Transcript Document

BUILDING GENDER EQUALITY
in GOVERNANCE:
the Indonesia Experience
Presented at the 6th Asia Pacific Congress of WOMEN IN
POLITICS, February 10-12, 2006, Makati City, Philippines, by:
TITI SUMBUNG, Executive Director,
Indonesian Center for Women in Politics (ICWIP)
Jalan Gedung Hijau I/32, Pondok Indah,
JAKARTA 12310, INDONESIA.
Phone: 6221-75907219, Fax: 6221-75905978
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION:
1993: ASIA-Pacific Symposium on WID Ind.NGO
Com. Forum for thr Advancement of Women;
1995: Beijing Conference for Women  BPFA;
1999: Adopt TSM 30%  Ind. Center for Women in
Polotics(ICWIP);
2000 : Network of Women in Politics
2001 : Joined the launching of the ’50-50:Get the
BALANCE
Right’
campaign,
Manila;*
2002: Advocate for more women in decision making
Legal Reformed (Political Party & Election)
2003: NGO Strategic Planning to Increase
Participation & Representation in Politics &
Publiclife.
DATA & FACTS: INDONESIA (2002)
There is still an insignificant number of women in power
structure & decision making positions in legislative, civil
service and judiciary  silent majority.
POLICY GAINS: 2004 GENERAL
ELECTION
A New Chapter for Indonesia Democracy
• The 2004 general election holds a strategic
significance for the democracy movement in
Indonesia. For the first time ever, along with the
election of National Parliament (DPR) and
Provincial level Parliament, there was an
election of Regional Representative (DPD) –
similar to Senate. Also for the first time,
President and Vice President were elected
directly by the people (5 July 2004).
• No more political appointed representatives!
TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURE
(TSM): QUOTA 30%
Law No.12/2003 on election of Parliament Members was endorsed on
February 18, 2003, with a clause on quota for women representation in
Article 65 section 1:
“ Every
political parties participating in the general
election in NOMINATING CANDIDATES for DPR,
Provincial DPRD and municipality DPRD members
in every region SHOULD CONSIDER WOMEN’S
REPRESENTATION OF AT LEAST 30%”
Although the clause is not compulsory, the above political
decision should be seen as opportunity as well as challenge,
and should act as political foundation to increase women’s
political participation and representation.
2004 Election Results
Participation for Women
A. DPR (PARLIAMENT) : 550 SEATS
MALE
FEMALE
- Candidates
5249
67,7%
2507
32,3%
- Elected
489
88,91%
61
11,09%
•A slight improvement from 43 (9%) in the 1999 election to 61 (11.09%) in
the 2004 election.
•Electoral system used in 1999 is proportional with closed-list system. In the
2004 election, the proportion is “half-opened”. Meaning that the internal
mechanism in the political party still have the strong hold of the political
party list in the recruitment system.
2004 Election Results:
Participation & Representation of Women
B. DPD* (REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE /
INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES) : 128 SEATS
Wider opportunity for women, which is non-partisan.
Voters maybe more likely to vote for a woman if not tied
to a party!!!
MALE
FEMALE
- Candidates
933
90,46%
89
9,54%
- Elected
101
78,96%
27
21,09%
*) Similar to “Senator”
Source : IFES Indonesia
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
• Equal Citizen: 1945 CONSTITUTION Article 27;
• Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW);
• Political Rights of Women: Law No.58/1958;
• Women’s Rights = Human Rights: Law No.39/1999;
• Temporary Special Measure: 1945 Constitution,
Article 28H (2)
No Legal Barriers: de jure = OK!
Constraint : de facto equality
STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE
A.
Human
Component
WOMEN
B.
SOCIO
CULTURAL
VALUES
C.
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE
A. HUMAN COMPONENT
 EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN at all levels  grassroots!!
 Self-esteem
 Citizenship education / Political Awareness
 Leadership training
 Capacity building
AFFIRMING DIFFERENCE
CELEBRATING WHOLENESS
A PARTNERSHIP OF EQUALS: ♂ - ♀
Create Synergy
WIN-WIN STRATEGY
STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE
B. SOCIO CULTURAL VALUES
CREATE CONDUCIVE ENVIRONMENT 
CHANGING OF A CULTURE

