Transcript Domains and Kingdoms - Hudson City School District

Domains, Kingdoms,
and Phyla
Grouping Organisms
And Classification
Age of Life on Earth
• 3.5 million years ago
• 1.5 million species named by
classification system called
taxonomy (to name and group
organisms in a logical manner)
Domains
3 largest
classification
groups
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
THREE Domains
…Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaea
Eukarya
(true bacteria) (extreme (protists
bacteria)
fungi
plants
animals)
(Prokaryotic)
No true nucleus
True Nucleus
TAXONS
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
TAXONS
 Kingdom
King
 Phylum
Phillip
 Class
Could
 Order
Order
 Family
Five
 Genus
Greasy
 Species
Subs
Six Kingdoms: Get Handout
Two Domains: Prokaryotic
• Genetic material NOT in a
nucleus
• INCLUDES:
• Eubacteria –true bacteria
• Archaea –extreme bacteria
Kingdom: Archaea
• Prokaryotic –no nucleus
• Cell walls with no
peptidoglycan
• Unicellular – one celled
• Live in most extreme
environments
What is peptidoglycan?
• A cross-linked
complex of
polysaccharides and
peptides found in the
cell walls of bacteria
• (in other words:
• Starch and protein)
Kingdom: Archaea
• Thermophiles –love heat
• Psychrophiles –cold-loving
• Acidophiles –love acidic
environments
• Halophiles-love salty
• Barophiles-high pressure (ocean
bottom)
Archaea
• Thermus
aquaticus
(Taq)
Archaea
Sulfur-loving
Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true
bacteria)
• Prokaryotic – no nucleus
• Cell wall with peptidoglycan
• Unicellular –one-celled
• Diverse environments and
metabolism
Eubacteria
• Staphyloccus
• Anthracis
bacillus
Eubacteria
• Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
• E. coli
Eukarya
HAVE A NUCLEUS
All other organisms
Protists
Fungi
Animals
Plants
Kingdom: Protista
• Eukaryotic – DO
have a nucleus
• Usually unicellular
• Amoeba nucleus
• Varied cell walls
Protista Examples
Euglena
• Paramecium
Kingdom: FUNGI
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls of
chitin –stiffener
• Can be
multicellular or
unicellular
Fungi
•Yeast
•Can you
see the
budding?
Kingdom: Plantae
• Eukaryotic
• Cell wall made of cellulose
• Multicellular –more than one
cell
• Autotrophic –photosynthetic
– make their own food
Examples:
What is cellulose?
Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants
Kingdom: Animalia
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Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Multicellular
Heterotrophic –need to get food
from other sources (plants and
animals)
Animalia
Animalia Phyla
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Porifera (Sponges)
Cnidaria (jellyfish)
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Nematoda (Roundworms)
Mollusca (octopus, clams)
Annelida (Segmented Worms)
Arthropoda (insects)
Echinodermata (starfish)
Chordata (mammals, fish, birds, reptiles)
Phylum Porifera
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“pore bearer”
Empty sac with pore cells on outside
sponges
Porifera Video
Phylum Cnidaria
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“stinging nettle”
Jellyfish, coral, sea anemones
Radial symmetry, tissues, prey on animals
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish) swimming,
close-up
Phylum
Platyhelminthes
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Means “flat and wide worm”
Live in sea and fresh water
Some are parasites
One opening - food/wastes
Bilaterally symmetrical
Planaria, tapeworms
Stock Video of A planaria on plant stems
Phylum Nematoda
• Means “thread”
• One body opening for food and one for
wastes
• Trichina worm, hookworm
Phylum Mollusca
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Means “soft bodied”
Aquatic (gills), digestive tract
Snails, octopus, clams
Mollusks Video
Phylum Annelida
• Means “ringed” or segmented worm
• Digestive, nervous, circulatory systems
• Earthworms and leeches
Phylum Arthropoda
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Means “jointed foot”
Have an exoskeleton (exterior)
Segmented body, lungs/tracheae
Insects (flies, wasps, beetles),
crustaceans (lobster, shrimp), arachnids
(spiders)
Phylum Echinodermata
• Means “spiny skinned”
• Starfish, sea urchin, brittle star
• Spiny skin and radial symmetry (5 arms
coming out from center)
Phylum
Chordata
• Means “having a chord”
• Have a backbone
• Have 9 systems (circulatory,
nervous, skeletal, digestive,
respiratory, etc.)
