Transcript Bez nadpisu

ABC
of Typography
Typography

useful art (creating typefaces, design pages, books)

science (typographic rules)

craft, work (typographer ~ printer)
History of Writing
advent of writing system – the result of the evolution of
the human society (the necessity of recording)
 pictogram (a picture representing a thing)
 ideogram (a picture representing an idea)
 pictographic script – hundreds of symbols
 phonogram (a symbol representing a sound) –
revolution in the evolution of writing (“several” symbols)

ox
king
The Earliest Scripts

Cuneiform writing
pictographic script
syllabic script

Hieroglyphs
pictographic script
syllabic script
phonetic script
sun
mountain
tree
centre

China’s script
(word script
up to present)
field
boundary
door
History of Writing in Europe

Phoenician alphabet
22–24 geom. symbols for consonants

Greek alphabet
• signs for vowels (!)
• the basis for Latin and Cyrillic

Czech alphabet
• capital letters – ancient Rome
• small letters ~ 800 AD (Carolingian minuscule)
• accents (Jan Hus)
Evolution of Numerals

Roman
used till 15st century

Arabic
origin in India
Typeface – Set of Characters
a, b, c, 
A, B, C, 
1, 2, 
ˇ´¨
.,!?;:
()[] {}
„“ ’
+=
%§&
lower case, small letters
upper case, capital letters
numerals
diacritical marks, accents
punctuation marks
brackets
quotation marks, apostrophe
mathematical signs
other symbols
descender
ascender line
cap
height
x-height
ascender
Typeface – Boundaries
Rby
cap line
mean line
base line
descender line
Typeface – Letterform



stem – the main vertical stroke
serif – the small cross-stroke added to the end of main strokes
contrast – the degree of difference between thick and thin strokes
overhanging
stem
no contrast
contrast
oblique stress
serif
strong contrast
vertical stress
counter
Typeface – Letterform
Distinguishing features:
AA

end of the strokes (serif / no serif)

style of the serif (bracketed / unbracketed)

contrast / no contrast

thickness of strokes

proportions
- width
- height
AA
A A
AA
proportional
monospaced
proportional
Type Family

Family – collection of variations designed with the same
characteristics of types

Face – one of the styles of a family

Common faces (styles of font):
• roman (regular)
Times New Roman
• bold
Times New Roman
• italic
Times New Roman
• bold italic
Times New Roman
• (small capitals)
TIMES NEW ROMAN
Classification of Tapefaces


several different systems of classification
English classification is based on history

Blackletter (Old English, Gothic)
(Clairvaux)
(San Marco)

Old Style Typefaces
(Garamont)
(Palatino)
(Bembo)

Transitional Type
(Times (Fourier)
New
Roman)
(Baskerville)
Classification of Tapefaces

Modern Type
(New Century(Bodoni)
Schoolbook)

Sans Serif (Grotesque)
(Eurostile)
(Helvetica)

Slab Serif (Egyptian)
(Lubalin
Graph)
(Glypha)

Script, Brush, Freehand
(Brush Scripr)
Measuring in Typography
Europe system (Didot)
• 1 point = 0,3759 mm
• 12 points = 1 cicero = 4,513 mm

English-American system
• 1 point = 0,3528 mm
• 12 points = 1 pica = 4,23 mm
• 72 points = 6 picas = 1 inch = 2,54 cm
Eu-pointsAm-points
1,0655
0,9385

Body Size (Point Size)

size of the metal body of a type

actual height of letters depends on the typeface
60 points 60 points
Using of Body Size
6–7
8
9
10
11–12
14
16 
poznámka,
dictionaries, time tables, telephone directories, notes
newspapers
magazines
books
schoolbooks, books for children, books in larger format
books for children, headings
main headings
newspapers, magazines,
books,
schoolbooks, childbooks,
headers 16 pt, headers 18 pt, headers
24 pt
Relative Typographical Unit

em = body size
en = 1/2 em
 is used to express
• size of spaces between words
• width of types
.
Spacing

letter spacing
• specified by the definition of types
• computer typesetting – easy to change
• tracking – uniform addition or subtraction of space to/from all
characters
• kerning – adjustment of space between individual letter pairs

