Transcript Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Managing the Information
Systems Infrastructure
4-1
Google (v.)- …to use the Google
search engine to obtain
information…on the World Wide
Web.
Merriam-Webster
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Learning Objectives
4-2
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge infrastructure.
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Learning Objectives
4-3
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge infrastructure.
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Infrastructure
4-4
Interconnection of basic facilities and services
enabling an area to function properly
Streets
Power, telephone, water, and sewage lines
Schools
Retail stores
Law enforcement
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The IS Infrastructure
4-5
Google’s newest data center—The Dalles, OR
Why there?
Fiber-optic network
connectivity
Access to water for
cooling needs
Cheap, uninterrupted
power from a nearby
hydroelectric dam
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Components of an IS Infrastructure
4-6
Businesses rely on a functioning information
systems infrastructure
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Learning Objectives
4-7
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge infrastructure.
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Key Elements of Information
Systems Hardware
4-8
Input Devices
Used to enter
information into a
computer
Processing Devices
Transform inputs into
outputs.
Output Devices
Deliver information to
users in a usable
format
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Input: Mouse and Keyboard
Output: Monitor
Processing: CPU
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Input Technologies
4-9
Entering text and numbers: keyboard
Selecting and pointing: mouse, touch screen,
touch pad
Entering batch data: scanner, bar code reader
Entering audio and video: microphone, digital
camera
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Processing Technologies
4-10
Binary Code
Machine Language—the language computers understand
Binary or base-2 math (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on)
Bits
Bytes
ASCII (American
Standard Code
for Information
Interchange)
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4-11
System unit: houses all components
CPU: Microprocessor, processor, chip
Responsible for performing all of the operations of
the computer
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU):
Perform math and logical
operations
Control unit:
Fetch program instructions
Decode instructions
Retrieve data
Store results
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Moore’s Law
4-12
In the 1970s Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel
hypothesized that processing performance
would double every eighteen months
Reduction of
feature size
1960s:
20 microns
Today:
.032 micron
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Primary Storage
4-13
For temporary storage to support computer
processing
Registers and cache (volatile)
Store data for immediate use by the CPU
Random-access memory (RAM) (volatile)
Store programs and data currently in use
Read-only memory (ROM) (nonvolatile)
Store programs and data automatically loaded when the
computer is turned on
Basis input/output system (BIOS)
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Secondary Storage
4-14
Nonvolatile storage for permanently storing data
Large capacity
Example: Hard disk, CD-ROM disk
EEPROM: Electrically erasable programmable memory
Flash memory
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Output Devices: Video Output
4-15
Used to display information from a computer
Monitors
Projectors
Video card (graphics card)
Tells monitor which dots to activate
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Printers and Plotters
4-16
Plotter
Uses pens to transfer engineering designs to
drafting paper
Dot Matrix
Used for voluminous information
Ink-jet
Sprays ink onto paper
Laser
Uses electrostatic process to force ink onto paper
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Audio Output
4-17
Sound card and speakers
Sound
card translates digits into sound
Also used to capture sound
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Types of Computers
4-18
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Hardware Infrastructure Trends
Supercomputers
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On-Demand Computing
4-20
Dealing with fluctuating computing needs
Available resources allocated based on user needs
Utility computing
On-demand computing
rented from external
provider
Paid on as-needed
basis
Storage service provider
Scalability
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Grid Computing
4-21
Combines computing power of a large number
of smaller, independent, networked
computers
Tasks broken down
into smaller chunks
BOINC
Dedicated vs.
heterogeneous grids
Acquisition vs.
management costs
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Edge Computing
4-22
Multiple small servers located closer to individual
users
Save bandwidth
Decreased
access time
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Green Computing
4-23
Use computers more efficiently
Large organizations with significant computing
needs
Save
money using:
Virtualization
Virtual
machines can be configured to run on a single
computer
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Learning Objectives
4-24
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge.
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Systems Software/Operating System
4-25
Coordinates:
hardware
peripherals
application software
users
Also used in embedded
devices
Written in assembly
language
Performs day-to-day
operations
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The OS Acts as a Manager
4-26
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Interfaces: Command vs. GUI
4-27
Provided by operating system
Interface types:
Command line interface
Requires typing text commands
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Windows Vista
Mac OS X
Linux (KDE or GNOME)
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Application Software
4-28
For performing specific user tasks
Writing
a business letter
Processing payroll
Application software interacts with systems
software
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Software Infrastructure Trends
4-29
Open-source software
Open-source movement aided by the advent of the
Internet
Source code is freely available for use and/or
modification
Open-source operating
system
Linux
Used in embedded systems
to personal computers to
supercomputers
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Open-Source Application Software
4-30
Open-source application software
Apache Web server
Firefox Web browser
OpenOffice
Drawback:
Obtaining customer
support may be
difficult
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Application Service Providers
4-31
ASPs provide on-demand software access over
the Web
Specific software located on the ASP’s server
Accessed using Web-enabled interfaces
Software as a service (SaaS)
Benefits:
Reduced need to maintain or upgrade software
Fixed monthly fee for services
Reliability
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Service Oriented Architecture
4-32
Used to integrate business processes across
organizations
Business processes are broken down into
distinct services
Enables rapid reaction to changing business
conditions
Reusable nature of services reduces cost of developing
new applications
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Learning Objectives
4-33
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge infrastructure.
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Evolution of Computer Networking
4-34
Computer networking
Sharing of information or services
Comparable to human communication
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Messages, Senders, and Receivers
4-35
Components of communication:
Senders and receivers with something to share
A transmission medium to send the message
Protocols (rules) dictating communication
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Computer Networks
4-36
Digitizing: converting
information into bits
Bandwidth:
transmission capacity
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Bandwidth Requirements for Different Types of
Information
4-37
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Networking Fundamentals
4-38
Three different roles:
Servers
Clients
Peers
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Servers
4-39
Only provide services
Usually have:
More advanced
microprocessors
More memory
Larger cache
Many users share
services
Trend: using servercentric networks
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Clients
4-40
Request services
Workstations or PCs
Software applications
Usually one user per
client
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Peers
4-41
May request and provide
services
Peer-to-peer networks
Equivalent capabilities and
responsibilities
Usually found in small
offices and homes
Popular for file sharing
Example: BitTorrent, KaZaa
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Types of Networks
4-42
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Transmission Media
4-43
Physical pathways for sending data
Considerations:
Attenuation
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Eavesdropping
Two types:
Cable media
Wireless media
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Cable Media
4-44
Physically link computers
Used when bandwidth is deciding criterion
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Wireless Media
4-45
Used when mobility is deciding criterion
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Applications of Wireless Media
4-46
Wireless local area networks (WLANs)
Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)
Bluetooth
Ultra Low Power (ULP) Bluetooth
Terrestrial microwave
Satellite microwave
Access remote locations
Global positioning system (GPS)
Used to triangulate position anywhere on earth
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How Did the Internet Get Started?
4-47
Internet—derived from internetworking
1960s—U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project
(DARPA)
ARPANET—WAN that linked universities and research
centers
1986—U.S. National Science Foundation
NSFNET—became major component of the Internet
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Packet-Switching Technology
4-48
Problem: Concurrent data transmission
One wire and several users
Solution: Turn taking
Messages divided into packets and sent
Packets travel independently
Reassembled by receiver
Header contains address of source and destination
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TCP/IP
4-49
Protocol of the Internet
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
Breaks information into packets
Manages transfer of packets between computers
IP (Internet Protocol)
Defines how the packet must be formed
Contains destination address
Routers forward packets between networks
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IP Datagram
4-50
Data packet that conforms to the IP specifications
Relies on IP address
Unique address assigned to computers and routers
TCP helps IP deliver packets:
Checks for lost datagrams
Puts received datagrams in correct order
Discards duplicate datagrams
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World Wide Web
4-51
World Wide Web (WWW)
Graphical user interface to the Internet
One of the most powerful uses of the Internet
Web browser
Software application used to locate and display Web pages
Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Flock
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History of the World Wide Web
4-52
Gopher—early menu driven tool
Web invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991
Introduced hypertext
Hyperlinks—links to other related documents
HTML—standard method for specifying Web pages
Tags specify formatting
Web pages stored on Web servers
HTTP—used for processing requests
Web pages have unique URL address
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Web Domain Names and Addresses
4-53
Domain name
Top-level domain
Host name
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World Wide Web Architecture
4-54
Web uses
Web browser
Web server
TCP/IP
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Managing the Communication and
Collaboration Infrastructure
4-55
Diverse communication needs
Convergence
Increasing mobility
Convergence of functionality of devices
Cell phone and PDA
Convergence within underlying
infrastructures
IP convergence
Voice over IP
Videoconferencing over IP
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IP Convergence: VoIP
4-56
Use of Internet
technologies for placing
telephone calls
High quality of transmission
possible
Ability to call from any place
with Internet connection
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IP Convergence: Videoconferencing over IP
4-57
IP used to transmit video data
Desktop videoconferencing
HP Halo meeting room: $400,000
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Increasing Mobility
4-58
Knowledge workers require access to information
from anywhere
Communication devices
Wireless devices capable of connecting to organization’s
internal network
Wireless security concerns
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Learning Objectives
4-59
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge.
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Database Foundations
4-60
Then:
Card catalogs
File cabinets
Now:
DBMS
Create
Store
Organize
Retrieve data
Example: Microsoft Access
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Database
4-61
Database
Collection of related
data organized in a way
to facilitate searches
Entities
Something you collect data
about
Examples: people, books
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Record
4-62
Contains data about a
single entity
Similar to catalog card
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Attributes
4-63
Specific characteristic
describing the entities
Examples: name and
social security number
are attributes of a
person
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Example: Entity Student
4-64
Entity represented as a table, with rows as records and
columns as attributes
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Advantages of the Database Approach
4-65
1. Program-data independence
2. Minimal data redundancy
3. Improved data consistency
4. Improved data sharing
5. Increased productivity of application
development
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Advantages of the Database
Approach (cont’d)
4-66
Enforcement of standards
7. Improved security
8. Improved data quality
9. Improved data accessibility
10. Reduced program maintenance
6.