Seminar / Workshops
 IEC {Information, Education,Communication) Activities
 Media Campaign
 Advocacy : Internal political parties (maintain a PR-based
election system for DPR / DPRD. Change the internal political
parties working procedure be more democratic, just and transparent
in the recruitment system)
A PARADIGM SHIFT
STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE
C. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
ADVOCACY FOR POLICY CHANGE
 Affirmative action policies; Temporary special measures quota 30%
 Legal reform  new / change law;
 Networking
- Establish Inter-political parties women’s
caucuses – NGO / CSO;
- Among NGOs/CSOs;
 Promote GO – NGO Partnership;
 PRE-REQUISITE  “bottom-up” planning system  gender
mainstreaming /engendering development
Making Governance Gender Responsive
CHANGE PROCESS
Phases of Transition:
1. DENIAL – the first reaction to change;
VISIBILITY is the starting point for
integrating women into the mainstream of
development process
2. RESISTANCE – convincing and integrating
women’s concerns into the planning process
(through action research)
CHANGE PROCESS
3. EXPLORATION – conducting the
environmental scanning (internal),
change of the organization culture;
4. COMMITMENT – strengthen the
system / institution.
We are still in phase 1 & 2.
STRATEGIC ISSUES :
 Lack of women in power =
“ A DEFISIT OF DEMOCRACY”
 Women’s representation in public policy (legislative,
executive, yudicative) 
“GO BEYOND NUMBERS”
 “top-down” planning;
 Gender insensitivity impacts on FORMULATING
PUBLIC POLICY, SETTING PRIORITIES, PLANNING & BUDGETING, IMPLEMENTATION &
EVALUATION of development programs;
 MASCULINITY OF POLITICAL SYSTEM;
 CORRUPTION & MONEY POLITICS
LESSONS LEARNED:
• The passing of the Election Bill with TSM(30%) cannot be
separated from the dynamic role of NGOs and partnership
of NGOs – GO;
• The significant achievement of women in DPD has
demonstrated the acceptance of women in leadership by
the community;
• TSM as stipulated in the law HAS NOT succeed-ed in
increasing women’s representation at all levels. Because of
the constraints they faced in the internal system of political
parties  strongly gender stereotyped & male domination;
• Misunderstood of the concept of GENDER
MAINSTREAMING; it is generally understood as
mainstreaming genderitself,instead of main-streaming the
GENDER PERSPECTIVE in every day life, especially in
formulating public policy & program planning &
budgeting;
STRATEGIES
1.
WOMEN’s CONTRIBUTION AND POTENCIES
= a NEW PARADIGM for SUSTAINIBILITY
DEVELOPMENT = NATION HUMAN
RESOURCES (ASSET)
Differences between WOMEN and MEN
= SYNERGIC STRENGTH
Affirming Difference, Celebrating Wholeness,
A PARTNERSHIP of EQUALS!
WIN-WIN STRATEGY
2. INCREASING THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC
POLICY
Women’s touch/ feminin character
 balancing the masculine IN THE PROCESS OF:





PRIORITY DECISION;
FORMULATING PUBLIC POLICIES;
PROGRAM/PROJECT PLANNING;
RESOURCES ALLOCATION/BUDGETING;
MONITORING AND EVALUATION.
 HUMAN VALUES
3. TO INCREASE WOMEN’s CAPACITY  citizenship. Leadership & POLITICAL EDUACATION at all
levels  especially at grassroots level.
“CAPACITY BUILDING”
To Build qualified local Political Cadres
in order to influence Local public policy planners
 increase community participation, develop
a “Bottom-Up” planning
Approached : Non-Violence
• The concept of “ANDROGINYOUS
leadership” provides an adequate model
for the application of partnership
between women and men as equal
human beings. To be a good leader is a
blend of a good feminin and good
masculine characters.
• For women entering politics should
trasform their feminin characters and
values into the political arena and public
life  Transformative politics
4. INCREASE WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION AND
PARTICIPATION
Thru:
TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURES (TSM)
NEED MORE WOMEN IN THE PROCESS OF
PUBLIC POLICIES DECISION  GO BEYOND
NUMBERS : QUALITY+QUANTITY
AT PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS:
 LEGISLATIVE
 EXECUTIVE
 JUDICATIVE
5. BUILDING WOMEN’S SOLIDARITY
 TO BUILD NETWORKING; LOCAL – NATIONAL
– REGIONAL – INTERNATIONAL
CSOs (Civil Society Organizations):
BETWEEN MASS ORGANIZATION, NGOs,
POLITICAL PARTIES, ACADEMIA,
NGOs – GO.
COMMUNICATION FORUM/NETWORKS :
WOMEN IN POLITICS
6. WOMEN POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
AGENDA:
“3 IN 1”
CEDAW – BPFA – MDGs
CEDAW CONVENTION : LEGAL
FRAMEWORKS
BPFA
: OPERATIONAL BASIS
MDGs
: TARGET AND INDICATORS
THANK YOU