• Amphibians, Fish, Reptiles,
Birds, Mammals
Great Pictures Phyla Quiz
• Phyla Quiz
• Match organism to phylum
What kingdom are you?
Classification
• How do you organize all the 14
million species?
Approximately
1.5 million species
have so far been
identified and scientifically
Described.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
• Father of Taxonomy
• His system for
naming, ranking,
and classifying
organisms is still in
wide use today
Classification
Linnaeus’ Botanical Garden
Taxons
(Groups for Classification)
• Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Humans Classification (Know)
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Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species sapiens
Ever hear of E. coli?
• It is the
abbreviated
form of the
scientific
name of
Escherichia
coli
T. rex.
• Tyrannosaurus rex
• Often lazy
scientists just
abbreviate the
Genus with just a
letter.
How do you write a scientific
name?
• First letter of Genus is capitalized
and the rest is lower case
• Either underline the genus and
species OR italicize the genus
and species
• Written in Latin
Scientific Name
•Genus and species
•Homo sapiens
•Homo sapiens
“binomial nomenclature"
• Two name-name
• Genus and Species
Acris crepitans
Northern Cricket Frog
“repititious clicking call”
Acer saccharum
Common Name
Sugar maple
Pine Trees
• Sugar pine
= Pinus lambertiana
• ponderosa pine =
Pinus ponderosa
• Whitebark pine =
Pinus albicaulis
Phylogeny
• Evolutionary Relationship among organisms
Derived Characters
Trait that appears in older organisms, but
not in recent parts of the lineage
Using Classification Keys Labs
• 1. Make a
classification key for
candy
– Work in lab groups of
4
– Write key on large
paper
1.Bark on trunk smooth ...................2
– End with
Bark on trunk rough ........................3
identification of single
2.Bark mostly white ........................4
pieces of candy
Bark other colors ............................7
Cladogram
Styles
How to Build a Cladogram
• http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/ob
onu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf
Dichotomous Key
organized set of
couplets
A dichotomous key
Work in
couplets: pick
from two
choices
Keep dividing into two groups
Continue until you end with
identifying each individual thing
Or you can do it this way
Cladogram
• A diagram that shows the evolutionary
relationships among a group of organisms
Various Tree Keys
• Tree Dichotomous Key
• eNature: FieldGuides: Trees
• Dichotomous Key Outline (get handout)
• So that you will recognize how to use a
Dichotomous Key the first thing to do is
choose the animal you want to classify:
•
Key a Classmate
(using various human or non-human characteristics)
The following key is an example:
• 1. Sex female---2
1. Sex male---5
2. Hair color red---Susan
2. Hair color brown or blond---3
3. Hair color blonde---Jane
3. Hair color brown---4
4. Glasses worn---Donna
4. Glasses not worn---Linda
5. Pants jeans---Caleb
5. Pants slacks---6
6. Hair color black--James
6. Hair color brown--Zach
Another One
LEAF Tree ID Key (CLICK Here)
I've got my leaf,
let's get started!
Click here
Ohio Tree Links
• What Tree Is
It? HOME
Common Leaf Descriptions
LINKS
• Tree of Life Web Project (includes
interactive diagram)
– First click on DOMAINS: Archaea, Bacteria, or
Eukarya
– Then click on KINGDOMS
– Then Scroll Down and click on the PHYLUM
in the reading
– Click on CLASS in the reading