Transcript Risk Assessment for Methyl Isocyanate Inhalation Exposure

Case study #1: “Medical Mystery”
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Background:
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10yr old Active, healthy male
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SYMPTOMS:
•
General Malaise, always in pain, joints hurt, developed Juvenile
Arthritis
•
Severe headaches; unable to attend school
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Extremely tired, drowsiness, apathy and general weakness
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Loss of appetite, losing weight; when ate food/water got severe
stomach cramps
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Lost urge to thrive, listless, just laid in bed all day
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Blood work: elevated TA1 cells , decreased B lymocytes, markers for
autobodies
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rheumatoid arthritis markers
Result:
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Saw 9 specialists at Children's and UW : “flu”
Risk Assessment for the
Exposure to Isocyanates (in carpets)
Methyl Isocyanate
Isocyanate Monitoring System
By Vickie Carper & Mary Tseng
What are Isocyanates?
The Compound
Where they’re found:
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Isocyanate molecules have the functional
group -N=C=O.
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Carpets (newly installed)
Upholstery
Foam
Mattresses
Paints/Auto finish
Surface coatings (laminates)
Adhesives
Stake Holders
Stake Holders
Who is at Risk?
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Carpet Industry
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Americans/Everyone
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Consumers
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Children and Infants
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Health Department
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Adults
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EPA
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Carpet Layers
Dream HOME ?
“I wanted the house to be so nice, and then I poisoned my son with it.”
Partial list of Some of the Over 200
Chemicals Found in Manufactured Carpet
(provided by a carpet manufacturer)
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ethylbenzene
formaldehyde
methacrylate acid
methyl methacrylate
acrylic oligomers
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
xylenes
4-phenylcyclohexene
acetonitrile
azulene
benzene
biphenyl
2-butyloctanol-1
cyclopentadiene-ethenyl2-ethylene
1,3,5-cycloheptatriene
1-chloronaphthalene
diphenyl ether
dodecane
1,4dihydroxyacenophthene
ethylxylene
1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene
hexadecanol
hexamethylene triamine
1-h-indene
1-methylnaphthalene
2-methylnaphthalene
1-methyl-3 propylbenzene
2-methyl-4-tridecene
5-methyltridecane
octadecenyl amine (oleylamine)
oxarium
polyacrylates
1-phenylcyclopentanol
2-propylheptanol
phthalic esters
styrene
1,2,3,-trimethylbenzene
1,2,4,-trimethylbenzene
tetradecene
2,3,7-trimethyldecane
undecane,2,6-dimethyl
*By selecting Green Label Plus carpet or adhesive, you are assured one of the lowest
emitting products on the market, and you may be able to earn LEED or
Green Guide for Health Care points.
!! HAZARDS!!
Symptoms associated with exposure to the chemicals
(provided by industrial hygienists)
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eye irritation
•rash or itching
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throat cancer
•hair loss
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blurred vision
•weight loss or gain
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eyes sensitive to light
•
throat irritation
•
loss of voice
•
cough
•
dry or thirsty mouth
•
lips burning
•
tongue burning
nose burning or bleeding
loss or increase of smell
moodiness
respiratory tract irritation
•
•
•
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•flu-like symptoms
•aggravated asthma
•aggravated allergies
•joint pain
•muscular aches
•abdominal pain
•memory loss
•poor concentration
•nervous system
disorders
•unusual depression
•Irritability
•headaches
•dizziness,
•disorientation
•vomiting
•nausea
•chest pains
•shortness of breath
•irregular heart beat
•high blood pressure
•drowsiness
•unusual fatigue
•chemical sensitivity
•jerking in sleep
•menstrual irregularities
•sexual dysfunction
Chemical
Health Effects
Benzene, formaldehyde, ethyl
benzene, styrene, acetone
CANCER
4-PC (used in the latex backing of
95% of US carpets)
Eye, nose and upper respiratory
problems
Scotchgard (perflouro-octanyl
salphonate)
Reproductive problems in rats
Naphthalene (mothproofing chemicals) Produce toxic reactions, especially in
newborns
PBDE’s (fire retardants)
Damage to thyroid, immune system
and brain development functions in
humans
Catastrophic Chemical Leak and Explosion
Bhopal, India 1984
Bhopal Gas Tragedy – Dec. 3, 1984
Cause
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Union Carbide India Limited
plant
Water deliberately
introduced into methyl
isocyanate tank, forced gas
leak to relieve pressure
Mixed with other gases,
ignited and exploded
Sabotage?
Effect
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3, 800 people died
Thousands left with
permanent or partial
disabilities
Union Carbide paid around
$0.5 billion
Indian government paid a
$327 million settlement to
victims
Bhopal, India Gas Leak Disaster 1984
Cauldron of Chemical Soup
Toxic “ Cocktail ”
BENZENE
C-8
acetonitrile
Isocyanates
PFC’s
PFOA
P.B.D.E.
Micron(pesticide)
Case study #2:
Mr. Braithwaite:
-Started laying carpets at 10 with father
-Disabled at 39 yrs. old
-Father died of lung cancer at 58
Symptoms:
-severe concentration problems
-memory loss
-ringing in his ears
-erratic heartbeats
-shortness of breath
-recurring nosebleeds
-coordination problems
-gastrointestinal problems
-numbness in lower arms/hands.
Neurological testing:
-SPECT scan verified damage to his brain
- Doctors convinced solvents/other chemicals
in carpets/glues he worked with are cause
Case Study #2: (cont.)
• Dad died of lung cancer when he was 58
• Another carpet layer, a good friend died same way
• Many carpet layers in our area died of cancer
• Developed other serious health problems when they were
relatively young
"I want to know the names of all the chemicals I have been working
with for the past twenty plus years. I should have a legal right to
know what has been poisoning me," he says. "I want to know
why I was never given any warnings about any of this all the
years I laid carpet.
•how many other families?
• how many little children made seriously ill?
•before the CRI honestly admits to the problem and stops putting
out products that place people at risk?“
Case Study #3:
Exposure: foam mattress
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Worked at a foam mattress factory, the chemicals used are quite nasty
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Main chemical to worry about: TDI, which I believe is from the isocyanate
family
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Remnants of this chemical remain in the mattress
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Have regular drills in case of a spill or a leakage. The gas given off by this chemical
was odorless and lethal
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Carry a gas mask
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Sirens during leakage
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100 yards long ventilation warehouse, emergency exits every 10 yards to escape!!
http://cr4.globalspec.com/thread/3496/Memory-Foam-or-Foamy-Memory
Case Study #4
10 month boy, Christopher, on the carpet.
• Went into strange seizure-like reaction
• Upper body tensed up, arms started shaking, and his jaw moved
awkwardly
• Doctors ruled out multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, and tumors
• "tremors of unknown origin"
• Doctors tried drugs but didn't stop the tremors.
• Parents had carpet tested in a lab: “the mice were rolling over and shaking just
like Christopher
• Ripped out the carpet, the tremors stopped.
Testing on Christopher showed:
• Immune system damage consistent with chemicals exposure,
• Autoimmune disease, myelin in his nervous system -- a sign of nerve tissue
damage
Our Own Risk Assessment
Chronic Human Respiratory and
Immune Exposure to Isocyanates
0.004
0.0035
0.0035
0.00305
0.003
0.0026
PPM
0.0025
0.002
Respiratory NOAEL
0.0015
Respiratory LOAEL
Immune LOAEL
0.001
0.0006
0.0005
0.000305
0.00026
0.00006
0
0
5
10
Years
15
20
Isocyanates Inhalation Exposure
Human
Immune
NOAEL.
.0006ppm
=
.oo14mg/
m3
Human
Resp.
NOAEL
.0002ppm
=.0061
mg/m3
Conversions for human Inhalation
Exposure
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1 ppm = 2.34 mg/m3
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1 mg/m3 = .4274 ppm
Example:
LOAEL for respiratory system is .0006ppm
.0006ppm x 1mg/m3/.4274 ppm =.0014mg/m3
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NOAEL / Uncertainty Factors
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NIOSH REL & OSHA PEL
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0.05 mg/m3 = 50ug/m3
Human Immune NOAEL
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0.0014mg/m3 = 1.4ug/m3
Uncertainty Factors:
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Human variability: 3
Children: 10
Subchronic to chronic
extrapolation: 3
Database uncertainty: 10
TOTAL UNCERTAINTY: x 900
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Human Respiratory NOAEL
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Use: 50ug/m3 NIOSH REL/OSHA
PEL
0.0061mg/m3 = 6.1ug/m3
50ug/m3 / 900 = 0.06ug/m3
Precautionary Risk Assessment
Hazard, Community, Exposure Issues
Community/Social Issues
Parameter
Score
G = Goal
3 – does NOT move forward the goal of
human and environmental health
N = Need
3 – we do NOT need this
F = Future generations
3 – there is VERY HIGH potential impact
on future generations
D = Democratic community based
process
3 – hardly anyone knows about the risks
and hazards
A = Alternatives
3 – some companies switched out
formaldehyde for isocyanates...
