Transcript Introduction to UNSCR 1325

Introduction to UNSCR 1325 ++
Chris Coulter, PhD
Historical Overview
”We the peoples of the United Nations
determined to save succeeding
generations from the scourge of war
which twice in our lifetime has brought
untold sorrow to mankind, and to
reaffirm faith in fundamental human
rights, in the dignity and worth of the
human person, in the equal rights of
men and women and of nations large
and small..”
“… we call on the Governments of the
world to encourage women
everywhere to take a more active
part in national and international
affairs, and on women who are
conscious of their opportunities to
come forward and share in the work
of peace and reconstruction as they
did in war and resistance.”
Eleanor Roosevelt 1946
• The Cold War
• The Commission
on the Status of
Women (CSW)
1946
UN Decade for Women 1975-1985
“Equality, Development and Peace” (declared by UN
General Assembly)
From: Development served to
advance women
To: Development
not possible without women
Women’s World Conferences
• Mexico City 1975:
International Women’s year
• Copenhagen 1980
• Nairobi 1985:
All issues women’s issues,
Peace & UNIFEM
• Beijing 1995:
The Beijing Platform for Action.
”Women’s rights as human rights”
• Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
(1967)
• Convention on the Elimination of all Discrimination Against
Women ‘CEDAW’ (1979)
• ’Declaration on the Elimination of Violence
against Women’ (1993)
• Beijing Platform for Action (1995)
• From ”women” to ”gender”
• ”Gender mainstreaming” (ECOSOC)
1990s• Activism & women’s organizations for
peace
• Violence against women in conflict (Bosnia
& Rwanda) and “women’s rights as human
rights”
• Prostitution and trafficking of women
during UN Peace operations
1995-2000
• Beijing 1995 PFA, Chapter E: women and
armed conflict
• Gender mainstreaming of policy and peace
operations
• 1st Gender Advisors in UN operations
• Arria Formula meetings (2000)
• Windhoek Declaration and the Namibia Plan
of Action
UNSCR 1325 on ”Women, peace and
security” October 31, 2000
• First time recognized as relevant in the context of
international peace and security by the most powerful
UN actor – the Security Council
UNSCR 1325
• Relates to international law and ongoing developments
such as the UN Charter, Beijing conference, Geneva
Conventions, Rome Statute & CEDAW
MAIN THEMES:
• Participation (entire peace process)
• Protection (incl. ‘prevention’ and ‘protection’)
• Gender mainstreaming (both men and women’s needs have
to be addressed)
UNSCR 1325
• Peacekeeping
• DDR
Broader security issues:
• Transitional justice
• Post-conflict governance
• VAW
UNSCR 1325
• Participation in peace and security related decision
making at all levels
• Protection addresses women's needs and the provision of
assistance during and after conflicts
• Prevention is discussed broadly with regards to avoiding
violence and transforming conflicts peacefully
PPP draws conceptually from and is also
influenced by 4 key areas related to peace and
security:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Human Security Framework
Conflict Transformation Discourse
Humanitarian Accountability
Women's Rights
Human Security:
Freedom from want
and
Freedom from fear
Kofi Annan (2000)
Conflict Transformation
• includes traditional elements of conflict resolution:
mediation, dialogue, negotiation.
• goes beyond tradition by drawing attention to issues
of rights and justice, promoting inclusive decisionmaking and participation.
Humanitarian Accountability
• Key element of the women, peace and security
discourse.
• Arises from the basic protection needs in emergency
and civil war situations
• Guidelines and codes of conduct
• Increased understanding of the urgency and centrality
of women's basic needs
Women's Rights
Many issues in Universal Declaration of Human Rights
remain unaddressed
During Cold War focus on civil and political issues
Public – private divide
Demand for specific attention to women’s rights in the 1970s
CEDAW: a bill of rights for women
Beijing 1995: Platform for Action
•
•
•
•
•
•
Poverty
•
Education
•
Health care
Violence
•
Armed conflict
Unequal access to resources, •
power and decisionmaking
•
structures
Lack of mechanisms to
promote women effectively
Inadequate respect for
women’s human rights
Stereotyping and inequality
in media
Environmental concerns
Discrimination against the
girl child
Beijing PFA – Chapter E:
Women and Armed Conflict
Peace is inextricably linked with
equality between women and men
and development
UNSCR 1325 (2000) Then what?
• The role of women’s organizations
• UN system (gender advisers, gender mainstreaming and policy
structures)
• Regional organizations - OSCE 2004, EU 2005, African Charter
• UNWOMEN: Violence against women campaign
• Start to address misbehavior, use and abuse by peace operations
personnel of local women (SEA)
• 43
Action
Plans
§ 1. Urges Member States to ensure increased
representation of women …
§ 8. Calls on all actors involved, when negotiating and
implementing peace agreements…
§13 Encourages all those involved in the planning for
disarmament, demobilization and reintegration …
2008-2014
• International debates on Protection of Civilians
• Increased understanding of the role of sexual violence in conflict
(DRC, Timor-Leste, Kosovo) in combination with increased media
attention
• New central players: France (EU presidency), the US (Rice and
Clinton), Liberia etc, ‘Chatham house’, UK Initiative
• Sister resolutions: 1820, 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122
• AU: African Union Gender Policy 2009 & NATO (SG, EuroAtlantic Partnership Council, SHAPE): Bi SC Directive 40-1 (Sept
2009)
• CEDAW: General Recommendation no. 30
• Post MDGs 2015
”Women, Peace & Security Agenda” Resolutions:
• 1325 (2000) Original resolution – participation, protection &
gender mainstreaming
• 1820 (2008) Protection – sexual violence
• 1888 (2009) Protection – sexual violence (implementation)
Reaffirms the importance of 1325(2000) and 1820 (2008)
• 1889 (2009) Peace building, 1325 anniversary & indicators
• 1960 (2010) Sexual violence (ending impunity)
• 2106 (2013) – Accountability, focus on perpetrators of sexual
violence, women’s economic and political empowerment
• 2122 (2013) – More systematic approach to the implementation of
women, peace and security
Women as actors or as victims?
Whose security?
Peace is not the absence of war.
It is the presence of justice and
the absence of fear.
Dr. Ursula Franklin
Gender Responsive
Demilitarisation,
Demobilisation and
Reintegration programmes
Commitment
to UNSCR
1325
Coordination
Mechanism
with CSOs
Appropriate
Service
Delivery
Gender
Training
Gender
Responsive
DDR
Donor
Support
Gender
Responsive
Budget
Gender
Responsive
M&E
Gender
Specialists
Gender
Responsive
Needs
Assessment &
Programme
Design
Gender Responsive Intervention – 7 Key Steps
1. Gender Mainstreaming
2. Female-Specific Eligibility Criteria
3. Gender-Responsive Need Assessment
4. Programme Design
5. Gender Training
6. Gender Responsive Budget
7. Gender Responsive M&E
Gender Mainstreaming – A Holistic
Approach
1. Understand how and why women & girls’ needs are
different from men & boys
2. Creating an isolated women’s subcomponent is not
Gender Mainstreaming
3. Favoring women over men is not Gender Mainstreaming
4. Female-specific intervention may still be necessary to
reach target group
5. Women are not a homogenous group
6. Gender Mainstreaming is also for Men & Boys
Gender responsive DDR
1. Does she possess
any type of weapon?
Eligible for
demobilisation
Eligible for
Reintegration
5. Is she socially and financially
dependent on a male excombatant?
YES
NO
Eligible for
disarmament
2. Was the use of weapons an
important part of her job?
3. Does she have any experiences
of using weapons? / Did she
undergo any weapons training
4. Did she perform essential
support functions during the
conflict?
Gender Responsive Needs Assessment
1. Collaborate with
women’s groups
2. Ensure that at least 30%
are women in any
decision making body &
transitional government
3. Use participatory
methods to increase
women’s participation
What to Assess:
1. Gender composition of armed
groups
2. Socio-economic/political status
3. Gendered Division of Labor
4. Capacities of Local Women’s
Groups
5. Level of Gender-Based Violence
6. Specific needs of Male and Female
Ex-combatants, Supporters,
Dependents
Programme Design
• Information
Campaign to reach
women and women’s
NGOs – community
mobilization
• Female Staff at the
weapon collection
sites
• Collect women’s
knowledge of trading
routes & hidden
SALW
Programme Design - cont
• Separate accommodation
& ablution areas for
women and men
• Counseling by female
staff
• Reproductive health care
• Separate transportation
facilities
• Gender Training (both
men and women)
Programme Design –
Economic Reintegration
• Vocational & Literacy
Trainings with Childcare
Services
• Women’s Access to land &
credit
• Sensitization of community
and potential employers
• Coordination with
development agencies ex.
livelihood programmes
Programme Design – Social Reintegration
• Understand changed and unchanged gender roles
and relations in post conflict societies
• Long-term psychological rehabilitation
• Support women to cope with sick, injured,
traumatized and HIV positive combatants, especially
in contexts with high numbers of children associated
with fighting forces