aspects of GMOS

     The outcomes of

key GMOS will support the achievement of goals and objectives of international programs

including the GEO Task HE-09-02d “Global Observation System for Mercury”, the UNEP F&T, and TF HTAP of the UNECE LRTAP convention.

For the first time, a coordinated

Global Mercury Observation System

will be established which will include observations from continuous ground-based stations, ad-hoc over-water observation programs, and aircraft-based tropospheric programs.

For the first time

vertical profiles of tropospheric mercury concentrations

at different latitudes and time of the year will be provided by coordinating the efforts of GMOS with those of other on-going international programs in Europe and North America (i.e., CARIBIC, NAAMEX).

For the first time a

models full validation of global and regional scale atmospheric

will be performed on the basis of observations that are representative of different regions, locations of natural and anthropogenic sources, terrestrial and aquatic receptors, and atmospheric transport patterns.

For the first time

fully validated

regional and global scale atmospheric models, will be used to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of ambient concentrations, and re emission rates from and deposition fluxes to aquatic and terrestrial receptors for

different scenarios of mercury emissions

at regional and global scales.

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS Observation Program GMOS will include the following observation programs:

 Ground-Based Observation System  Oceanographic Observation program which will include:   

Cruises over the Pacific Ocean Cruises over the Atlantic Ocean Cruises over the Mediterranean and North/Baltic Seas

 Aircraft program which will include: 

Intercontinental Flights in the Upper Troposphere / Lower Stratosphere



Regional scale flights in Europe (and likely also in USA) up to the mid Troposphere CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

Overall GMOS Strategy

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

WP Leaders within GMOS

WP no.

Work Package Partner Country Work Package Leader 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Coordination Current and future global emissions Ground-based Observation System Over-water observation system Aircraft-Based Tropospheric Program Integration of GMOS with Other Programs Global Scale Atmospheric Modelling Regional Scale Atmospheric Modelling GMOS Interoperable System Dissemination CNR-IIA NILU CNR-IIA JSI GKSS IVL MSC-E GKSS CNR-IIA CNR-IIA Italy Norway Italy Slovenia Germany Sweden Russia Germany Italy Italy Nicola Pirrone Jozef Pacyna Francesca Sprovieri Milena Horvat Ralf Ebinghaus John Munthe Oleg Travnikov Volker Matthias Sergio Cinnirella Nicola Pirrone CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS Ground-Based Observation System - 40 stations will be established in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS Ground-Based Observation System CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS External Partners

- As part of the GMOS Scientific Advisory Board -

Representatives of existing regional programs and networks: AMNet, USA NADP, USA-Canada Storm Pick Station (CO), USA Mauna Loa (Hawaii), USEPA, USA Mt. Bachelor station (WA), USA Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan Kangwa Island, Korea ....more sites during project development…..

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

More info at: http://evk2.isac.cnr.it/ 1. Power provided by solar cells (96 photovoltaic panels and 120 electric storage cells) 2. Station is remote controlled from CNR and CNRS labs.

3. Logistics managed by EvK2CNR.

4. NCO-P in operation since March 2006 (ABC, GAW, Aeronet, CEOP)

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS Oceanographic Program

- Cruises over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS Aircraft-Based Program

- Intercontinental flights in the UTLS CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-90 l

= 85ºW

B4. Global and regional modelling of Hg

Global Hg concentration and deposition levels

2.5

l

= 10 є E North America Europe

2.0

-60 -30

Ensemble mean estimates of Hg 0

1.5

concentration in air

1.0

0 Latitude 30 60 90 0.5

0.0

-90 -60 -30 0 Latitude 30 60 90 2.5

l

= 150ºW

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-90 -60 -30

Pacific Ocean

0 Latitude CTM-Hg 30 60 GEOS-Chem 90 GRAHM GLEMOS 4.0

l

= 110ºE

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

-90 -60 CMAQ-Hg -30

East Asia

0 Latitude ECHMERIT 30

Source

: Travnikov, O. et al. (2010) Chapter 4. In: TF HTAP Report, Part B: Mercury (N. Pirrone and T. Keeting, Eds.) 60

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

90

B4. Global and regional modelling of Hg

Global Hg concentration and deposition levels

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

Hg 0 concentration

0.0

Eu Arc ro pe tic & N .Af

N ric ort a h Am eri ca Ea st As ia So ut h As ia Af So ric ut a h Au Am st ra eri lia ca & O ce an N ia ort h At la nt ic Pa ci fic CTM-Hg GEOS-Chem GRAHM 50 40 30

