Transcript Chapter 4

Chapter 4
Managing the Information
Systems Infrastructure
4-1
Google (v.)- …to use the Google
search engine to obtain
information…on the World Wide
Web.
Merriam-Webster
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Learning Objectives
4-2
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge infrastructure.
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
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Learning Objectives
4-3
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge infrastructure.
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Infrastructure
4-4
 Interconnection of basic facilities and services
enabling an area to function properly





Streets
Power, telephone, water, and sewage lines
Schools
Retail stores
Law enforcement
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The IS Infrastructure
4-5
 Google’s newest data center—The Dalles, OR
 Why there?
 Fiber-optic network
connectivity
 Access to water for
cooling needs
 Cheap, uninterrupted
power from a nearby
hydroelectric dam
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Components of an IS Infrastructure
4-6
 Businesses rely on a functioning information
systems infrastructure
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Learning Objectives
4-7
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge infrastructure.
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Key Elements of Information
Systems Hardware
4-8
 Input Devices
 Used to enter
information into a
computer
 Processing Devices
 Transform inputs into
outputs.
 Output Devices
 Deliver information to
users in a usable
format
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Input: Mouse and Keyboard
Output: Monitor
Processing: CPU
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Input Technologies
4-9
 Entering text and numbers: keyboard
 Selecting and pointing: mouse, touch screen,
touch pad
 Entering batch data: scanner, bar code reader
 Entering audio and video: microphone, digital
camera
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Processing Technologies
4-10
 Binary Code


Machine Language—the language computers understand
Binary or base-2 math (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on)
Bits
 Bytes


ASCII (American
Standard Code
for Information
Interchange)
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4-11
 System unit: houses all components
 CPU: Microprocessor, processor, chip
 Responsible for performing all of the operations of
the computer
 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU):


Perform math and logical
operations
Control unit:
Fetch program instructions
 Decode instructions
 Retrieve data
 Store results

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Moore’s Law
4-12
 In the 1970s Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel
hypothesized that processing performance
would double every eighteen months
 Reduction of
feature size
 1960s:
20 microns
 Today:
.032 micron
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Primary Storage
4-13
 For temporary storage to support computer
processing
 Registers and cache (volatile)

Store data for immediate use by the CPU
 Random-access memory (RAM) (volatile)
 Store programs and data currently in use
 Read-only memory (ROM) (nonvolatile)
 Store programs and data automatically loaded when the
computer is turned on
 Basis input/output system (BIOS)
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Secondary Storage
4-14
 Nonvolatile storage for permanently storing data
 Large capacity
 Example: Hard disk, CD-ROM disk
 EEPROM: Electrically erasable programmable memory

Flash memory
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Output Devices: Video Output
4-15
 Used to display information from a computer
 Monitors
 Projectors
 Video card (graphics card)
 Tells monitor which dots to activate
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Printers and Plotters
4-16
 Plotter

Uses pens to transfer engineering designs to
drafting paper
 Dot Matrix

Used for voluminous information
 Ink-jet

Sprays ink onto paper
 Laser
 Uses electrostatic process to force ink onto paper
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Audio Output
4-17
 Sound card and speakers
 Sound
card translates digits into sound
 Also used to capture sound
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Types of Computers
4-18
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Hardware Infrastructure Trends
 Supercomputers
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On-Demand Computing
4-20
 Dealing with fluctuating computing needs
 Available resources allocated based on user needs
 Utility computing



On-demand computing
rented from external
provider
Paid on as-needed
basis
Storage service provider
 Scalability
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Grid Computing
4-21
 Combines computing power of a large number
of smaller, independent, networked
computers


Tasks broken down
into smaller chunks
BOINC
 Dedicated vs.
heterogeneous grids

Acquisition vs.
management costs
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Edge Computing
4-22
 Multiple small servers located closer to individual
users
 Save bandwidth
 Decreased
access time
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Green Computing
4-23
 Use computers more efficiently
 Large organizations with significant computing
needs
 Save
money using:
 Virtualization
 Virtual
machines can be configured to run on a single
computer
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Learning Objectives
4-24
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge.
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Systems Software/Operating System
4-25
 Coordinates:
 hardware
 peripherals
 application software
 users
 Also used in embedded
devices
 Written in assembly
language
 Performs day-to-day
operations
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The OS Acts as a Manager
4-26
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Interfaces: Command vs. GUI
4-27
 Provided by operating system
 Interface types:

Command line interface


Requires typing text commands
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Windows Vista
 Mac OS X
 Linux (KDE or GNOME)

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Application Software
4-28
 For performing specific user tasks
 Writing
a business letter
 Processing payroll
 Application software interacts with systems
software
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Software Infrastructure Trends
4-29
 Open-source software
 Open-source movement aided by the advent of the
Internet
 Source code is freely available for use and/or
modification

Open-source operating
system

Linux

Used in embedded systems
to personal computers to
supercomputers
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Open-Source Application Software
4-30
 Open-source application software
 Apache Web server
 Firefox Web browser
 OpenOffice
 Drawback:
 Obtaining customer
support may be
difficult
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Application Service Providers
4-31
 ASPs provide on-demand software access over
the Web
Specific software located on the ASP’s server
 Accessed using Web-enabled interfaces
 Software as a service (SaaS)

 Benefits:
 Reduced need to maintain or upgrade software
 Fixed monthly fee for services
 Reliability
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Service Oriented Architecture
4-32
 Used to integrate business processes across
organizations
 Business processes are broken down into
distinct services
Enables rapid reaction to changing business
conditions
 Reusable nature of services reduces cost of developing
new applications

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Learning Objectives
4-33
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge infrastructure.
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
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Evolution of Computer Networking
4-34
 Computer networking
 Sharing of information or services
 Comparable to human communication
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Messages, Senders, and Receivers
4-35
 Components of communication:
 Senders and receivers with something to share
 A transmission medium to send the message
 Protocols (rules) dictating communication
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Computer Networks
4-36
 Digitizing: converting
information into bits
 Bandwidth:
transmission capacity
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Bandwidth Requirements for Different Types of
Information
4-37
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Networking Fundamentals
4-38
 Three different roles:
 Servers
 Clients
 Peers
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Servers
4-39
 Only provide services
 Usually have:
 More advanced
microprocessors
 More memory
 Larger cache
 Many users share
services
 Trend: using servercentric networks
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Clients
4-40
 Request services
 Workstations or PCs
 Software applications
 Usually one user per
client
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Peers
4-41
 May request and provide
services
 Peer-to-peer networks

Equivalent capabilities and
responsibilities
 Usually found in small
offices and homes
 Popular for file sharing

Example: BitTorrent, KaZaa
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Types of Networks
4-42
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Transmission Media
4-43
 Physical pathways for sending data
 Considerations:
 Attenuation
 Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
 Eavesdropping
 Two types:
 Cable media
 Wireless media
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Cable Media
4-44
 Physically link computers
 Used when bandwidth is deciding criterion
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Wireless Media
4-45
 Used when mobility is deciding criterion
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Applications of Wireless Media
4-46
 Wireless local area networks (WLANs)
 Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)
 Bluetooth
 Ultra Low Power (ULP) Bluetooth
 Terrestrial microwave
 Satellite microwave
 Access remote locations
 Global positioning system (GPS)
 Used to triangulate position anywhere on earth
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How Did the Internet Get Started?
4-47
 Internet—derived from internetworking
 1960s—U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project
(DARPA)

ARPANET—WAN that linked universities and research
centers
 1986—U.S. National Science Foundation
 NSFNET—became major component of the Internet
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Packet-Switching Technology
4-48
 Problem: Concurrent data transmission
 One wire and several users
 Solution: Turn taking
 Messages divided into packets and sent
 Packets travel independently
 Reassembled by receiver
 Header contains address of source and destination
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TCP/IP
4-49
 Protocol of the Internet
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
 Breaks information into packets
 Manages transfer of packets between computers
 IP (Internet Protocol)
 Defines how the packet must be formed
 Contains destination address
 Routers forward packets between networks
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IP Datagram
4-50
 Data packet that conforms to the IP specifications
 Relies on IP address
 Unique address assigned to computers and routers
 TCP helps IP deliver packets:
 Checks for lost datagrams
 Puts received datagrams in correct order
 Discards duplicate datagrams
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World Wide Web
4-51
 World Wide Web (WWW)
 Graphical user interface to the Internet
 One of the most powerful uses of the Internet
 Web browser
 Software application used to locate and display Web pages

Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Flock
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History of the World Wide Web
4-52
 Gopher—early menu driven tool
 Web invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991
 Introduced hypertext
 Hyperlinks—links to other related documents
 HTML—standard method for specifying Web pages


Tags specify formatting
Web pages stored on Web servers
HTTP—used for processing requests
 Web pages have unique URL address

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Web Domain Names and Addresses
4-53
 Domain name
 Top-level domain
 Host name
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World Wide Web Architecture
4-54
 Web uses
 Web browser
 Web server
 TCP/IP
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Managing the Communication and
Collaboration Infrastructure
4-55
 Diverse communication needs
 Convergence
 Increasing mobility
 Convergence of functionality of devices
 Cell phone and PDA
 Convergence within underlying
infrastructures

IP convergence
Voice over IP
 Videoconferencing over IP

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IP Convergence: VoIP
4-56
 Use of Internet
technologies for placing
telephone calls


High quality of transmission
possible
Ability to call from any place
with Internet connection
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IP Convergence: Videoconferencing over IP
4-57
 IP used to transmit video data
 Desktop videoconferencing
 HP Halo meeting room: $400,000
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Increasing Mobility
4-58
 Knowledge workers require access to information
from anywhere
Communication devices
 Wireless devices capable of connecting to organization’s
internal network

 Wireless security concerns
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Learning Objectives
4-59
1. List the essential information systems
infrastructure components and describe why they are
necessary for satisfying an organization’s informational
needs.
2. Describe the components of an organization’s
hardware infrastructure and highlight current trends.
3. Describe the components of an organization’s
software infrastructure and highlight current trends.
4. Describe the components of an organization’s
communications and collaboration infrastructure and
highlight current trends.
5. Describe the components of an organization’s data
and knowledge.
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Database Foundations
4-60
 Then:
 Card catalogs
 File cabinets
 Now:
 DBMS
Create
 Store
 Organize
 Retrieve data


Example: Microsoft Access
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Database
4-61
 Database
 Collection of related
data organized in a way
to facilitate searches
 Entities
Something you collect data
about
 Examples: people, books

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Record
4-62
 Contains data about a
single entity

Similar to catalog card
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Attributes
4-63
 Specific characteristic
describing the entities

Examples: name and
social security number
are attributes of a
person
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Example: Entity Student
4-64
 Entity represented as a table, with rows as records and
columns as attributes
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Advantages of the Database Approach
4-65
1. Program-data independence
2. Minimal data redundancy
3. Improved data consistency
4. Improved data sharing
5. Increased productivity of application
development
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Advantages of the Database
Approach (cont’d)
4-66
Enforcement of standards
7. Improved security
8. Improved data quality
9. Improved data accessibility
10. Reduced program maintenance
6.
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Costs and Risks of the Database Approach
4-67
New, specialized personnel
2. Installation and management cost and
complexity
3. Conversion costs
4. Need for explicit backup and recovery
5. Organizational conflict
1.
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Effective Management of Databases
4-68
 Two components
 Data
 Structure of data
 Captured
in a data model
 Entity-relationship diagram
 Data dictionary
 Specifies
data types and other information about
attributes
 Used to enforce business rules
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Effective Management of Databases
4-69
 Database Administrator (DBA)
 Responsible for development and management of
databases
Works with system analysts and programmers
 Works with users and managers
 Implements security features
 Grants access rights


One of the key actors in creating a successful database
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Entering Data
4-70
 Forms
 Enter data about a record
 Field in a form corresponds to attribute in a record
 Used to add, modify, or delete data
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Querying Data
4-71
 Query: Used to retrieve information
 Structured Query Language (SQL)
 Example: Display students who earned an “A”

