Transcript LANGUAGE CHANGE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIREBONESSE LANGUAGE

SOUND CHANGES IN
CIREBONESE
By
Didi Sukyadi
Sri Wulandari
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA
Background:
Cirebonese is seen as a dialect by both
Sundanese and Javanese
 Not all Cirebonese understand Javanese
and Sundanese
 Cirebonese prefer to identify themselves
as Cirebonese not Sundanese or
Javanese
 Cirebonese want to create their own
dialect

Cirebonese has
carried out Cirebonese Language
Congress in 2007
 established Lembaga Basa lan Sastra
Cerbon
 already had “Kamus Bahasa Cirebon”
 literary works such as Purwaka Caruban
Nagari, Serat Catur Kanda
 is taught at schools

Is Cirebonese a Language?
Language changes
 Does Cirebonese change?
 If we can prove that Cirebonese changes,
then we prove that it is a language

Study Objectives
(1) Identify sound changes in Cirebonese
(2) Show that Cirebonese behaves as other
languages
Methodology



Corpus: Taken from Cirebonese classic
text “Serat Catur Kanda”
Number of data: 587 Cirebonese words
experiencing changes
Theoretical Framework: (Crowley, 1997
and Murray, 1996).
Findings

-
-
Changes in Cirebonese:
loss of affixes,
vowel deletion,
consonant omission,
sound change in vowel,
sound change in consonant,
omission of infix,
change of particle /–ing/ to /e/,
omission of double nasalization,
borrowing,
word breaking
insertion.
Types of Changes




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




Aphaeresis
Syncope
Apocope
Lenition
Fortition
Assimilation
Fusion
Epenthesis
Borrowing
Word breaking
Vowel Deletion
Aphaeresis
 Syncope

Aphaeresis

The dropping of initial segments
OC
MC
Indonesian English
amaos
maos
membaca
read
akersa
kersa
suka
like
atampi
tampi
nerima
receive
asanget
sanget
sangat
very
anaros
naros
nanya
ask
Syncope

The loss of segments in the middle of the words
resulting in consonant clusters
OC
MC
Indonesian English
karikil
krikil
kerikil
stone
nyalondho
nylondho
bersandar
lying
sambarani
sembrani
kulawer
klawer
(sejenis
kuda)
menjuntai
type of a
horse
dangle
malarat
mlarat
miskin
poor
Syncope (not resulting in
consonant cluster)
OC
MC
wiangsulan wangsulan
Indonesian English
wangsulan change
(money)
Consonant deletion

Aphaeresis: the dropping of initial sound
OC
MC
hiya iku
yaiku
hibrahim
ibrahim
hamaksa-maksa
maksamaksa
Indonesian
yaitu
ibrahim
memaksa
English
that is
Abraham
force
Consonant deletion

Syncope: the loss of segments at the middle of
words
OC
priyatin
MC
priatin
Indonesian
prihatin
English
concerned
tinekan
tuwan
ngungjungi
teka
tuan
ngunjungi
datang
arrive
tuan
sir
mengunjungi visit
Consonant deletion

Apocope: the dropping of final sound
OC
MC
Indonesian English
ragang
raga
badan
body
tampim
jatine
tinekan
tampi
jatine
teka
terima
namanya
tiba
receive the
name
arrive
Lenition (weakening)
OC
k (stop)
n (voiced)
h (continuants)
mustakil
mukamad
wakyu
s (voiceless) naban
MC
mustahil
muhamad
wahyu
saban
Assimilation: one sound causes
another to be more similar to each
other
OC
b (voiced,
bilabial
stop)
ng (voiced,
nasal,
velar)
MC
g (voiced, mang buri
velar, stop) bawa
meng guri
gawa
n (voiced,
nasal,
alveolar)
kanjeng
kangjeng
Fusion
Two separate words became a single
word
OC
MC
Indonesian English
hiya iku
yaiku
yakni
that is
Fortition

Strengthening: continuants to stops,
voiceless to voiced
OC
MC
marebes brebes
m (cont)
b (stop)
kilir
l (cont)
d (stop)
kidir
Fortition: strengthening

Vowel /a/: (back/low vowel) __ /e/ (front/mid
vowel)
kapaten
kepaten
mangko
mengko
satutuge
setutuge
sagara
atawa
segara
utawi
death
later
finished
sea
or
Fortition: strengthening

U ____ i
wus
wis (back – front)
Syncope: the loss of infix –in-
and –umNo.
Old Cirebonese
1. pinandhita
Modern Cirebonese
pandhita
2.
pinituturan
pituturan
3.
sinebut
sebut
4.
kumawula
kawula
5.
dhumugi
dhugi
6.
jumenenge
jenenge
7.
tumulus
tulus
8.
tumuli
tuli/toli
Apocope: Loss of -ning/ -ing
and changes to e
No.
Old Cirebonese
Modern Cirebonese
1.
2.
salamining
wekasing
salame ning
wekas ing/ wekase
3.
4.
5.
marganing
jenengening
ganjaraning
margane
jenenge
ganjarane
6.
adhating
adate
7.
kahormataning
kehormatane
8.
lamining
lamine
Aphaeresis: Loss of double
nasals
No.
Old Cirebonese
Modern Cirebonese
1.
sukaning ngati
sukaning ati
2.
yen nora
yen ora
3.
ning ngendhi
ning endhi
4.
kang ngujar
kang ujar
5.
mung ngana
mung ana
6.
jaman nakir
jaman ahir/ jaman akir
7.
kang ngesthu
kang esthu
8.
ning ngarab
ning arab
9.
boten najeng
boten ajeng
Borrowing
hanyatur
matur
paniti
peniti
nagara
negara
ningali
ningali
sagara
segara
anom
enom
jangji
janji
sakabeh
sekabeh
kalangkung
kelangkung
hatur
peniti
negara
melihat
laut
muda
janji
semua
kelewat
Sundanese
Indonesian
Indonesian
Sundanese
Sundanese
Sundanese
Indonesian
Sundanese
Sundanese
-Ira/ -nira, from the word sira
Vowel sira: KV
Consonant ira: VK
No.
Old Cirebonese
1. dhenira
2. salaminira
3. namanira
4.
5.
6.
sedulurira
pakanira
praciptanira
7.
karepira
Modern Cirebonese
dhen ira (you)
salame sira (your regards)
namine sira (your name)
sedulur ira (your relative)
pakan ira (your food)
praciptane sira (before your
conception)
karep ira/ karepe sira (your
willingness)
Addition

Epenthesis: addition of vowels to break up two
consonants
1.
pyambak
piyambek
sendiri
2.
jro
jero
dalam
inside
3.
pracaya
percaya
percaya
believe
4.
sapratigan
sepertigane
sepertiganya one third
5.
rijki
rejeki
rejeki
Alone
wealth
Thank You