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Costs and Risks of the Database Approach
4-67
New, specialized personnel
2. Installation and management cost and
complexity
3. Conversion costs
4. Need for explicit backup and recovery
5. Organizational conflict
1.
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Effective Management of Databases
4-68
Two components
Data
Structure of data
Captured
in a data model
Entity-relationship diagram
Data dictionary
Specifies
data types and other information about
attributes
Used to enforce business rules
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Effective Management of Databases
4-69
Database Administrator (DBA)
Responsible for development and management of
databases
Works with system analysts and programmers
Works with users and managers
Implements security features
Grants access rights
One of the key actors in creating a successful database
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Entering Data
4-70
Forms
Enter data about a record
Field in a form corresponds to attribute in a record
Used to add, modify, or delete data
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Querying Data
4-71
Query: Used to retrieve information
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Example: Display students who earned an “A”
Writing SQL queries can become very complex
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Query by Example
4-72
Simpler than
SQL
Drag-and- drop
features
Construct a
sample of the
data we would
like to see
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Creating Database Reports
4-73
Report
Compilation of data from the database
Report generators
Retrieve, manipulate, and display data
Example
Quarterly sales for
a restaurant
Adding
Grouping
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How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
4-74
Online transaction processing (OLTP)
Immediate automated responses to user requests
Designed to handle multiple concurrent transactions
Speed of transaction processing is important
Linking Web site applications to databases
Information provided is dynamic and customized, rather
than static
Tweaking of database to get optimal performance
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Merging Transaction and Analytical Processing
4-75
Requirements for transactional and analytical
systems are different
Transactions replicated on separate database for analysis
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Extraction, Transformation, and Loading
4-76
Processes used to consolidate data from different
systems for analysis
Involves data cleansing
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Data Warehouses and Data Marts
4-77
Data Warehouse
Integration of multiple large databases and other
information sources into a single repository
Pull together, integrate, and share critical corporate data
throughout the firm
Data Mart
Data warehouse that is limited in scope
Customized for the decision support applications of a
particular end-user group
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End of Chapter Content
4-78
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Opening Case: Managing in the Digital World:
“I Googled You!”
4-79
January 1996—Brin and Page create BackRub
Mission: to organize the world’s information and make it
universally accessible and useful
Tremendous growth
Unique services
Gmail
Google Scholar
Goog411
OpenSocial
Android
Google Chrome
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Cookies: Harmless Identifiers or Privacy
Violations?
4-80
Cookies are used in many ways
Cookies are benign, and let certain Web site features
work correctly
What is the concern about cookies?
Downloaded onto user’s computer without their knowledge or
consent
Can be used to track preferences, but marketers try to target
you before the Internet
Cookie information can be aggregated by companies, public
distrust
Be aware of Web sites’ privacy policies
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BlackBerry
4-81
Research in Motion (RIM) introduced BlackBerry in
1999
More than 3 million users in March 2006
NTP Inc. sued RIM claiming patent infringement
NTP sent notice of their wireless communications patents to
wireless companies (including RIM)
Department of Defense argued that loss of BlackBerry
Network would be threat to national security
RIM agreed to pay NTP $612.5 million
February 11, 2008: Blackberry e—mail outage
Showed how dependent people have become on mobile
communications
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Google’s Larry Page and Sergey Brin
4-82
Started operation out of dorm room, then moved to a friend’s garage
1st quarter results as a public company: $805.9 million
Brin and Page are worth $12.8 billion each
Google.org—addresses world’s most pressing problems
Google has gone green
Plan: to be carbon neutral
Climate Savers Computing
Initiative
RechargeIT Plug-In Hybrid
Car Initiative
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Broadband Access Increases
4-83
In 2008, nearly 57 percent of Internet users in the
United States had access to broadband connections
Source:
http://www.websiteoptimization.
com/bw/0804
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Autonomic Computing
4-84
Autonomic computing
Self-managing
systems requiring minimal human
intervention to operate
Self-configuring
Self-optimizing
Self-healing
Self-protecting
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TV for the Visually Impaired
4-85
Problem:
Patients with macular degeneration have difficulty seeing high
frequency waves in the visual spectrum, especially TV
Solution:
Researchers designed an algorithm that specifically increases
contrast over the middle- and low- frequency ranges that
patients can still see
Results:
Analog Devices is building a prototype that they hope can be
installed on all TVs.
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Movie Industry
4-86
Movie Production
CGI (computer-generated imagery, also known as computer
graphics, CG)
Post production
Independent filmmakers can produce studio-quality films
without having to rely on expensive lighting, film development,
or post-production facilities
Theaters
Digital projectors
Reduces distribution costs by up to 90 percent
New 3-D technologies (3ality)
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
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5/2/2020