Hg deposition

20 10 0 Eu Arc ro pe tic & N .Af

N ric ort a h Am eri ca Ea st As ia So ut h As ia Af So ric ut a h Au Am st ra eri lia ca & O ce an N ia ort h At la nt ic Pa ci fic GLEMOS CMAQ-Hg ECHMERIT  

The differences between models are largest in the regions of sparse measurements (e.g. oceans, the Arctic, South Asia, and Africa) The largest uncertainty of simulated atmospheric deposition of Hg is associated with dry deposition

Source

: Travnikov, O. et al. (2010) Chapter 4. In: TF HTAP Report, Part B: Mercury (N. Pirrone and T. Keeting, Eds.)

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

B4. Global and regional modelling of Hg

Source attribution for Hg deposition

30 25 20 15 10 5

Europe

0 G EO S -C he m G R AH M G LE M O S C M AQ -H g Europe North America 30 25 20 15 10 5

North America

30 25 20 15 10 5

East Asia

0 G EO S -C he m G R AH M G LE M O S C M AQ -H g East Asia South Asia Other 0 G EO S -C he m G R AH M G LE M O S C M AQ -H g Natural & re-emission

Multi-model source attribution study provides consistent estimates of source relative contributions despite the significant differences in emissions and chemistry between the models. Source:

Travnikov, O. et al. (2010) Chapter 4. In: TF HTAP Report, Part B: Mercury (N. Pirrone and T. Keeting, Eds.)

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

Impact on Marine Ecosystems

Intercontinental transport from major hydrographic circulation patterns in the oceans Figure 5.6. Surface water total mercury concentrations in the North Pacific Ocean.

Source

: Sunderland et al. [2009]

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

State of the art: GMOS SDI

RDBMS Server Server Client Portal Metadata Output ...

PostGIS

Geoserver

GeoInt OpenLayers Client Application CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS Interoperable Architecture

(based on SWE) GMOS Station 1 GMOS Station 2 .....

GMOS Station n AQUIRE OBSERVATIONS FROM Security and Geo Right Management Pre Processing!

 

HTTP Mobile (GMS/UMTS)



................

SOS, SWE, WPS Components

     

Output: Desktop GIS ( uDig, ArcMap ....

) SWE Thin Client Web Gis ( OpenLayers,...

) Metadata ISO 19115, CS-W 2.0.2

OGC Web Services ( WMS, WFS, WPS, SOS..

) SMS, ....

Core Node Storage System Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

GMOS

Impact

180° 160°W 140°W 120°W 100°W 80°W 60°W 40°W Alert (210) 20°W 0° 20°E 40°E * Station Nord (310) Ny Alesund (550) Pallas (560) 60°E 80°E 100°E 120°E 140°E 160°E 80°N 60°N Arctic Circle 40°N 20°N Tropic of Cancer Mauna Loa (3397) 0° Mt. Bachelor (2743) Storm Peak (4086) M. Head (5) Monte Rosa (4554) Mèze (5) Cape Verde (10) Paramaribo (23) Manaus (45) Råö (5) Waldhof-Langenbrügge (74) Iskrba (520) Longobucco (1379) EV-K2 (5050) Listvyanka (560) Mt. Changbai (736) Kanghwa (88) Waliguan (3816) ( Okinawa (498) Lulin (LABS) (2862) Kodaikanal (2343) Mt. Kenya (3678) 180° 80°N 60°N 40°N 20°N 0° 20°S Tropic of Capricorn 20°S 40°S Bariloce (840) Cape Point (230) Amsterdam Island (70) Cape Grim (94) 40°S 60°S Antarctic Circle 80°S 180° Unprojected Central Meridian: 0.00

160°W 140°W 120°W 100°W 80°W 60°W 40°W 20°W Master station manged by GMOS partner (m a.s.l.) Master station manged by Outside Partner (m a.s.l.) Secondary station manged by GMOS partner (m a.s.l.) 0° 20°E 40°E 60°E

GMOS

80°E 60°S Dumont d'Urville (40) 100°E 120°E 140°E 160°E 180° 80°S

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)

Web Processing Service Users

•

Nearcast

•

Forecast

•

.....

Decisors

.....

•

Scenarios

•

Directives

•

…..

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it

Update on GMOS progress is available at...

www.gmos.eu

the official GMOS web portal provides all the information concerning the project development, interoperable system, field campaigns, atmospheric modelling and major findings and press releases

Thanks

CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it