Total
15/15 – NOT SUPPORTIVE OF
HEALTH OR COMMUNITY
Exposure Issues
Parameters
Score
E = Exposure
1 – we have LITTLE control over
exposure from carpets
M = Multiple exposure
3 – very WIDE range of chemicals in
carpets
Ch = Children exposed
5 – children, especially infants are at the
greatest risk, in their breathing zone
CP = Consumer products
3 – carpets are in almost every
home/work place, and many other
products
O = Occupational exposure
3 – insocyanates are everywhere
F = Food exposure
0 – not found in food
Total
15/20 – serious concern
Hazard/Toxicity Issues
Parameters
Score
H = Hazard
10 – very toxic, very hazardous
IS = Individual sensitivity
3 – young children, infants sick within a
couple hours
EC = Ecological hazard
3 – same health effects seen in mammalian
studies
V = Volume
5 – extreme concentrations in carpets
P = Persistent
3 – extremely high concentrations even
after 240 hours w/ ventilation
B = Bioaccumulation
2 – some, most neurotoxins
UC = Uncertainty
2 – not very much official research, but
many real-life case studies
Total
28/30 – LIKE SO
HAZARDOUS!!
Assessment/Exposures: using BioMarkers
notes from Dr.Costa’s lecture Feb 10, 2010
Adverse Affects:
• Nervous system, O2 and glucose requirements
•
Memory loss
•
Cognitive Impairment
Humans now have this “ neurotox index”. Neurotoxins affect cell to cell interaction
biomarkers: Polymorphisms
On cell surface have structures made out of glycoprotein, that after toxic exposures:
have missing parts. If our body can not replace those missing parts (called
glyconutrients) then it destroys those structures. This is what causes “auto-immune”
(where body attacks itself). It’s a response that a lot of people have and most carpet
layers have.
• sugars that a stressed body can’t make, then have to come from our food, which
can be depleted of these sugars. (Castor).
• Mannose is one of those key sugars, our body uses to repair and restore the cellcell communication. Stop body self-destruction, or auto immune response } .
• 5 of the 8 necessary sugars are present in human breast milk .
* Manifests: chronic fatigue, lupus, fibromyalgia, brain fog, severe headaches,
Multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS), hearing loss, memory loss (see symptom list)
Study of Glycobiology
One solution of toxic exposures
"Carbohydrates are the glue that pulls things together, the cell surface matrix in which cells communicate, and
they provide the connections for signal transduction. It's only been within the last decade that we've realized that
such structures are critical for all kinds of biological function."
ScienceDaily.com- May 15, 2008
In 1996 Harper's Biochemistry, a medical text, introduced "the eight principal sugars found in human
glycoproteins." Eight specific sugars were identified on human cell surface glycoforms which are involved in
cellular recognition processes.
COVER UP:
by the CRI (Carpet Rug Institute)
Green Tag
"The carpet industry has mounted a massively deceptive merchandising campaign
that intentionally mislead the public by implying that all carpets with the green tag
have met safety standards," says New York Attorney General Robert Abrams.
• CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission ) refused to even consider their petition for label warnings
•
• There are no such recognized standards of safety. The Carpet and Rug Institute its own arbitrary
standards.
• CRI's testing program is completely inadequate because it measures only a small percentage of the
chemicals emitted from carpets.
• Manufacturer can get a green tag for an entire product line simply by having one small piece of carpet
tested once a year." One of the carpets to pass the green tag testing is associated with
disabling the members of the Charles Fitzgerald family of West Friendship, Maryland,who were
exposed to it in their lighting store in 1992. When tested by Anderson Labs, the Fitgeralds'
carpet caused gross nervous system abnormalities in mice."
• the government has chosen to sweep this problem under the rug by ignoring the public's health
concerns as well as my request to disseminate meaningful information about potential carpet hazards."
•“Nothing has been proven to date that links carpet and ill health effects," says the
CRI's Kathryn Wise.