AV MN
TRÁVA
word spacing
• left-aligned, centered, right-align text – constant space 1/3 em
• justified text – variable space (1/4 em – 1/2 em)
• nonbreaking space  ban of line break
J.°A.°Komenský
37°Kč
z°lesa
100°000
Paragraph

unit of text

first line – indent (1–2 em)

same indent in the whole text

bullets, numbering – special text

negative indent of the first line – hanging

no first-line-indent – space before paragraph

last line – not too short, not as long as the whole line

first line cannot stay by itself at the bottom of a page
(orphan)

last line cannot stay by itself at the top of a page
(widow)
Leading

leading – the space between lines of the text
• affects the appearance and readability of the text
• suggested value – 20%

line spacing (word processors)
Alignment
left-aligned
flush left
ragged right
(fully)
justified
centered
right-aligned
flush right
ragged left
Rules
punctuation
.,:;?!
“ Konec , zvonec ! “ řekl .
I came, I saw, I conquered.
no space before, one space after
ellipsis

symbol
What is the meaning of “the open door”?
“How did she do it?” he asked.
„Jak to udělala?“ zeptal se.
quotation marks
„“
no spaces inside, spaces outside
Use true marks in every language!!
“”
apostrophe
’
no spaces
brackets
() []
the boy’s mother
I didn’t hear.
Barvínek menší (Vinca minor)
no spaces inside, spaces outside
Rules
-
hyphen (1/3 em)

without spaces
fast-moving
—

sixty-five
Frýdek-Místek
Brno-město
bude-li
společensko-politický
easy-going
ex-wife
česko-anglický
air-condition
dash (1 em)
Zapracoval — a výsledek se dostavil.
(used to separate parts of sentence)
• with spaces in Czech
He is—how shall I say it?.
• without in American English
dash (1/2 em)
Zapracoval – a výsledek se dostavil.
(used to separate parts of sentence)
• with spaces in Czech, in English He is – how shall I say it?.

dash (1/2 em)
pages 23–28
the years 1963–1967
(used to express a range or as the equivalent of to or versus)
• without spaces
the Lincoln–Douglas Debates
the New York–Paris flight
Rules – Using Numbers

Write out numbers through nine (or that require no more than one
word).
There are twenty-six students in my wife’s third-grade class.
two players
eleven players
11 players

Byly dvě hodiny v noci a kohout třikrát zakokrhal.
Using numerals:



2 inches, 5 minutes
with unit of measure, time etc.
in technical text
a sentence cannot start with a figure
Rules – Using Numbers
12.451  12,451

decimals

large numbers

dates:

in Britain:
12,451  12 451
30th March (,) 1995
30 March 1995

30/3/1995
in America:
March 3, 1995

30-3-1995
30.3.1995
3/30/1995
in Czech:
30. března 1995
30. 3. 1995
Rules
Emphasizing words
 use italics
 use boldface only for terms
 avoid using underlined text
Usizing typefaces
 use serif typefaces for body text
 use sans serif typefaces for forms, tables
 don’t use more than four fonts in any one publication
Layout of the Page
basic layout  page map
 visual center of a page is higher than the geometrical
one
 right page is more expressive
 margins: top, bottom,
left, right or mirror: inside, outside
 footer – information, such as: chapter, date, page
number, listed below the main text area of a page


header – information, such as: title, chapter name,
date, or page number, listed above the main text area
of a page

page numbering – header, footer, outside margin
right page has always an odd number
Jobbing printed matters
 occasional personal or firm printed matters
visiting-card, letter paper and envelopes, weddingcard
diplomas, cards of invitation, greetings-card,
programs, catalogs, advertising brochures



sizes needn´t to be standardized
fonts can be decorative
principles: information ability
readability
aesthetic standard
Fonts

Font  a complete set of characters in a typeface
 a file containing the description of the shape of
letters

Some fonts are installed together with programs, or we
can buy them separately.

Fonts can have different sets of characters (national
alphabets, special sets of characters – e.g. Symbol)

bitmap fonts
• each character is stored as an array of pixels
• are not easily scalable
• for each size, face and resolution an extra description
• used e.g. as a system font for screen (menu)

vector (outline) fonts
• each character is encoded by a higher-level
description in terms of lines and areas
• can be scaled to any size and otherwise transformed
easy
• another information in the file: hinting (instructions
for representing by raster output devices), kerning
pairs
• wide-spread:
– True Type fonts (Microsoft+Apple, belong to OS)
– Adobe Type 1 (PostScript) fonts (Adobe Systems)