Writing SQL queries can become very complex
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Query by Example
4-72
 Simpler than
SQL
 Drag-and- drop
features
 Construct a
sample of the
data we would
like to see
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Creating Database Reports
4-73
 Report
 Compilation of data from the database
 Report generators
 Retrieve, manipulate, and display data
 Example
 Quarterly sales for
a restaurant
Adding
 Grouping

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How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
4-74
 Online transaction processing (OLTP)
Immediate automated responses to user requests
 Designed to handle multiple concurrent transactions
 Speed of transaction processing is important

 Linking Web site applications to databases
 Information provided is dynamic and customized, rather
than static
 Tweaking of database to get optimal performance
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Merging Transaction and Analytical Processing
4-75
 Requirements for transactional and analytical
systems are different

Transactions replicated on separate database for analysis
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Extraction, Transformation, and Loading
4-76
 Processes used to consolidate data from different
systems for analysis

Involves data cleansing
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Data Warehouses and Data Marts
4-77
 Data Warehouse
Integration of multiple large databases and other
information sources into a single repository
 Pull together, integrate, and share critical corporate data
throughout the firm

 Data Mart
Data warehouse that is limited in scope
 Customized for the decision support applications of a
particular end-user group

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End of Chapter Content
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5/2/2020
Opening Case: Managing in the Digital World:
“I Googled You!”
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 January 1996—Brin and Page create BackRub
 Mission: to organize the world’s information and make it
universally accessible and useful
 Tremendous growth
 Unique services






Gmail
Google Scholar
Goog411
OpenSocial
Android
Google Chrome
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
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5/2/2020
Cookies: Harmless Identifiers or Privacy
Violations?
4-80
 Cookies are used in many ways
 Cookies are benign, and let certain Web site features
work correctly
 What is the concern about cookies?



Downloaded onto user’s computer without their knowledge or
consent
Can be used to track preferences, but marketers try to target
you before the Internet
Cookie information can be aggregated by companies, public
distrust
 Be aware of Web sites’ privacy policies
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall
5/2/2020
BlackBerry
4-81
 Research in Motion (RIM) introduced BlackBerry in
1999

More than 3 million users in March 2006
 NTP Inc. sued RIM claiming patent infringement
 NTP sent notice of their wireless communications patents to
wireless companies (including RIM)
 Department of Defense argued that loss of BlackBerry
Network would be threat to national security
 RIM agreed to pay NTP $612.5 million
 February 11, 2008: Blackberry e—mail outage
 Showed how dependent people have become on mobile
communications
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
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5/2/2020
Google’s Larry Page and Sergey Brin
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 Started operation out of dorm room, then moved to a friend’s garage
 1st quarter results as a public company: $805.9 million
 Brin and Page are worth $12.8 billion each
 Google.org—addresses world’s most pressing problems
 Google has gone green



Plan: to be carbon neutral
Climate Savers Computing
Initiative
RechargeIT Plug-In Hybrid
Car Initiative
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
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5/2/2020
Broadband Access Increases
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 In 2008, nearly 57 percent of Internet users in the
United States had access to broadband connections
Source:
http://www.websiteoptimization.
com/bw/0804
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
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5/2/2020
Autonomic Computing
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 Autonomic computing
 Self-managing
systems requiring minimal human
intervention to operate
 Self-configuring
 Self-optimizing
 Self-healing
 Self-protecting
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
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5/2/2020
TV for the Visually Impaired
4-85
 Problem:
 Patients with macular degeneration have difficulty seeing high
frequency waves in the visual spectrum, especially TV
 Solution:
 Researchers designed an algorithm that specifically increases
contrast over the middle- and low- frequency ranges that
patients can still see
 Results:
 Analog Devices is building a prototype that they hope can be
installed on all TVs.
IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
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5/2/2020
Movie Industry
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 Movie Production
 CGI (computer-generated imagery, also known as computer
graphics, CG)
 Post production
 Independent filmmakers can produce studio-quality films
without having to rely on expensive lighting, film development,
or post-production facilities
 Theaters
 Digital projectors
Reduces distribution costs by up to 90 percent
 New 3-D technologies (3ality)

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall
5/2/2020