Cover up
• new carpet in the EPA headquarters building made over 1000 people ill.
•
Despite its own study, and the removal of 27,000 square yards of carpet from the EPA headquarters
building in 1989, EPA published a public information brochure, "Indoor Air Quality and New Carpet:
What You Should Know,“ which states, "Limited research to date has found no links between adverse
health effects and the levels of chemicals emitted by new carpet.”
•
When EPA returned to its own labs, "instead of duplicating what Anderson labs
did, as they were charged to do at the October '92 carpet hearing, EPA created its
own protocol," bottled air in their own lab and bubbled it through water to add
humidity, the humidity changed the result. After Anderson Labs changed their
protocol to humidify the air in the same manner as EPA had done," we found
it removed the toxic effect as well," said Anderson. When Anderson labs took at
water and exposed the mice to it in the form of a mist. Saw the same neurotoxic
effects from the water, including death, said Anderson.
Recommendation:
• Do not contact the EPA or Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) with the expectation of getting help
with the problem. While they may do good work on other issues, they are in bed with the industry on this issue, so
do not trust anything they say.
• 1986 Duehring founded the
Environmental Access
Research Network (EARN).
•1991, the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease
Registry designated CIIN a
clearinghouse to aid
communities and individuals on
the toxic health effects
associated with low levels of
chemical exposure
• 1994 became Chemical Injury
Information Network (CIIN).
CIIN is a support and advocacy
organization for the benefit of
the chemically injured with over
5,000 members in 35 countries.
Its primary focus is education,
credible research, multiple
chemical sensitivity (MCS), and
the empowerment of the
chemically injured.
CIIN works with
healthcare professionals
and governments in many
countries, and the United
Nations Environment
Program and the
European Union have
both recognized
CIIN/EARN's work.
.
She was awarded
The Right
Livelihood Award
“...for putting her
personal tragedy at
the service of
humanity by helping
others understand
and combat the risks
posed by toxic
chemicals.”
Cindy Duehring
(1962 - 1999)
Researcher, Activist, Writer, Editor
1997 Right Livelihood Award Winner
Resources:
•
To understand how PR techniques are sometimes used to by Monsanto, Dupont and others to con
the general public, please purchase and read the excellent new book: Toxic Sludge is Good For You! (Lies,
Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry by John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton Common Courage
Press, Monroe, Maine (USA), c1995 ISBN 1-56751-061-2 or ISBN 1-56751-060-4 (pbk.) This book will help
you understand what tricks to expect from Monsanto, Dupont, and others as scientists and the general
population recognizes the dangers from exposure to toxic carpeting.
•Doubt is Their Product David Michaels, 2008 by Oxford Press
Peer –reviewed articles and journals are mistakenly presented to be of high quality.Product
defense firms establish their own journals, using their own scientists, that present themselves
to the unwary as independent sources of information and science.
Examples: JOURNAL: Indoor and Built Environment , financed by the tobacco industry to promote
that inadequate ventilation, not second hand smoke, is the problem.
JOURNAL : Regulations, Toxicology and Pharmacology An association dominated by
scientist who work for industry trade groups and consulting firms.
Sources
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www.ciin.org The Chemical Center Information Network
http://www.inspiredliving.com/airpurification/a~toxic-carpets1.htm
http://www.naturalhomeproducts.com/1430chemicals.html Natural
Home Design Center
Journal of nutritional medicine ISSN 0955-6664 Source / Source
1995, vol. 5, no4, pp. 375-386 (24 ref. ) http://webmail.aol.com/30746111/aol-1/en-us/Suite.aspx
CARPET CONCERNS: Carpet Installers Speak Out
As the Medical Evidence Mounts.by Cindy Duehring
http://www.inspiredliving.com/airpurification/a~toxic-carpets2.htm
Methyl Isocyanate.Technology Transfer Network., EPA. November 6,
2007. January 32, 2010. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/methylis.html
Lecture: Sam Castor, On History of Glycoproteins, a New Biology. Feb
19, 2010. Seattle , WA
Lecture: Dr. Costa, UW , Seattle, WA Feb 17, 2010
http://www.glycoscience.co.za/index.htm
http://www.rightlivelihood.org/uploads/tx_templavoila/Kopbilder_Recipients_01.jpg
http://www.holisticmed.com/carpet/ summary of cover-up,examples of disable carpet layers