Transcript CHAPTER 2 Cultural Diversity
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SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 2 Cultural Diversity
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture Section 2: Cultural Variation
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture
Objectives:
Define the meaning of the term
culture
and explain how material culture and non- material culture differ.
Identify and describe the basic components of culture.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture
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Culture
Culture
– consists of all the shared products of human groups which include physical objects, beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group
Material Culture
– are physical objects that people create and use such as books, buildings, clothing, and cooking
Nonmaterial Culture
– are abstract human creations that include beliefs, family patterns, ideas, and language
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS CULTURE all the shared products of human groups Material Culture physical objects that people create and use Non material Culture abstract human creations Examples automobiles, books, buildings, clothing, computers, and cooking Examples beliefs, family patterns, ideas, language, political and economic systems, and rules HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture
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Basic Components of Culture
Technology
– physical objects and rules for using them
Symbols
– anything that represents something else and has a shared meaning
Language
– the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system
Values
– shared beliefs about what is good and bad or right or wrong
Norms
– shared rules of conduct
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Cultural Variation
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Objectives:
Describe cultural universals and explain why they exist.
Explain what the terms
ethnocentrism
and
cultural relativism
mean.
Identify factors that account for variations among and within cultures.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Cultural Variation
Cultural Universals
Cultural universals
– general traits common to all cultures Exist because some needs are so basic that all societies must develop certain features to ensure their fulfillment
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Cultural Variation
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior to all others.
People in all societies are at times ethnocentric.
When ethnocentrism is too extreme, cultural growth
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may stagnate.
– Limiting the number of immigrants into a society can cause this.
Extreme ethnocentrism can also lead to conflicts such as wars.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Cultural Variation
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism is the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards.
– Researchers attempt to understand cultural practices from the point of view of the people they are studying.
Participant Observation useful
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Cultural Variation
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Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism helps sociologists in understanding why people in different societies have different cultural norms.
– e.g. the Sepoy Rebellion of India in 1857 (gunpowder cartridges were sealed with pig or beef fat, both are religiously offensive to Hindu and Muslims)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Ethnocentrism the tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior to other different cultures Example Cultural Relativism belief that a culture should be judged by its own standards rather than by those of another culture Example 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Cultural Variation
Factors That Account for Variations Among and Within Cultures
Subculture
– shared values, norms and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population
Counterculture
– rejection of the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replacing them with a new set of cultural values The old older Amish are a good example of a counterculture. They have done everything they can to demonstrate their separation from the world around them..
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SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Cultural Variation
Factors That Account for Variations Among and Within Cultures
Subculture
– shared values, norms and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population
Counterculture
– rejection of the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replacing them with a new set of cultural values The old older Amish are a good example of a counterculture. They have done everything they can to demonstrate their separation from the world around them..
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SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Cultural Variation
Chapter Wrap-Up
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List five examples of material culture and five examples of nonmaterial culture.
What is language, and why is it such an important part of culture?
How do folkways, mores, and laws differ? List three examples of each type of norm.
How do cultural traits, cultural complexes, and cultural patterns differ?
How did Margaret Mead contribute to the study of cultures?
What is ethnocentrism? How does it differ from cultural relativism?
How are subcultures and countercultures related?
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Essay Questions
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Identify the three levels of culture studied by sociologist and explain how they are related. (you may use a graphic organizer to help with your explanation) 2.
Discuss the conclusions of Margret Mead research concerning temperament, explain how she arrived at her conclusion. 3.
Describe the environmental factors that might account for the differences between the Arapesh and the Mundugumor
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4.
Explain what ethnocentrism is, how it is different from cultural relativism and why extreme ethnocentrism can cause a culture to stagnate?
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON