Transcript Fundamentals of Population

Demographics are
Our Friends!!!!
More people are alive at this time– about
6.7 billion – than at any other point in Earth’s long history.
Where are the people of the world?
• The portion of the Earth’s surface
occupied by permanent human
settlement is called the Ecumene.
• Human beings avoid clustering in
certain physical environments. Those
that are too dry, too wet, too hot, too
cold, or too mountainous.
• Humans need arable land in order to
produce food!
• Approx. 3/4th of the world’s population
live on only 5% of Earth’s surface.
• Much less thousands of years ago.
Dry Lands
• 20% of the Earth is
too dry for farming.
• Deserts lack sufficient water to grow crops that could
feed a large population – although some people
survive there by raising animals, such as
camels, that are adapted to the climate.
• Despite poor agriculture – many natural resources
are found in the deserts of the world – including much
of the world’s oil reserves.
• The increasing demand for these resources has led to
a growth in settlements in or near deserts.
Wet Lands
• Lands that receive very high levels of
precipitation are usually inhospitable for humans.
• Located primarily along the equator (20N-20S)
• Rainfall averages range
from 50 inches to most with
over 90 inches per year.
• The combination of rain and
heat rapidly depletes nutrients
from the soil – hindering agriculture
• If the rainfall is seasonal – it can allow for a growing
season that can support a large population.
Cold Lands
• North & South Poles are permanently covered with ice or the
ground is frozen (permafrost)
• Receives very little precipitation – but over thousands of years
the small amount of snowfall has accumulated into thick ice.
• Unsuitable for planting crops
• Few animals can survive the extreme cold
High Lands
• Few people live at high elevations.
• The highest mountains in the world are steep,
snow-covered, and sparsely settled.
• Exceptions are found along the equator as
people may prefer to occupy high lands if the
temperatures & precipitation are uncomfortably
high at lower elevations.
• Mexico City – one of the world’s largest cities –
is located at an elevation of 7,360 feet.
Population Concentrations
• Most people live near an Ocean or River
» 2/3rds of the world’s population live within 300 miles
» 4/5ths live within 500 miles
• Low-lying areas
• Fertile Soil
• Temperate
Climate
Population Concentrations
• Two thirds of the world’s inhabitants are
clustered in four regions:
• East Asia, South Asia, Europe, & Southeast Asia
This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their
land area. (Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)
EAST ASIA
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1/5th (23.2%) of the world’s people live in East Asia
China, Japan, North and South Korea, & Taiwan
China is the world’s most populous country 1.3 billion
China – 48 urban areas over 1 million – 20 > 2 million
2/3rds live in rural areas
& are subsistence farmers.
• Japan & S. Korea
• 1/3rd live in Tokyo & Osaka
or Seoul
• 3/4ths live in urban areas
& work industrial or
service jobs.
SOUTH ASIA
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1/5th (22.17%) of the world’s people live in South Asia
India (2), Pakistan (6), Bangladesh(7), Sri Lanka
India is expected to become # 1 by 2030
Population is clustered
along a 900 mile corridor –
along the plains of the
Indus and Ganges Rivers
& along both of India’s
coasts.
• 45 urban areas over
1 million – 19 > 2 million
• 3/4th of the people live in
rural areas & are farmers
SOUTHEAST ASIA
• 1/13th (8%) of the world’s population live in SE Asia
• Indonesia – 13,677 islands – 4th most populous nation
- Java (100 million)
• High percentage of
people working as
farmers in rural areas.
3 Asian clusters –
make up ½ of the
total world population
< 10% of the land
EUROPE
• 1/9th (11%) of the world’s people live in Europe (3
• 4 dozen countries – Monaco to Russia
• 3/4th live in cities
• Great infrastructure
links the area together
• Lowest CBR
• 20% are farmers
• Must import food &
other resources
rd
biggest cluster)
OTHER POPULATION CLUSTERS
• 2% of World’s population lives in West Africa
• ½ live in Nigeria (8th world – 1st in Africa)
• Highest NIR in the world
• 5 urban areas > 2 million
• 11 > 1 million
• Most W. Africans work
as farmers in rural areas
POPULATION
• After learning where people are distributed
across Earth’s surface, we can identify the
locations where the numbers of people are
increasing, decreasing, or staying the same
• We can learn even more about them through….
Demographics
• Demographics are statistics
that describe a population .
• One statistic can say a lot
about a population.
–
–
–
–
How big…
How fast…
How much in need…
How etc.
• Let’s start with what we
know already!!!
POPULATION DENSITY
• Density – The frequency with which
something exists within a given unit of area.
• Arithmetic density – total number of
people divided by the total land area
• USA 78 per sq. mi.
Canada 8 Australia 7
• Bangladesh 2,640 per sq. mi. India 840
• Physiological density – total number of people
supported by a unit area of arable land
• USA 404 per sq. mile
Egypt 9,073 per sq. mile
• The higher the physiological density – the greater the pressure that
people may place on the land to produce enough food.
• Agricultural density – total number of farmers to the
amount of arable land.
• USA 4 farmers per sq. kilometer
Egypt 1,401 farmers per sq. km.
• Most Developed countries have lower agricultural densities b/c
technology & finance allow few people to farm the land – freeing
people to work in other areas.
POPULATION
• Crude birth rate (CBR) is
the total number of live
births in a year for every
1,000 people alive in the
society.
• Crude death rate (CDR) is
the total number of deaths
in a year for every 1,000
people alive in society.
• Natural increase rate
(NIR) is the percentage by
which a population grows
in a year.
• CBR – CDR/100= NIR
Natural Increase
• About 80 million people are being added to the population of
the world annually (Highest was 87 million in 1989)
• NIR is about 1.3%
(highest in 1963 at 2.2%)
• Population increased from;
• 3-4 billion in 14 years
• 4-5 billion in 13 years
• 5-6 billion in 12 years
• The rate of natural increase affects the doubling time, which is
the number of years needed to double a population, assuming
a constant rate of natural increase.
• Virtually 100% of the NIR is clustered in less developed
countries
• NIR exceeds 2.0% in most countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, & the
Middle East.
Fertility
• Highest crude birth rates are in sub-Saharan Africa, and the
lowest are in Europe.
• Ave. SS Africa CBR is over 40
• Ave. Europe CBR is below 10
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is used to measure the number of
births in a society.
• The TFR is the average
number of children a women
will have throughout her
childbearing years (15-49)
• The total fertility rate for the
world as a whole is approx.
3 children per women
• Ave. SS Africa TFR is over 6
• Ave. Europe TFR is under 2
Mortality
• Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the annual number of
deaths of infants under one year of age, compared
with total live births.
• Highest IMR rates in
poorer countries
• LDC 10%
• Europe < 5%
• In general, the IMR reflects a country’s healthcare
system.
• The US has a higher IMR than Canada
& most European countries.
– More poor people with inadequate healthcare
LIFE EXPECTANCY
• Life expectancy – measures the average
number of years a newborn infant can expect to
live at current mortality levels in a country.
• Lower in the poorer countries
• Higher in the richer countries
• Dependency Ratio – the number of people who are
too young or too old to work, compared to the number
of people in their productive years.
• The larger the percentage of dependants, the greater
the financial burden on those who are working to
support those who cannot.
• Sex Ratio – the number of males per one hundred
females.
• Varies from country to country
– region to region
– generation to generation
• Europe & N. America – 95:100
• Rest of the world – 102:100
DEVELOPED COUNTRY
More Developed Country
HIGH
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•
GNP/GDP
High Income
Literacy rate
Life expectancy
Urban %
Agricultural
productivity
• Access to many types
of technology
• Access to many types
of transportation
LOW
• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Infant mortality rate
--People make their living by
manufacturing and services
--Commercial farming
--Population grows slowly—
fewer kids, adults live longer
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
Less Developed Country
HIGH
LOW
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•
•
•
•
•
GNP/GDP
High Income
Literacy rate
Life expectancy
Urban %
--People make their living by
Agricultural
farming, fishing, forestry
productivity
--Subsistence farming
• Limited access to
technology
--Population grows quickly—
• Limited access to
most kids die young and
transportation
adults don’t live long
• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Infant mortality rate
United States of America
(3rd most populous nation)
4.5% of total world
5% with Canada included
U.S. POPClock Projection
According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the resident population of the
United States, projected to 08/02/08 at 03:54 GMT (EST+5) is
9/15/11
312,218,369
COMPONENT SETTINGS FOR AUGUST 2008
One birth every.................................. 7 seconds
One death every.................................. 14 seconds
One international migrant (net) every............ 30 seconds
Net gain of one person every..................... 10 seconds
Atlantic Coastline & Great Lakes
Mostly urban living & working
Less than 5% are farmers
The US takes a census
of the population every
10 years